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Unit I Analog Modulation 1. Define Modulation

1. Modulation involves changing the characteristics of a high frequency carrier signal based on a modulating signal. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier, while frequency and phase modulation vary the frequency and phase respectively. 2. Modulation index describes the amount of amplitude change in an AM signal and percentage modulation gives the percentage change in amplitude. 3. Angle modulation techniques like FM and PM have advantages over AM including noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power usage, though they require wider bandwidth and more complex circuits.

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158 views8 pages

Unit I Analog Modulation 1. Define Modulation

1. Modulation involves changing the characteristics of a high frequency carrier signal based on a modulating signal. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier, while frequency and phase modulation vary the frequency and phase respectively. 2. Modulation index describes the amount of amplitude change in an AM signal and percentage modulation gives the percentage change in amplitude. 3. Angle modulation techniques like FM and PM have advantages over AM including noise reduction, improved fidelity, and more efficient power usage, though they require wider bandwidth and more complex circuits.

Uploaded by

Renit Anto
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT I

ANALOG MODULATION
1. Define modulation.
Modulation is the process of changing the characteristics
(amplitude, frequency or phase) of a high frequency carrier signal based
on the instantaneous variation of the modulating signal.

2. Define Amplitude modulation.


Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of
a high frequency carrier signal based on the instantaneous variation of
the modulating signal.

3. What is modulation index and percentage modulation in AM?


Modulation index
 It is used to describe the amount of amplitude change present
in an AM waveform.
 It is also called as coefficient of modulation.
 Mathematically, modulation index is given as
Vm
m= Vc

Where m = Modulation coefficient


Vm = Peak change in the amplitude of the message signal.
Vc = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier signal.
Percent modulation
 It gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave
when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.

4. Draw the waveforms of AM signal.


5. Draw the frequency spectrum of AM signal.

6. Give the expression for the Pt of AM wave


m2
Pt=Pc(1+ 2
)

Where,Pt is the total power of AM wave


Pc is the power of carrier signal
m is the modulation index

7. Define Transmission efficiency.


It is defined as the ratio of power contained in both sides to the
transmitted power.
Pusb  Plsb
Transmission efficiency, ɳ= pt

8. Define frequency modulation.


Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the frequency of
a high frequency carrier signal based on the instantaneous variation of
the modulating signal.

9. Define phase modulation.


Phase Modulation is the process of changing the phase of a high
frequency carrier signal based on the instantaneous variation of the
modulating signal.

10.Draw the waveforms of FM and PM signal.

11. Define deviation sensitivity for FM and PM and give its units.
Deviation sensitivity for FM:
 Change in output frequency occurs when amplitude changes in
input signal.
 Unit is (rad/s)/V.
Deviation sensitivity for PM
 Change in output phase occurs when amplitude changes in input
signal.
 Unit is(rad)/V.

12.Define Deviation ratio.


 Deviation ratio is the worst-case modulation index
 It is the ratio of the maximum peak frequency
deviation to the maximum modulating signal frequency.
f (max)
Mathematically, the deviation ratio is DR= f m(max )

13. State Carson’s rule.


Carson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle
modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and
the highest modulating signal frequency. Mathematically
Carson’s rule is B=2(Δf +fm(max) ) Hz.

14. Give the expression for bandwidth of angle-modulated wave in


terms of Bessel’s table.
Soln:
B= 2(n*fm )
n=no. of significant sidebands for m found using Bessel’s table

15.What is pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits? Where these


circuits are used?
pre-emphasis circuits
 The high frequency components which have low SNR are boosted
prior to the transmission of the signal.This is done by pre-emphasis
circuit.
 It is used in the transmitting end.
 It is a simple High Pass Filter with amplification.
De-emphasis circuits
  It helps to bring the pre-amplified signal back to the normal
amplitude level.
 It is used in the receiver section.
 It is a simple Low Pass Filter.

16.Differentiate NarrowBand FM and Wide Band FM


NarrowBand FM
 In NBFM, modulation index mf˂1
 It has a finite bandwidth.
 It has only two side bands.
Wide Band FM
 In WBFM, modulation index mf˃1
 It has an infinite bandwidth.
 It has the infinite number of side bands.

17. Compare frequency and amplitude modulation .


Amplitude Modulation .
 Noise interference is more.
 Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of
a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Frequency Modulation
 Noise interference is less
 Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the frequency of
a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

18. Distinguish between FM and PM .


FM- Frequency is varied directly but Phase is indirectly varied with
respect to modulating signal.
PM- Frequency is varied indirectly but Phase is directly varied with
respect to modulating signal.

19. What are the advantages of angle modulation and also list its
disadvantages.
Advantages:
i.Noise reduction.
ii. Improved system fidelity.
iii. more efficient use of power.
Disadvantages:
i.wider Bandwidth.
ii.uses more complex circuit in receiver and transmitter.

20. Compare AM with DSB-SC and SSB-SC.


Amplitude Modulation
 carrier frequency and upper and lower sidebands. -carries message
Double side band suppressed carrier
 upper and lower sidebands with carrier- carries message
Single side band suppressed carrier
 Either lower side band or upper side band carrier message

21.Define Heterodyning.
Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear
device or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing.

22. Define image frequency rejection ratio.


The image frequency rejection ratio is the measure of the ability of
preselector to reject the
image frequency.
Mathematically, IFRR is IFRR =(1+Q2ρ 2 ) 1/2
Where ρ= (fim /fRF )-(fRF /fim )
Q – quality factor of preselector
f im -image frequency
fRF - RF frequency

23. What are the various receiver parameters?


1. Sensitivity-ability of the receiver to pickup weakest signal
2. Selectivity-ability of the receiver to select the desired frequency
3. Fidelity-ability of the receiver to reproduce all the range of
modulating signal equally.
24. Define Image frequency?
The unwanted frequency rejected by the filter is known as image
frequency.
25.

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