Analytic Function:: F (Z) Z F Z Z F (Z)
Analytic Function:: F (Z) Z F Z Z F (Z)
Analytic function:
A function f (z)is said to be analytic at a point z 0, if f is differentiable not only at z 0
but at every point of some neighborhood of z 0.
A function f (z)is analytic in a domain if it is analytic at every point of the
domain.
The point at which the function is not differentiable is called a singular point of
the function.
An analytic function is also known as ‘holomorphic’, ‘regular’, ‘monogenic’.
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Remember:
1. An entire function is always analytic, differentiable and continuous function.
But converse is not true.
2. Analytic function is always differentiable and continuous. But converse is not
true.
3. A differentiable function is always continuous. But converse is not true.
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2
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
Provided ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y exist.
∴
lim ¿=
δz →o
( δuδz +i δvδz )¿ f ( z +δz )−f ( z )
δz →o δz
lim ¿… …… …… ……(1)¿
⇒ f ' ( z )=
δz → o
( δuδz +i δvδz )
Since δz can approach zero along any path.
( δuδx + i δvδx )
lim ¿= +i … … …… …(2 )¿
⇒ f ' ( z )= ∂x ∂ x
δx → o
( iδyδu + iδv
+
lim ¿= ∂y ∂y
iδy )
'
putting these values in (1), we get ⇒ f ( z )= δy →o
δy → o
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Equating (2) and (3), we get ∂ x +i ∂ x =−i ∂ y + ∂ y
∂u ∂v ∂v −∂ u
Equating Real and imaginary parts, we get ∂ x = ∂ y , ∂ x = ∂ y
∂u ∂ v ∂u −∂ v
∴ = and = are known as Cauchy- Riemann equations.
∂x ∂y ∂ y ∂x
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∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
ii) ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y are continuous functions of x and y in region 𝐑.
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
Proof: Let f ( z )be a single valued function having ∂ x , ∂ y , ∂ x , ∂ y at each point in the region
𝐑. Then the C-R equations are satisfied.
By Taylor’s theorem
f ( z +δz )=u ( x+ δx , y+ δy ) +i v ( x +δx , y +δy)
∂u −∂ v
∧∂ v ∧∂ u
Replacing ∂ y by ∂ x respectively in ( 1 ) ,we get,
∂y ∂x
4
∂u ∂ v ∂v ∂u
⇒ f ' ( z )= +i ⇒ f ' ( z )= −i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
( Proved )
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Note:
1. If a function is analytic in a Domain D , then u , v satisfy C−Requations at all points in D .
2. C−R conditions are necessary but not sufficient for analytic function.
3. C−R conditions are sufficient if the partial derivatives are continuous.
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∂u 1 ∂ v ∂u ∂v
C−R equations in Polar form: = , =−r
∂r r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
∂u ∂ v ' iθ iθ
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to ‘r ’ we get ∂ r +i ∂ r =f ( r e ) . e …(2)
∂ u ∂ v ' iθ iθ
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.to ‘θ’ we get ∂θ +i ∂θ =f ( r e ) . r e . i …(3)
∂u 1 ∂ v
And =
∂r r ∂θ
( Proved).
1
Solution: Let, w=f ( z )=u+iv= z
1 x−iy
⟹ u+iv = = 2 2
x +iy x + y
x −y
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u= x 2 + y 2 , v = x 2 + y 2
2 2
∂u ( x + y ) .1−x .2 x y 2−x 2 ∂u −2 xy
∴ = 2
= 2
∴ = 2 22
∂x 2 2
(x + y ) (x + y ) ∂ y (x + y )
2 2
2 2
∂ v −− y .2 x 2 xy ∂ v −( x + y ) .1− y .2 y y 2−x 2
∴ = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2∴ = 2
= 2
∂ x (x + y ) (x + y ) ∂ y ( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
∂u ∂v ∂u −∂ v
Thus, ∂ x = ∂ y and ∂ y = ∂ x
Thus C-R equations are satisfied. Also partial derivatives are continuous except at ( 0 , 0 ) .
1
Therefore, z is analytic everywhere except at z=0 .
dw −1 dw
Also dz = 2 this again shows that dz exists everywhere except at z=0.
z
1
Hence z is analytic everywhere except at z=0 .
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Example2: Show that the function e x ( cosy+i siny ) is an analytic function. Find its derivative.
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Example3: Show that the real and imaginary parts of the function w=lnz satisfy the C-R
equations when z is not zero. Find its derivative.
6
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