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Product-centered and User-centered Design

Product-centered Design –
Function, Strength, Handling, Transport etc.

Module 5  User-centered Design –

Aesthetics, Style, Ergonomics, User-friendliness,
Safety, Reliability

The ISO standard describes 6 key principles that will

ensure a design is user-centered:
• The user-centered design tries to optimize the product
around how users can, want, or need to use the product,
rather than forcing the users to change their behavior to • The design is based upon an explicit understanding of
users, tasks and environments.
accommodate the product.
• Users are involved throughout design and
• Because user-centred design is a development process, development.
you need to consider and apply it throughout • The design is driven and refined by user-centered
development: from requirements capture through to evaluation.
acceptance testing. • The process is iterative.
• The design addresses the whole user experience.
• The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and
perspectives.

Both (UCD and PCD) has to work

together

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Smartphone
• Purpose: To talk to other person and to use
internet and apps.
• User-centred design: Samsung Galaxy S6

Aesthetics
• Aesthetics: Aesthetics deal with the interaction of
the product with the human senses—how it looks,
feels, smells, or sounds.
• Concerned with how the product is perceived by a
customer because of its shape, color, surface
texture, and also such factors as balance, unity, and
interest.
• The customer response in this dimension is a matter
of personal judgment and individual preference.
• This area of design is chiefly the domain of the
industrial designer, who is more an artist than an
engineer.

Aesthetics Ergonomics
• For most products the visual appeal is most • An important technical issue that affects aesthetics is
ergonomics, how well the design fits the human user.
important.
• Making sure that the product meets all requirements
• Often this goes under the rubric of styling. of the user human interface.
• Proper attention to aesthetics in design can • This activity deals with the user interactions with the
product and making sure that it is easy to use and
instill a pride of ownership and a feeling of maintain.
quality and prestige in a product. • Human factors goes beyond the issues of usability to
consider design for ease of maintenance and for safety.
• The industrial designer is usually educated as an
applied artist or architect.

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Aesthetics

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Ergonomic Design

• Value engineering
• Concurrent engineering
• Reverse engineering
• Culture based design
• Motifs in design
• Tradition and design
• Role of colours in design

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Value Engineering Value Engineering

• Value engineering (VE) is the study of functions
• Value can therefore be increased by either
to satisfy the user needs of a quality product at
improving the function (performance) or
reducing the cost.
low life cycle cost through well planned design
with creativity. • It is a primary tenet of value engineering that
basic functions be preserved and not be reduced
• Value engineering is a systematic method to
as a consequence of pursuing value
improve the "value" of goods or products and improvements.
services by using an examination of function.
• Value Engineering is gaining much more
• Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. significance in the present scenario because of a
lot competition among the various companies.

Value Engineering Value Engineering

• Maximum value is obtained when essential function is • Reduction of parts during design, introduction
achieved for minimum cost of simple design modifications that could
• Maximizing the functionality and/or minimizing the cost assist in manufacture or assembly.
would add value to the products

Value Equation: V= P/C

• Choosing materials that can replace costly
V- Value ones and improve the performance.
P- Performance
C – Cost

Value Engineering Value Engineering

What the product is supposed to do?

What else can it do?
What else is needed to enhance the value?
Will these secondary functions add value ?

What are the value added features you notice in a

stapler?
Can one think of any additional functions that can add
value to it?

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Concurrent Engineering

• Concurrent or simultaneous engineering.

• Operations are done in parallel.
• This is possible by using IT .
• Saves cost and time.
• This has a lot of relevance in design.
• IT has allowed this to happen as the evolving
designs are seen by all concerned.

Concurrent Engineering Concurrent Engineering

• Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach to the
• It is a powerful CAD concept that has evolved in the 90’s. integrated, concurrent design of products and their
• Concurrent engineering (CE) has emerged as a discipline related processes, including manufacture and support.
to help achieve the objectives of reduced cost, better • Concurrent engineering
quality, and improved delivery performance.
• The concurrent engineering idea contrasts sharply with
current industry sequential practices, where the product
is first designed and developed, the manufacturing
approach is then established, and finally the approach to
repair is determined.

• Engineering is the profession involved in

designing, manufacturing, and maintaining
products, systems, and structures.
Reverse Engineering • The whole engineering process can be broadly
classified in two groups; forward engineering
and reverse engineering.

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Reverse Engineering
• Reverse engineering can be mainly viewed as the
process of analyzing a system to identify its
components and their interrelationships, to create
representations of it in another form or a higher level
of abstraction.
• A nice modern term for copying a design.
• How to do reverse engineering?
 Manual
 Computer Assisted
• One can digitize any product and create its CAD model.
• This model can now be easily modified to create new
designs of the same product

Reverse Engineering Reverse Engineering

• It can be said that reverse engineering begins • In the intensely competitive global market,
with the product and works through the design manufacturers are constantly seeking new
process in the opposite direction to arrive at a ways to shorten lead-times to market a new
product definition statement. In doing so, it product.
uncovers as much information as possible about
the design ideas that were used to produce a • An existing product can be redesigned through
particular product. reverse engineering.
• An important reason for application of reverse • Good for making spare parts that are not
engineering is reduction of product development available.
times. • Modify an existing design.

Culture based Design

• A culture is a way of life of a group of people - the
behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they
accept, generally without thinking about them,
and that are passed along by communication and
imitation from one generation to the next
Culture based Design • Culture values can be incorporated in the
products by providing certain features or design
elements representing the value of their society
and regions.
• The beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular
society, group, place, or time.

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• This varies a lot between countries or even

between different groups within the same
society.
• Culture has a big influence on what people regard
as ‘good’ and ‘bad’ design.
• Cultural issues can arise when a new product
does not take into account the fact that a
particular shape, colour or name can have very
different meanings to different groups of people.
• Designers need to take care not to offend groups
of people with different traditions and beliefs. Peruvian women with their llamas.

Design and Tradition

Architecture Home grown products

• Architectural design are excellent examples of

culture based designs
• These design have evolved over years and they are
often long standing products.
• Design modifications based on the cultural
backgrounds are often seen in many products.
• It is true that art and culture has a say in design

Design and Tradition

Artistic Background

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Design and Tradition

Motifs
Motifs
• A decorative image or design, especially a
• Motifs are repeated features forming a pattern.
repeated one forming a pattern.
• Mostly used for decorative items, clothing and in
murals.
• Product designs based on motifs are also there.
• They include ornaments, watches, furniture, toys
etc.

• Some motifs represent desires, such as for

happiness and children; others, for protection
against threats such as wolves and scorpions, etc.
• These motifs were often combined when woven
into patterns on kilims (carpet).
• All the motifs can vary considerably in
appearance according to the weaver.
Purpose: Luck, Happiness, Strength
• Colours, sizes and shapes can all be chosen
according to taste and the tradition in a given
village or tribe;

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Colours in design
• Color carries emotional resonance with it- in that, • For example, in South Africa red is the colour
when we see a color, we have an emotional response
towards that color. of mourning.
• Colors connect to our feelings in a unique and • However, in China red symbolizes good
memorable way, which makes them a powerful
marketing tool to keep in mind for your design fortune.
projects. • Trying to sell the same red product in those
• Highly subjective
• Age two countries would get a very different
• Country response.
• Tradition

Evolution of wet grinders

• The development of the mechanised wet
grinder that is now so popular in modern
South Indian kitchens is a good example of a
product in which innovation and adaptation
have been successfully utilised.

Evolution of wet grinders Evolution of wet grinders

• The grinding is a slow process and its duration
• The granite pestle is placed in the hemispherical depends, on the fineness and consistency of the paste.
cavity of the heavy granite base. • The physical effort is high.
• The grains to be grounded are heaped all-round • This wet grinder was a good candidate for mechanising
the process.
the pestle, and water is added as required. • The first mechanised design is an inversion of the
• While one hand of the operator rotates the traditional grinder.
pestle, the other hand is used to guide the grain • It has the heavy stone mortar mounted on bearings in
a base frame and rotated at a moderate speed by
into the gap between the pestle and the cavity means of V belt and electric motor.
where it is crushed. • The pestle is held stationary and at the angle by means
of a rope.

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Evolution of wet grinders

• The grinding stone is fitted with a wall plate all
round, thus preventing spillage of the grain heap
on it.
• A stationary deflector plate at a proper angle
guide the grain in the grinding area.
• Water is added as required.
• The major drawbacks of this design are:
– It is difficult to remove the finished batter
– It is still big and heavy, occupying much space
– It is difficult to clean.

Evolution of wet grinders Evolution of wet grinders

• The latest design of the household wet grinder is • A central, vertical shaft presses a cluster of 2
the table-top model of sleek design and looks. or 3 tapered rollers down onto the stone, The
• It overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages rollers are free to rotate about their own
of the older design while maintaining stone as respective axes.
the material for the grinding bodies. • A cylindrical shell and cover enclose grinding
• The grinding principle is, however, different. space.
• A flat, circular stone is rotated at a moderate • It is very easy to clean.
speed by means of a V-belt drive and electric
motor.

THANK YOU

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