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An Energy Efficient Protocol to Extend Network Lifetime and Increase

Transmission Efficiency for Wireless Sensor Networks

Conference Paper · February 2018

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 An Energy Efficient Protocol to Extend
Network Lifetime and Increase Transmission
Efficiency for Wireless Sensor Networks
Nguyen Toan Van Beongku An
Department of Electronics and Department of Computer and
Computer Engineering in Graduate School, Information Communications Engineering,
Hongik University, Republic of Korea Hongik University, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract—In this paper, we propose an energy efficient information from its cluster members based on time di-
(EE) protocol, called EE-LEACH, to extend the network vision multiple access (TDMA) method, and eventually
lifetime and increase the transmission efficiency based on forwards the aggregated data to the base station or sink
the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)
protocol in wireless sensor networks. The current en- node. This reduces significantly energy consumption in
ergy and the position of sensor nodes are jointly taken the network since only the CH transmits fused data
into consideration to optimize the cluster head election to the sink node. However, the CH in each round of
in EE-LEACH protocol. Simulation is carried out using LEACH protocol is randomly selected and probability
OMNeT++ to demonstrate that the EE-LEACH protocol of becoming the CH is equivalent to each node. After
performs better than LEACH protocol in terms of energy
consumption, network lifetime and number of data received some rounds, the probability of sensor node with low and
by the sink node. high energy becoming CH is the same, which leads to
Index Terms—Clustering, energy efficient, LEACH, OM- the fact that the imbalance of energy occurs in the whole
NeT++ system and the network lifetime is reduced. To improve
the LEACH protocol, the authors in [6] proposed an
I. I NTRODUCTION advanced-LEACH protocol by modifying the threshold
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consisting of a large for CH election process based on the residual energy
number of low-power, low-cost, multifunctional sensor of each node and the expected number of CHs in a
nodes allow observers to supervise the attributes of round. In [7], the authors improved LEACH protocol by
remote environments. The sensor nodes utilize their pro- setting M CH in each cluster to achieve a diversity order
cessing abilities to locally carry out simple computations of M in long distance communication. The proposed
and forward only the necessary messages to the gateway protocol considerably saves a large amount of energy
or sink node [1]. Therefore, WSN is expected to bring over LEACH protocol. In [8], the authors modified the
a massive number of sensor nodes into the Internet of set-up phase in LEACH protocol to achieve the energy
Things (IoT) environments [2]. One of the most crucial balance and prolong the network lifetime. However, the
challenges in WSNs is energy consumption because it is number of received data at sink node has not been
impossible to replace or recharge the sensor’s batteries taken into consideration. In [9], the authors studied the
due to the high labor cost or environmental restrictions. LEACH protocol by considering the remaining energy
Hence, prolong the network lifetime is the major goal in and the mobility of sensor node for CH election in set-
WSNs. up phase. The obtained results show that the proposed
Clustering technique in WSNs is shown to be an protocol outperforms LEACH protocol in terms of aver-
effective solution since it extends the network lifetime age packet delivery rate (PDR), energy consumption and
by minimizing the energy consumption through data control overhead. The energy potential function (EPF)
aggregation and multi-hop transmission [3]. LEACH is measuring the energy harvesting ability of each sensor
one of the most popular protocol that divides the whole node based on LEACH protocol was introduced in [10].
network into clusters, where some nodes are randomly The applying of EPF into LEACH protocol improves the
elected as cluster-heads (CH) according to the total throughput performance in WSNs but the network life-
number of nodes in the networks [4], [5]. In LEACH time is degraded. In [11], the authors proposed a novel
protocol, the CH collects and aggregates the received multi-hop clustering protocol based on LEACH which
is suitable for large-scale WSNs. The simulation in
Matlab environment shows that the proposed algorithm
outperforms LEACH in terms of energy consumption,
PDR and network lifetime. Very recently, Wu et al. in
[12] proposed the new threshold in set-up phase and
improved the data fusion rate in LEACH protocol to
reduce the energy consumption. The survival rate of the
nodes increases 75 % and the network lifetime slightly
improved compared to LEACH protocol.
Different from the aforementioned works, which were
simulated in Malab, the proposed EE-LEACH protocol
in this paper is carried out in realistic event driven
simulator named Castalia based on OMNeT++ software
[13].
In this paper, we propose the new threshold formula
based on that of LEACH protocol. The residual energy
and the distance of each sensor node to the sink node
Fig. 1. The wireless sensor network model.
are jointly considered for cluster-heads election. Thus,
the sensor nodes with the highest residual energy and the
smallest distance to the sink node have more opportunity
to become the cluster head than other nodes. The simula-
tion results reveal that the EE-LEACH protocol performs
better than LEACH protocol in terms of network lifetime
and number of data received at the sink node.
The rest of the paper will be arranged as follows. Sec- Fig. 2. The time block structure of EE-LEACH protocol for the setup
tion II describes the network and energy model of EE- phase and steady state phase.
LEACH protocol. The proposed EE-LEACH protocol is
described in Section III and the simulation results are
The energy consumption for receiving k-bit data can be
evaluated in Section IV. Finally, Section V concludes
expressed as
the paper.
ERx (k) = kEelec , (1)
II. N ETWORK AND E NERGY M ODEL
A. Network Model where Eelec denotes the electronic energy consumption
factor.
In this section, we consider an energy efficiency
Assuming that the data sensed by adjacent nodes are
LEACH protocol consisting of a set of sensor nodes
correlated; therefore, CH can aggregate the data from
which is randomly distributed in an interested area as
its members into a single frame. The energy is used for
shown in Fig. 1. All sensor nodes continuously sense the
fusing k-bit data from m members at CH can be given
remote environment and send the reports to a sink node.
as
We assume that each sensor node has similar capability
and equal significance. Each sensor node is aware of EF u (k, m) = mkEf use , (2)
it’s own remaining energy and communication distance.
All sensor nodes are stationary and can communicate where Ef use denotes the data fusion factor.
with sink node by single hop. We also assume that the The radio hardware energy dissipation depends on the
communication channels are symmetric and the energy distance between the transmitter and receiver, denoted as
depletion of radio signal is similar in all directions. d. If d is greater than a threshold d0 , the multipath (d4
Similar to LEACH protocol [12], the operation of the power loss) model is used; otherwise, the free space (d2
EE-LEACH protocol is divided into multiple rounds, power loss) model is used. The energy consumption for
each round is split into two consecutive phases with the forwarding k-bit data over a distance d of CH is given
set-up and the steady-state phases, respectively, as shown as
(
in Fig. 2. kEelec + kf s d2 if d < d0 ,
ET x (k, d) = (3)
B. Energy Model kEelec + kmp d4 if d ≥ d0 .
In this sub-section, the radio hardware energy dissi- where f s d2 and mp d4 denote the amplifier energy
pation model is used based on LEACH protocol [4]. in free space (fs) and multipath (mp) fading channels,
 p
respectively. And d0 = f s /mp is the reference from member node to the CH and from CH to the sink
distance between transmitter and receiver [3]. node are carried out by using TDMA schedules (from
line 12 to 14). Otherwise, the non-CHs will send the join
III. T HE P ROPOSED E NERGY E FFICIENCY message to the CH and then get their allocated time slots
P ROTOCOL : EE-LEACH (from line 16 to 18).
In conventional LEACH protocol [12], the CH is In this protocol, the threshold, T (n), is formulated as
randomly chosen and probability of becoming CH is [9]
equal for each node leading to the imbalance of energy (
 p ,
in the network after completion some rounds. In EE- 1−p r mod (1/p) if n ∈ G
T (n) = , (4)
LEACH protocol, the residual energy and the distance 0, otherwise
of each node are considered for CH election. The EE- where p denotes the proportion between the number
LEACH protocol can be expressed as the algorithm 1 of cluster heads and the number of sensor nodes, 1/p
below. denotes the expected number of nodes in a cluster, r
denotes the current round and G denotes the group of
Algorithm 1 The EE-LEACH algorithm
nodes that have not been CH in r mod(1/p) rounds.
1: i ← rand(0, 1)
Next, the distance dn from node n to sink node can
2: D = Distance(n)
be calculated as
3: RE = ResidualEnergy(n) p
4: TEE (n) = T (n) × (RE α + D 1−α ) dn = (xn − xsink )2 + (yn − ysink )2 , (5)
5: if i < TEE (n) then
where xn and yn are the positions of node n, xsink and
6: CH n = BroadcastADV ()
ysink are the positions of sink node.
7: N onCH = W ait(CH n )
We jointly consider residual energy and distance of
8: Rn = RequestM essage()
each node to the sink node for the cluster head election.
9: CH n = Receive(Rn )
The new threshold formula to avoid the random cluster-
10: CH n = BroadcastT DM A()
heads election can be expressed as
11: SetT imeSlot(T Sn )
12: CH n = Receive(Data)
p
13: SF D = SendF usedData() TEE (n) =
14: Sink = Receive(SF D) 1 − p [r mod (1/p)]
 α  (1−α) 
15: else En dn
× + , (6)
16: N onCH = Send(JoinCH) Emax dmax
17: N onCH = W ait(CH n )
where α is weight factor, with α ∈ (0, 1), En is the
18: N onCH = Get(T S n )
remaining energy of node n, Emax is the initial energy
19: end if
of node n, dmax is the distance from the farthest node
to the sink node.
The EE-LEACH algorithm initializes with set-up
phase, where the sink node first broadcasts a ”hello” IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
message to all sensor nodes with a certain power level. In this section, we evaluate the energy efficiency of
It is reasonable to assume that each sensor node can the proposed EE-LEACH protocol by using Castalia
estimate its own distance to the sink node based on the simulator based on OMNeT++ on Ubuntu platform [13].
strength of received signal in the initialize stage [8]. The value of weight factor as 0.2, i.e. α = 0.2, the
The position and the current energy of each node are probability as 0.05, i.e. p = 0.05. The simulation
considered for CH election (lines 2 and 3). The new parameters are used for EE-LEACH protocol as shown
threshold, TEE (n), for node n is calculated (line 4). If in Table 1 [4].
the probability of node n is less than TEE (n), node n We first investigate the distribution of sensor nodes in
will become the cluster head for the current round (line EE-LEACH protocol. As shown in Fig. 3, the number of
5). Then, the CH broadcasts an advertisement (ADV) alive nodes in the 7th round (corresponds to the 140th
message to other nodes (line 6). Based on the strength second in Fig. 4) reduces to about 50 % of total sensor
of advertisement message, the sensor nodes determine nodes in the network. This result is consistent with the
to participate a CH for this round. After the cluster is results shown in Fig. 4.
formatted, the CH makes TDMA schedule and sends Fig. 4 shows the number of alive nodes of LEACH
to its member nodes (line 10). The TDMA schedule is protocol and the proposed EE-LEACH protocol versus
created to avoid the collision of data received at sink the round of communication in second. The x-axis is the
node. In the steady state phase, the data transmission round of communication which indicates that the time
 TABLE I EE-LEACH protocol have more opportunity to become
S IMULATION PARAMETERS the cluster head than that of LEACH protocol. Therefore,
Parameter Value the energy balance in EE-LEACH protocol is achieved
Network size (x × y) 100 × 100 m2 and the network lifetime is increased.
Initial Energy of each node (Emax ) 3J
Data fusion factor (Ef use ) 5 nJ/bit
Sink position (50, 50) 1500
Number of nodes 100
1400
Round time 20 Seconds
Data Payload 2000 bytes 1300

1200

1100
100
1000
90
900
80
800
70
700
60
600
50
500
40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

30

20 Fig. 5. Number of data successfully received at sink node as a function

10 of transmit rate.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 Fig. 5 reveals the total data successfully received by
sink node with different value of transmit rates. The
Fig. 3. Location of each node in EE-LEACH protocol x-axis is the transmit rate for each node measured in
data frames/sec. As can be observed, the performance
gap between EE-LEACH and LEACH protocols is large
when the transmit rate is increased. This results can be
100
explained by considering the fact that the lifetime of EE-
90
LEACH protocol is longer than LEACH protocol leading
80
the significant increase of transmit data to the sink node,
70 which results in the good performance of EE-LEACH
60 protocol.
50
V. C ONCLUSION
40

30
In this paper, we propose a new EE-LEACH proto-
20
col by jointly considering the residual energy and the
position of sensor nodes to optimize the cluster head
10
election and extend the network lifetime. Simulation
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 results indicate that the outstanding performance of EE-
LEACH protocol compared to LEACH protocol in terms
Fig. 4. Number of alive node as a function of round of communication
of energy consumption, network lifetime and number
(second). of data received by sink node. In the future work, we
will extend the EE-LEACH protocol with multi-hop
routing network and compare to hybrid energy-efficient
from network starting operation until the time that there distributed clustering (HEED) protocol.
is more than 95 % of the number of dead sensor nodes.
As can be observed, the number of alive nodes of EE- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
LEACH is similar to that of LEACH protocol within 100 This research was supported by Basic Science Re-
seconds. However, the number of alive nodes of LEACH search Program through the National Research Founda-
protocol is significantly lower than that of EE-LEACH tion of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Edu-
protocol in the remaining time of communication. This cation (Grant No. 2016R1D1A1B03934898) and by the
results can be explained that the sensor node with high Leading Human Resource Training Program of Regional
residual energy and closely located to the sink node in Neo Industry through the National Research Foundation
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