COMPUTER

SYSTEM
The Introduction
 Objectives
• To describe the meaning of computer
system.
• To describe the structure and function of
computer.
• To clasify the computer
• To state the evolution and history of
computer development
COMPUTER

The word computer was taken from Latin

Computare which means “calculate”.

Computer is a machine that only can execute

instructions that given by the user and operate the
data base on the related instruction. The computer
will process the data to produce information.
 Structure & Function
■ Structure is the way how each
component/unit of computer
communicates to each other.
■ Function is refers to the
operation of each component
which include in a structure.
 Computer Structure
Peripherals
(peranti persisian) Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
Lines ( talian komunikasi)
 The main components / units of
computer
Input/Output (I/O)
To move data and information between computer and external
environement.

Main Memory
To keep data during process.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

To process data and control the computer operations.

System Interconnection
The mechanism which is use to communicate between CPU, main
memory and I/O.
 CPUs: the heart of computing
systems

ca 2000
ca 1980 You can see why they called
It took 10 of these boards to this CPU a microprocessor!
make a Central Processing Unit
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 Data
- is a raw fact (fakta mentah)
- 5 data types :

1. Text : alphabetic, numeric, special symbol

2. Graphics : picture
3. Audio : any kind of sound
4. Video : a series of photographed frame which record the real
movement.
5. Animation : a series of image which is displayed one by one
to produce a movement illusion.

Information
- data that has been processed and contains meaning.

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 Computer Function

■ 4 main functions of computer :

• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

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Computer Function
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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 Data Movement
Ex : keyboard to monitor

Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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 Data Storage
Ex : download from internet to disk

Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
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 Data Processing
Ex : mengemaskini penyata bank melibatkan
pemprosesan dari/ke storan.

Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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 Data Processing
■ Ex : mencetak penyata bank melibatkan
pemprosean dari storan ke I/O.

Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility

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 COMPUT
ER
SYSTEM
?

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 Computer System

Basically it is divided into :

1. Computer Architecture
2. Computer Organization

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 Architecture & Organization
Architecture Organization
▪ The computer attribute ▪ The connection of the
which can be sources of computer
recognized by
hardware.
programmer. This
attribute has a direct ▪ Including the integration
effect to the program between systems.
execution such as ▪ The communication flow
instruction set, data control between the
representation, physical component.
addressing and I/O.

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Ex : Architecture & Organisation
■ Semua keluarga Intel x86 berkongsi
senibina asas yang sama.
■ Begitu juga keluarga sistem IBM / 370
berkongsi senibina asas yang sama.
■ Oleh kerana itu ia menyediakan
keserasian kod.
■ Walaubagaimanapun organisasi berbeza
dari satu versi ke versi komputer yang
lain.

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Computer Classification
Based on :
• CPU speed
• The number of register inside the CPU
• The word size
• Main memory size (RAM)
• Complexity Sistem Pengendalian
• Physical size
• Cost
• Cyber Memory Space
• Secondary memory size
• The multiple-programming degree

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 Computer Classification

• microcomputer system (PC)

• minicomputer system
• mainframe system
• supercomputer system

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 Mikrocomputer

■ Introduced on
1970.
■ Based on
microprocessor
technology.

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 Minicomputer
■ Able to execute arithmetic function and
basic logic and supports the number of
programming language for enormous
computer.
■ The size is smaller than a main frame.
■ Suitable for the processing task which
doesn’t need the huge date access.

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 Main frame
■ Bigger then minicomputer.
■ The processing capability is
higher than minicomputer.
■ Very suitable to operate the
gigantic database which
needs a central
management.
■ Always used by big
company and government.
Ex. : KWSP & bank.

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 Supercomputer
■ The highest processing
capability.
■ Able to execute million of
instructions per second (MIPS).
■ Suitable for huge calculation
which includes the big value
and needs kejituan.
■ Ex: Aerospace & nuclear

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 Two pillars of Computing
1. Universal Computing Devices
• Given enough time and memory, all
computers are capable of computing exactly
the same things (irrespective of speed, size
or cost).
■ Turing’s Thesis: every computation can be
performed by some “Turing Machine” - a
theoretical universal computing device

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 Big Idea #1: Universal
Computing Device

= =
PDA
Workstation
Supercomputer

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 Turing Machine
■ Mathematical model of a device that can
perform
any computation – Alan Turing (1937)
• ability to read/write symbols on an infinite
“tape”
• state transitions, based on current state and
symbol
■ Every computation can be performed by some
Turing machine. (Turing’s thesis)

a,b Tadd a+b a,b Tmul ab

Turing machine that adds Turing machine that multiplies

For more info about Turing machines, see For more about Alan Turing, see
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine/ http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/
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 Universal Turing Machine
■ A machine that can implement all Turing
machines
-- this is also a Turing machine!
• inputs: data, plus a description of computation
(other TMs)

Tadd, Tmul
U
a,b,c c(a+b)

Universal Turing Machine

U is programmable – so is a computer!
• instructions are part of the input data
• a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine
A computer is a universal computing device.
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 From Theory to Practice
■ In theory, computer can compute
anything
■ that’s possible to compute
• given enough memory and time
■ In practice, solving problems involves
computing under constraints.
• Time - weather forecast, next frame of
animation, ...
• Cost - cell phone, automotive engine
controller, ...
• Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...
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 Two pillars of Computing (cont)

2. Problem Transformation
• The ultimate objective is to transform a
problem expressed in natural language
into electrons running around a circuit!
■ That’s what Computer Science and
Computer Engineering are all about: a
continuum that embraces software &
hardware.

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Big Idea #2: Transformations
Between Layers
Problems

Algorithms

Language

Instruction Set Architecture

Microarchitecture

Circuits

Devices
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Problem Transformation
- levels of abstraction
The desired behavior: Natural Language
the application
Algorithm

Program

Machine Architecture

Micro-architecture

Logic Circuits
The building blocks:
electronic devices Devices

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 How do we solve a problem using a
computer?
■ A systematic sequence of transformations between
layers of abstraction.
Problem
Software Design:
choose algorithms and data structures
Algorithm
Programming:
use language to express design
Program
Compiling/Interpreting:
convert language to
Instr Set machine instructions
Architecture Computer System : The Introduction
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 Deeper and Deeper…
Instr Set
Architecture
Processor Design:
choose structures to implement ISA
Microarch
Logic/Circuit Design:
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Circuits
Process Engineering & Fabrication:
develop and manufacture
Devices lowest-level components

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 Descriptions of Each Level
■ Problem Statement
• stated using "natural language"
• may be ambiguous, imprecise
■ Algorithm
• step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
• definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
■ Program
• express the algorithm using a computer language
• high-level language, low-level language
■ Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1)
• specifies the set of instructions the computer can
perform
• data types, addressing mode
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 Descriptions of Each Level (cont.)
■ Microarchitecture (Machine Level 1)
• detailed organization of a processor
implementation
• different implementations of a single ISA
■ Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)
• combine basic operations to realize
microarchitecture
• many different ways to implement a single
function
(e.g., addition)
■ Devices (Machine Level 2)
• properties of materials, manufacturability
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 Many Choices at Each Level
Solve a system of equations

Gaussian Jacobi
Red-black SOR Multigrid
elimination iteration

FORTRAN C C++ Java

Tradeoffs:
PowerPC Intel x86 Atmel AVR
cost
performance
power
Centrino Pentium 4 Xeon
(etc.)
Ripple-carry adder Carry-lookahead adder

CMOS Bipolar GaAs

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 The Program Level
• Most computers run a Application Program
management program
called the operating Operating System

system (OS).
• Application programs
Program (Software)
interface to the machine
architecture via the OS.
This lecture Data
An example:
PowerPoint Application Program

Windows XP Operating System

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 Course Outline
■ Bits and Bytes
• How do we represent information using
electrical signals?
■ Digital Logic
• How do we build circuits to process
information?
■ Processor and Instruction Set
• How do we build a processor out of logic
elements?
• What operations (instructions) will we
implement?
■ Assembly Language Programming
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• How do we use processor instructions to

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THE HISTORY & EVOLUTION
OF COMPUTER

Basically, the history of

computer development is divided
into 2 parts : before 1940 &
after 1940.

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A long time ago, human are using
their fingers, stones etc to do
calculation. At the same time, they
are trying to create an apparatus
that could facilitate the calculation
process. After a few trial, finally
the complex and advance
calculation system has been
produced and it is known as a
computer.
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 Before

1940

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Abakus Counting Device
o Created on 3000 B.D. at
Babylonia.

o Was the first mechanical

counting device in the
world.

o Able to execute addition

and substraction operation.
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John Napier's Bone
o Created on 1614 by John
Napier.

o Facilitate multiplication and

division processes – faster &
easier.

o The first logarithm table has

been created.
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Pascaline Machine
o Created on 1642 by Braise
Pascal.

o Was the first mechanical

machine or calculator in the
world.

o Able to execute addition and

substraction processes.
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Babbage Differentiation
Machine
o Created by Charles Babbage on
1821.

o Was the first mechanical machine

which is used the steam power.

o Able to do a calculation and

printing the output automatically.

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Babbage Analytical Engine
o Created on 1842 by Charles
Babbage.

o It has 5 main parts :

o Input unit
o Output unit
o Processing Unit
o Control unit
o Memory unit

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o His invention has became a
theory model for today's
computer technology. Because
of that, Charles Babbage has
been known as The Ancestor of
A Modern Computer.

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 After

1940

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o This part indicates the starting
point of computer generation.

o The computer which used

electrical power has been
introduced.

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 Mark 1
o Created on 1941 by Dr. Howard
Aikern in conjunction with IBM.

o Was the first electro-mechanical

computer.

o Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet height

and connected with 800 km of
wire.
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 ENIAC
o Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
o Was the first electronic computer.
o Created on 1946 by J. Presper Eckert & John W.
Munchly from the University of Pennsylvania. Was
used until 1955.
o Contained of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capasitors and 15,000 sq feet of space is needed.
Needs 150 kW power and the weight is 30 ton.
o Used decimal number and 20 accumulators of 10
digits. digit.
o Able to execute 5,000 addiotion process per second.
o 1,000 times faster than Mark 1.

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 Von Neumann/Turing
■ Apply the concept of embedded code.
■ Main memory keeps the program and
data.
■ ALU uses binary data.
■ CU interpret the instruction from memory
during the execution.
■ CU also controls I/O operation.
■ Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
• IAS
■ Completed 1952

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Structure of von Nuemann machine

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Input
Output Main
Equipment Memory

Program Control Unit

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Computer Generation
• Vacuum tube : 1946-1957

• Transistor : 1958-1963

• Litar Bersepadu / Cip (Small scale

integration) : 1963 – 1970
Up to 100 components inside one chip.

• Medium scale integration (MSI) ) 1971

100-3,000 components inside one chip.

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• Large scale integration (LSI) : 1971-1977
3,000 - 100,000 components inside one chip.

• Very large scale integration (VLSI) ) : 1978 –

now
100,000 - 100,000,000 components inside one chip.

• Ultra large scale integration

Over 100,000,000 componenets inside one chip.

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 Extra refferences

■ http://www.softlord.comhttp:
//www.softlord.com/comp/
■ http://www.studyweb.com/Co
mputerSciencehttp://www.stu
dyweb.com/ComputerScience
/
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 REFLECTION
■ You have to know the importance of
learning this subject.
■ You have to know the main component of
a computer.
■ You have to know the computer function.
■ You have to know the computer
classification and separate the usage.
■ You have to know the computer evolution.

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 Assignment
■ Huraikah apakah yang boleh
dilakukan oleh sesebuah komputer.
■ Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong manusia untuk mencipta
komputer.
■ Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong kepada evolusi komputer.
■ Bincangkan apakah faktor yang telah
mendorong kepada perubahan
generasi komputer
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 Think!!
You don’t need to know everything,
the only thing you have to know is
how to get it when you want to use it

Enstein

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