Pokhara-University-Syllabus-Thermal Science

12. MEC 189.
2 Thermal Science (2-1-2)
Evaluation: Sessional Final Total Course Objectives: The broad objective of this course is to
provide working knowledge of theories and applications of thermal science. The specific
objectives of the course are: 1. To make able to apply laws of thermodynamics in various
systems. 2. To make able to distinguish the cycles in various engines, and pumps. 3. To make
able to calculate energy/quantity of heat transfer by conduction and radiation. Chapter Content
1 Concept and definitions Thermodynamics, Applications of thermodynamics, Thermodynamic
system, Macroscopic and microscopic and microscopic Approaches, Properties and state of a
substance: Thermodynamic properties and types, State, path, process, cycle. • Processes
(definition, characteristics, features, Examples): Quasi-equilibrium(states) process, Reversible
process, Irreversible process, • Specific volume, Pressure, Atmospheric pressure, Gauge
pressure, Absolute pressure • Equality of temperature: Zeroth law of thermodynamics 2
Properties of pure substances • Pure substance: Homogenous in composition, Homogenous in
chemical aggregation, Invariable in chemical aggregation • Vapour-liquid solid phase
equilibrium in pure substance: Steam generation(formation) process from ice to steam, Wet
steam and quality, T-v diagram of water, P-v Diagram of water, P-t diagram of water •
Equations of state for a simple compressible substance: • Tables and diagrams of
thermodynamic properties • Determination of Specific volume, Specific enthalpy and Specific
entropy of wet and superheated steam 3 Work and heat Definition of work: in mechanics and in
thermodynamics, Work done in quasi-equilibrium process Displacement work, Work done in
different reversible processes: • Isochoric process • Isobaric process • Isothermal process •
Polytrophic process • Definition of heat: comparison between heat and work, Hrs. 2 Theory 30
50 80 Practical 20 20 Total 50 50 100
Pokhara University/Faculty of Science & Technology/Revised Syllabus-2012/First Year
common
First law of thermodynamics • First law for cycle: First law for closed system undergoing a
cycle, Verification of this low by wheel paddle experiment • First law for process: Difference
between stored and internal energy, Stored energy • Internal energy: Joule’s law and its
verification • Enthalpy • Specific heats: Specific heat capacity of gas at constant volume,
Specific heat capacity of gas constant pressure • First law as a rate equation: • Conversation of
mass and the control volume • First law for control volume • Steady state steady flow process:
Assumption, Steady state steady flow energy equation(SFEE), Application of SFEE: Heat
exchanger, nozzle, diffuser, turbine, Rotary compressor, Throttling device, Boiler • Uniform
state uniform flow process: Assumptions, 1st law for uniform state uniform flow process 5
Second law of thermodynamics • Heat engines: 4 components diagram and the schematic
diagram, efficiency Refrigerator and heat pump: 4 components diagram and schematic diagram,
COP of refrigerator and heat pump • Second law: Limitation of first law of thermodynamics,
Kelivn-Plank statement, Clausius statement • • • • Equivalence of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius
statements: Factors causing irreversibility Carnot theorem Thermodynamic temperature scale
6 Entropy Inequality of Clausius, Entropy as a property of a system, Entropy of pure substance,
Entropy change in reversible process, lost work, principle of increase of entropy, Entropy
change of an ideal gas, the poly-topic process for an ideal gas, concepts of reversibility,
irreversibility and availability 7 Some Power Cycles • Vapor Power Cycles: Rankine cycle
(working process, efficiency, Effect of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle) • Air
Standard Cycles: Air standard cycles: Carnot cycle (Working processes & Efficiency), Brayton
cycle (Working processes & Efficiency) • Internal combustion engines: Otto cycle (Workings
processes & Efficiency), Diesel cycle (Working processes & Efficiency), Comparison between
Otto an diesel cycle

Heat transfer • Modes of heat transfer: Conduction, Convection, radiation • Conduction :
Fourier’s law (Statement, Mathematical modeling, Assumption for this laws, Thermal
conductivity • One dimensional steady state heat conduction: Through a plane, Through a
hollow cylinder, Through a hollow sphere • Composite wail: Heat flow through multilayer
plane slabs, Numerical on wall of planes, cylinders and spheres in series. • Thermal resistance
and conductance: Electrical analogy of the conduction heat flow • Overall heat transfer co-
efficient: Heat transfer through a plane slab separating two fluid media • Basic laws of
radiation: Emissive power and emissivity, Stefan-Boltzmann;s law, Kirchoff;s law, Wei’s
displacement law • Black and gray bodies: Reflectivity, absorptive and transmissibility, Black
and grey bodies • Radiant exchange between infinity parallel planes • Newton’s law •
Mechanism of forced and free convection • Dimensionless parameters: Reynold’s number,
Nusselt’s number, Pradndtl’s number 9 Introduction to Refrigeration System Introduction,
Refrigeration cycle Laboratory Work: 1. To measure the pressure, specific volume and
temperature 2. To find out the efficiency of a compressor. 3. To measure the rate of heat
transfer by conduction. 4. To measure performance of a small internal combustion engine 5. To
measure the heat transfer by thermal radiation. 6. To measure the performance of a
Refrigeration/Heat pump
Textbooks:
1. Howell J.R. and R.O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, McGrow-
Hill Publishers, 1994.
Reference Books:
1. Van Wylen, G.J. and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics,
Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1989.
2. Bayazitoglu, Y. and M. Necati Ozisik, Elements of Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1998.
3. Kreith, F., Principles of Heat Transfer, International Text book Company, Scranton
Pennsylvania, 2nd Edition, I965.

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12. MEC 189.

2 Thermal Science (2-1-2)

1 Concept and definitions Thermodynamics, Applications of thermodynamics, Thermodynamic

(definition, characteristics, features, Examples): Quasi-equilibrium(states) process, Reversible

process, Irreversible process, • Specific volume, Pressure, Atmospheric pressure, Gauge

pressure, Absolute pressure • Equality of temperature: Zeroth law of thermodynamics 2

Properties of pure substances • Pure substance: Homogenous in composition, Homogenous in

chemical aggregation, Invariable in chemical aggregation • Vapour-liquid solid phase

Equations of state for a simple compressible substance: • Tables and diagrams of

thermodynamic properties • Determination of Specific volume, Specific enthalpy and Specific

thermodynamics, Work done in quasi-equilibrium process Displacement work, Work done in

different reversible processes: • Isochoric process • Isobaric process • Isothermal process •

50 80 Practical 20 20 Total 50 50 100

Pokhara University/Faculty of Science & Technology/Revised Syllabus-2012/First Year

Kelivn-Plank statement, Clausius statement • • • • Equivalence of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius

statements: Factors causing irreversibility Carnot theorem Thermodynamic temperature scale

6 Entropy Inequality of Clausius, Entropy as a property of a system, Entropy of pure substance,

Otto an diesel cycle

Mechanism of forced and free convection • Dimensionless parameters: Reynold’s number,

Nusselt’s number, Pradndtl’s number 9 Introduction to Refrigeration System Introduction,

transfer by conduction. 4. To measure performance of a small internal combustion engine 5. To

measure the heat transfer by thermal radiation. 6. To measure the performance of a

1. Howell J.R. and R.O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, McGrow-

Hill Publishers, 1994.

1. Van Wylen, G.J. and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics,

Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1989.

2. Bayazitoglu, Y. and M. Necati Ozisik, Elements of Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book

Pennsylvania, 2nd Edition, I965.

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