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Calculus 1 Topic 1

This document provides information about a calculus learning module, including: 1. The course description covers limits, continuity, differentiability of functions involving one or more variables, and applications of differential calculations. 2. The course outcomes are for students to differentiate functions, apply differentiation to word problems, and analyze transcendental curves. 3. The course outline lists 18 topics covering the core concepts of calculus from functions to partial differentiation.

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hallel jhon butac
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835 views9 pages

Calculus 1 Topic 1

This document provides information about a calculus learning module, including: 1. The course description covers limits, continuity, differentiability of functions involving one or more variables, and applications of differential calculations. 2. The course outcomes are for students to differentiate functions, apply differentiation to word problems, and analyze transcendental curves. 3. The course outline lists 18 topics covering the core concepts of calculus from functions to partial differentiation.

Uploaded by

hallel jhon butac
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEARNING MODULE

FOR
CALCULUS

ENGR. BYRON JOHN R. VILORIA


SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR
Course Subject: CALCULUS I
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
An introductory course covering the core concepts of limit, continuity and differentiability of
functions involving one or more variables. This also includes the applications of differential calculations in
solving problems on optimization, rates of change, related rates, tangents and normal, and approximations;
partial differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students must be able to:
1. Differentiate algebraic and transcendental functions
2. Apply the concept of differentiation in solving word problems
3. Analyze and trace transcendental curve.
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. Functions
2. Continuity and Limits
3. The Derivative
4. The Slope
5. Rate of Change
6. The Chain Rule and the General Power Rule
7. Implicit Differentiation
8. Higher-Order Derivatives
9. Polynomial Curves
10. Applications of the Derivative
11. The Differential
12. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
13. Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
14. Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
15. Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions
16. Solutions of Equations
17. Transcendental Curve Tracing
18. Parametric Equations
19. Partial Differentiation
Chapter 1: FUNCTIONS
A function f is a special type of a relation such that no two ordered pairs of the set have
different second coordinates corresponding to the same first coordinate. The set of all the first
coordinates of the ordered pairs is the Domain of the function. The set of all second
coordinates of the ordered pairs is the Range of the function.
In symbols, y=f(x) is read as “ y is a function of x” where y is the dependent variable and
x is the independent variable. An implicit function is not expressed in terms of a single
variable, that is f(x)=0.
2x+3y=6 is an implicit function. But, if we solve for y in terms of x, we expressed it as an
2
explicit function, such as 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 2.
3
1.1 INTERVAL NOTATION:
1. (a, b): Open Interval. All real numbers between, but not including a and b, a<b
2. [a, b]: Closed Interval. All real numbers between including a and b, a<b
3. (a, b], [a, b), (-∞, b], [a, ∞): Half-Open or Half-closed Intervals. In each case the interval contains
one endpoint but not the other.
REMARKS:
To be a function means no two ordered pairs of the set can have the same first coordinate and
different second coordinates. This means that no vertical line can intersect the graph in more than one
point.
Or, if we have a rule or formula giving y in terms of x and there is no more than one value of y for
each value of x, then y is said to be a function of x.
Illustration 1 sketch the graph, and determine the domain and range of the function

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1
Solution:
f(x) should be a real number, so that (x-1) must be greater than or equal to 0.
The domain is the set of real numbers greater than or equal to 1. Using set notation, we get.
Domain: (𝟏, ∞)
The range is also the set of real numbers greater than or equal to 0. Hence
Range: [𝟎, ∞)

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 − 𝟏
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y 0 1 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3

Graph 1
1.2 THE LINEAR FUNCTION
The simplest type of function is the linear function, where the graph is a line. To graph a linear function,
we need only two points in keeping with Euclid’s axiom: “Two points determine a line” or “the shortest
distance between two points is a line”. Notice that when we say a line in mathematics, that means it is
straight otherwise, it is a curve.
Any equation of the form
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
(Where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept) is called a linear function in x.

REMARKS:
Notice that if m = 0, then f(x) = b, which we called a constant function. If the domain of a constant function
is the set of real numbers, then the graph of f(x) = b is a horizontal line. The line parallel to the y-axis is
called a vertical line. Notice that vertical lines are not functions.

Illustration 2. Sketch the graph, and determine the domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈
[−1, 3)
Solution:
The domain of the linear function is restricted. Notice that when x = 3, the function is not defined and there
is a hole in the graph 2. Thus, when x = -1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) − 3 = −2 − 3 = −5
We assume that x=3 so that 𝑦 = 𝑓(3) = 2(3) − 3 = 6 − 3 = 3,
Remember that 𝑥 ≠ 3.
Thus, the domain is the set of real numbers greater than or equal to -1 but less than 3. Using set notation,
we write
Domain: [-1, 3)
Range: [-5, 3)

Graph 2
Remarks:
In future works with graph, the solid dot on the graph indicates that the point is part of the graph; the open
dot indicates that the point is not part of the graph.

1.3 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS


An equation in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎 ≠ 0 is called a quadratic equation. The
restriction that 𝑎 ≠ 0 is necessary because if 𝑎 = 0, then the equation becomes a linear function. The
graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
In a quadratic function
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎≠0
i. If a>0, the parabola opens upward and has a minimum value at the vertex
ii. If a<0, the parabola opens downward and has a maximum value at the vertex.
The vertex of a parabola is given by the equation
𝟐
𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃
𝒙=− 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = ⇒ 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒙 ∶ (− , )
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂

Illustration 3: Sketch the graph and determine the vertex, domain and range of
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −𝑥 2
Solution:
The vertices of these two parabolas lie at the origin. The first parabola opens upward ( since a = 1>0) while
the second parabola opens downward ( since a =-1 <0)
For 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (𝟎, ∞)
Vertex: (0, 0)

For 𝑦 = −𝑥2
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, 𝟎)
Vertex: (0, 0)

1.4 THE CUBIC FUNCTION


Any function in the form of
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
Is called a cubic function in x.
Notice that the graph of the cubic function can be traced accurately using the derivative test.
But, we will illustrate this fucntion when both b and c are zeros.

Illustration 4 Determine the domain and range and skecth the graph of

Solution:
The graphs are shown in the figure below
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

DOMAIN: (−∞, ∞)
Range: (−∞, ∞)
Intercepts: (0,0)

1.5 THE RATIONAL FUNCTION


Any function defined by

𝒑(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒒(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒒(𝒙)
Where p(x) and q(x) are algebraic functions is called a rational function.
Remarks:
Since ant values of x such as q(x) = 0 are excluded from the domain, a rational function usually has a
graph with one or more breaks.

Illustration 5 Determine the domain and range and sketch the graph of
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐
Solution: The graphs are shown in the figure below

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