Python Revision Tour -

introduction
Tokens in Python
1. Keywords

predefined words with special meaning to language compiler or interpreter

cant be used as a normal identifier names

example: False, None, True, and, as, break, elif, if, etc.

2. Identifiers

Names given to different parts of the program viz. variables, objects,

classes, functions, lists, dictionaries.

Rules for Python identifiers

non-keyword word with no spaces in between

made up of only letters, numbers and underscore (_); no symbols

cannot begin with a number

3. Literals/values

 String literals:

a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes

can be a multi-line string or single-line string

 Numeric literals:

Integer/ int

decimal form: 19, eg, 1234, 6969, 420

octal form: beginning with 0o, 17, eg, 0o35, 0o75

hexadecimal form: beginning with 0x, 19, AF, eg, 079, 0xAF

Float

real numbers with a decimal point

eg, 1.0, 25.0, 203.34

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 Complex numbers

form a+bi; where i= 1^1/2

Boolean literals

used to represent two values- True or False

Special Literal None

python has one special literal, None

used to indicate the absence of value

4. Operators

tokens which trigger some computation/action when applied to objects

eg. +,<,>,-,/,%, in, not in, =, in, is not, etc.

5. Punctuators

symbols used to organize sentence structures

most common: ' " # / ( ) { } @ : = .

Math Library functions

import math
math.<function name>
(OR)
from math import *

Some math functions

Description
Function

ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x

factorial(x) Returns the factorial of x

floor(x) Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x

fmod(x, y) Returns the remainder when x is divided by y

isfinite(x) Returns True if x is neither infinity nor a NaN Not a Number)

isinf(x) Returns True if x is a positive or negative infinity

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 Description
Function

modf(x) Returns the fractional and integer parts of x

trunc(x) Returns the truncated integer value of x

exp(x) Returns e**x

expm1(x) Returns e**x - 1

log(x[,
Returns the logarithm of x to the base (defaults to e)
base])
log1p(x) Returns the natural logarithm of 1+x

log2(x) Returns the base-2 logarithm of x

log10(x) Returns the base-10 logarithm of x

pow(x, y) Returns x raised to the power y

sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x

acos(x) Returns the arc cosine of x

asin(x) Returns the arc sine of x

atan(x) Returns the arctangent of x

atan2(y, x) Returns atan(y / x)

cos(x) Returns the cosine of x

hypot(x, y) Returns the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y)

sin(x) Returns the sine of x

tan(x) Returns the tangent of x

degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees

radians(x) Converts angle x from degrees to radians

acosh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x

asinh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x

atanh(x) Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x

cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x

sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x

tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x

erf(x) Returns the error function at x

erfc(x) Returns the complementary error function at x

gamma(x) Returns the Gamma function at x

Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function
lgamma(x)
at x

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 Description
Function

Mathematical constant, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its a

pi
diameter 3.14159...)

e mathematical constant e 2.71828...)

Random module 

This module implements pseudo-random number generators for various

distributions

import random
random.<function name>
(OR)
from random import *

Some important random functions

Code Notes
Functions

Untitled

Return a randomly selected

Randrange() random.randrange(start, stop[, step]) element from range(start, stop-
1, step)

Return a random integer N such

Randint() random.randint(a, b) that a <= N  b. Alias
for randrange(a, b+1.
Return a random element from the
Choice() random.choice(seq) non-empty sequence seq. If seq is
empty, raises IndexError

Return the next random floating

Random() random.random() point number in the range 0.0,
1.0.

link to more random functions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html

Type Conversion

Type Casting/ Explicit type conversion

User-definedtype conversion and thus known as Explicit type conversion 

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 for example,

a=3 ; b=5.0
>>>int(b)
>>>b=5

Type Promotion/ Implicit type conversion

Python automatically converts one data type to another data type. This
process doesn't need any user involvement

for example,

a=3 ; b=5.0
>>>c=a+b
>>>c=8.0 (float)

Looping Statements

3.1 The break statement

terminates the very loop it lies within

skips the rest of the loop and jumps over to the statement following the
loop.

3.2 The continue statement

the continue statement forces the next iteration of the loop to take place,
skipping any code between

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