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Models of Communication

The document discusses three models of communication: 1) The linear model views communication as a one-way process from speaker to listener. 2) The interactive model sees communication as an interactive process where the listener provides feedback to the speaker and vice versa. 3) The transactional model shows that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously and that communication is a dynamic, continually changing process that occurs within shared systems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
70 views

Models of Communication

The document discusses three models of communication: 1) The linear model views communication as a one-way process from speaker to listener. 2) The interactive model sees communication as an interactive process where the listener provides feedback to the speaker and vice versa. 3) The transactional model shows that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously and that communication is a dynamic, continually changing process that occurs within shared systems.
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12/16/2015 1.

2 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1.2     MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
In this section, you will learn about three models of communication: 

a.  Linear model  

b.  Interactive model  

c.  Transactional model   

1.2.1   Linear Model
The linear model views communication as a one­way or linear process in which  the  speaker  speaks  and  the  listener
listens. Laswell’s (1948) model was based on the five questions below, which effectively describe how communication
works:

Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) model includes noise or interference that distorts understanding  between  the  speaker


and the listener. Figure 1.3 shows a linear model of communication: 

Figure 1.3: A linear model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson­Wadsworth

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1.2.2     Interactive Model
The main flaw in the linear model is that it depicts communication as a one­way process where speakers only speak and
never listen. It also implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages.  

Schramm (1955)  in  Wood  (2009)  came  out  with  a  more  interactive  model  that  saw  the  receiver  or  listener  providing
feedback  to  the  sender  or  speaker.  The  speaker  or  sender  of  the  message  also  listens  to  the  feedback  given  by  the
receiver or listener. Both the speaker and the listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. Feedback is given
either verbally or non­verbally, or in both ways. 

This model also indicates that the speaker and listener communicate better if they have common fields of experience, or
fields which overlap (please refer to Figure 1.4): 

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12/16/2015 1.2 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Figure 1.4: An interactive model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson­Wadsworth

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1.2.3     Transactional Model
The main drawback in the interactive model is that it does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive
messages simultaneously. This model also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over
time.

The  transactional  model  shows  that  the  elements  in  communication  are  interdependent.  Each  person  in    the
communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages.

There are three implications in the transactional model:

i.  “Transactional”  means  that  communication  is  an  ongoing  and  continuously  changing  process.  You  are
changing, the people with whom you arecommunicatingare changing, and your environment is also continually
changing as well.

ii.  In  any  transactional  process,  each  element  exists  in  relation  to  all  the  other  elements.  There  is  this
interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source.

iii.  Each  person  in  the  communication  process  reacts  depending  on  factors  such  as  their  background,  prior
experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self­esteem. 

Figure  1.5  shows  a  transactional  model  of  communication  that  takes  into  account  “noise”  or  interference  in
communication  as  well  as  the  time  factor.  The  outer  lines  of  the  model  indicate  that  communication  happens  within
systems that  both  communicators  share  (e.g.,  a  common  campus,  hometown,  and  culture)  or  personal  systems  (e.g.,
family, religion, friends, etc). It also takes into account changes that happen in the communicators’ fields of personal and
common experiences. The model also labels each communicator as both sender as well as receiver simultaneously. 

 
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12/16/2015 1.2 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
  Figure 1.5: A transactional model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson­Wadsworth.

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SELF–CHECK 1.3

Briefly describe the main features of the following models of communication: 

1.  Linear model
   
2.  Interactive model

3.  Transactional model 

ACTIVITY 1.3

Using the models described in this topic, analyse the communication that takes place in your
family. Which model best reflects the communication between family members? 
   
Jot down notes and present your analysis to your tutorial group members when you next meet.
You may want to show pictures of your family members when you make your presentation.
 

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