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    Microprocessor Systems & Interfacing EEE-342: Comsats University

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    Bilal Habib
    The document describes an assembly language lab for an AVR microcontroller. The objectives are to learn assembly programming and implement loops and conditionals. It discusses advantages of assembly like speed and precise timing. The tasks implement a 1 kHz square wave on a pin and toggle PORTD bits with delays. The conclusion analyzes the objectives and tasks, noting assembly's speed and precise timing control.

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    Microprocessor Systems & Interfacing EEE-342: Comsats University

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Habib
    93 views10 pages
    The document describes an assembly language lab for an AVR microcontroller. The objectives are to learn assembly programming and implement loops and conditionals. It discusses advantages of assembly like speed and precise timing. The tasks implement a 1 kHz square wave on a pin and toggle PORTD bits with delays. The conclusion analyzes the objectives and tasks, noting assembly's speed and precise timing control.

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    The document describes an assembly language lab for an AVR microcontroller. The objectives are to learn assembly programming and implement loops and conditionals. It discusses advantages of assembly like speed and precise timing. The tasks implement a 1 kHz square wave on a pin and toggle PORTD bits with delays. The conclusion analyzes the objectives and tasks, noting assembly's speed and precise timing control.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    93 views10 pages

    Microprocessor Systems & Interfacing EEE-342: Comsats University

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Habib
    The document describes an assembly language lab for an AVR microcontroller. The objectives are to learn assembly programming and implement loops and conditionals. It discusses advantages of assembly like speed and precise timing. The tasks implement a 1 kHz square wave on a pin and toggle PORTD bits with delays. The conclusion analyzes the objectives and tasks, noting assembly's speed and precise timing control.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    COMSATS UNIVERSITY

    MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS & INTERFACING


    EEE-342

    Lab # 05 Introduction to Assembly Language Programming of AVR


    Microcontrollers

    Name

    Registration Number

    Instructor’s Name MA’AM ASMA RAMAY


    OBJECTIVES
     To get started with assembly language programming for AVR microcontrollers.
     Implementing loops and conditional execution instructions in Assembly language

    REQUIRED TOOLS:

    SOFTWARE TOOLS:
     AVR Studio/ Atmel Studio
     Proteus ISIS
     AVRDUDESS

    HARDWARE TOOLS:

    PRE-LAB
    5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING
    Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer or other programmable
    devices. It is an alphanumeric representation of machine code. The instructions used in writing
    programs in assembly language are not general but specific to the microcontroller. AVR 8-bits
    microcontrollers have a common instruction set.

    5.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:


     Assembly language is fast.
     Program written in assembly take less execution time.
     We know exact time for each instruction.
     We can measure accurate execution time and hence able to generate specific delays.
     It requires less memory.
     The use of machine codes gives us precise control over microcontroller that we want to
    program.
     Assembly is also case insensitive hence commands written in upper or lower case don’t
    make any difference.
    5.1.2 PROCESSOR REGISTERS:
    There are 32 general-purpose 8-bit registers, R0–R31. All arithmetic and logic operations
    operate on those registers; only load and store instructions access RAM. A limited number of
    instructions operate on 16-bit register pairs.
    The last three register pairs are used as pointer registers for memory addressing. They are
    known as X (R27:R26), Y (R29:R28) and Z (R31:R30). Instructions which allow an
    immediate value are limited to registers R16–R31 (8-bit operations) In addition to these 32
    general-purpose registers, the CPU has a few special-purpose registers:
     PC: 16 bit program counter
     SP: 16 bit stack pointer
     SREG: 8 bit status register
    5.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS:
    Some common assembly language instructions used for AVR microcontroller programming are
    given below:

    IN-LAB TASK:
    Task 1: Generate a square wave signal of frequency 1 KHz and 40% duty cycle on a digital
    I/O pin of ATmega328P.
    Steps:
    1: Initialize stack pointer.
    2: Configure Pin 0 of Port B as output.
    3: Send 1 on PB0.
    5: Call Delay of 400us.
    6: Send 0 on PB0.
    7: Call delay of 600us.
    8: Repeat forever
    .include "m328Pdef.inc"

    ldi r16,HIGH(RAMEND) 
    out SPH, R16 
    ldi r16,LOW(RAMEND)
    out SPL, R16

    start:   
    ldi r16,0xff   
    out DDRD,r16   

    forever:
    ldi r19,0xff     
    out PORTD,r19  
    rcall delay_300ms 
    ldi r19,0x00   
    out PORTD,r19    
    rcall delay_300ms  
    rjmp forever  ;keep doing this forever 

    delay_300ms :  
    ldi r21,12 

    loop2:
    rcall delay_25ms 
    dec r21 
    brne loop2
    ret

    delay_25ms : 
    ldi r20,250 
    loop1:
    rcall delay_100us 
    dec r20 
    brne loop1 
    ret
    delay_100us:  
    ldi r18, 4 
     
    l1:   ldi r19,100 
    l2:   nop 
           dec r19 
           brne l2 
           dec r18 
           brne l1
    ret

    PROTEUS SIMULATION
    HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

    TASK 2: WRITE A PROGRAM TO TOGGLE ALL BITS OF PORT D WITH SOME


    DELAY (SPECIFIED BY LAB INSTRUCTOR).
    .include "m328Pdef.inc"
    ;Initialize stack pointer.

    ldi r16,HIGH(RAMEND)
    out SPH, R16
    ldi r16,LOW(RAMEND)
    out SPL, R16

    start:
    ldi r16,0x55 ;load 0x01 into a register r16
    out DDRB,r16 ;configure PB0 as output: DDRB=0x01

    forever:
    out PORTD,R16 ; PB=01
    rcall delay_250ms
    com R16
    rjmp forever; keep doing this forever

    delay_250ms:
    ldi R19,100

    L3:
    rcall delay
    dec R19
    brne L3

    delay:
    ldi R17,100
    L1:
    ldi R18,100
    L2:
    Nop
    Dec R18
    brne L2
    dec R17
    brne L1
    ret

    POST-LAB TASK:
    Blinking LED’s with different frequencies. 
    Description: 
    Connect 4 LED’s to PORT B of AT mega 328P.Using loops and conditions write an
    assembly program that makes these LED blinks. 
    LED 0 should blink an ON/OFF time of 200ms 
    LED 1 should blink an ON/OFF time of 400ms 
    LED 2 should blink an ON/OFF time of 800ms 
    LED 3 should blink an ON/OFF time of 1600ms 
    Simulate on proteus. 

    CODE:
    .include "m328Pdef.inc"
        ldi r16,HIGH(RAMEND) 
        out SPH, R16 
        ldi r16,LOW(RAMEND)
    out SPL, R16
    start:
      ldi r16,0xff 
           out DDRD,r16   
    forever:   
           ldi r19,0xff     
           out PORTD,r19   
           rcall delay_200ms 
           ldi r19,0xFE
           out PORTD,r19    
           rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xFD     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xFC     
           out PORTD,r19 
      rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xFB     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xFA  
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF9   
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF8     
           out PORTD,r19
        rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xF7     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF6     
           out PORTD,r19 
       
        rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xF5     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF4     
           out PORTD,r19    
        rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xF3     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF2     
           out PORTD,r19
        rcall delay_200ms
           ldi r19,0xF1     
           out PORTD,r19
      rcall delay_200ms
      ldi r19,0xF0     
           out PORTD,r19  
      rcall delay_200ms  
           rjmp forever  ;keep doing this forever 

      
      delay_200ms : ;This subroutine will call delay of 25ms 8 times  
                 ;to generate a delay of 200ms 
           ldi r21,8 
    loop2: 
           rcall delay_25ms 
           dec r21 
           brne loop2
           ret
    delay_25ms : ;This subroutine will call delay of 100us 250 times  
                 ;to generate a delay of 25ms 
           ldi r20,250 
    loop1: 
           rcall delay_100us 
           dec r20 
           brne loop1 
           ret
      delay_100us:  ;This subroutine will generate a delay of 100us 
    ; Inner loop count =4 (Ignoring overhead) 
    ; Delay = (1/16M)*4*4*100 
           ldi r18, 4 
     l1:   ldi r19,100 
     l2: 
           nop 
           dec r19 
           brne l2 
           dec r18 
           brne l1 
           ret

    CONCLUSION/CRITICAL ANALYSIS:

    The objectives of this lab were to learn about assembly language programming for AVR
    microcontrollers and implementation of loops and conditional execution instructions in Assembly
    language. Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer or other
    programmable devices. Basic Instructions of the Assembly Language, their Syntax Limitations
    were taught in tis lab. Assembly is also case insensitive hence commands written in upper or
    lower case don’t make any difference. There are 32 general-purpose 8-bit registers, R0–R31.
    Advantages of assembly are:
     Program written in assembly take less execution time. 
     We know exact time for each instruction. 
     We can measure accurate execution time and hence able to generate specific delays. 
     It requires less memory.

    TASK 1 OUTCOMES: in this task duty cycle of 40% was generated by changing the delay time
    of outer and inner loop and afterwards the output waves were observed on oscilloscope.
    TASK 2 OUTCOME: in this task PORTD bits were toggled with a delay of 250ms (as specified
    by the instructor). The output was observed on the LEDs that is 8 LEDs blinked alternatively.

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