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    Quantitative Measurements: Scientific Measurement and Units

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    charlie
    This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers: 1) The International System of Units (SI) and metric prefixes for larger and smaller quantities. Temperature is discussed in Celsius and Kelvin scales. 2) Base SI units for mass, length, volume, energy and other quantities. Derived and smaller units are also introduced. 3) The concepts of precision, accuracy, and error in measurement are defined. Standard deviation is introduced as a measure of precision. 4) Exponential and significant figure notation are explained for presenting very large/small numbers and limiting precision in calculations based on experimental data. Density and specific gravity are also covered.

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    Quantitative Measurements: Scientific Measurement and Units

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    charlie
    32 views9 pages
    This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers: 1) The International System of Units (SI) and metric prefixes for larger and smaller quantities. Temperature is discussed in Celsius and Kelvin scales. 2) Base SI units for mass, length, volume, energy and other quantities. Derived and smaller units are also introduced. 3) The concepts of precision, accuracy, and error in measurement are defined. Standard deviation is introduced as a measure of precision. 4) Exponential and significant figure notation are explained for presenting very large/small numbers and limiting precision in calculations based on experimental data. Density and specific gravity are also covered.

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    This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers: 1) The International System of Units (SI) and metric prefixes for larger and smaller quantities. Temperature is discussed in Celsius and Kelvin scales. 2) Base SI units for mass, length, volume, energy and other quantities. Derived and smaller units are also introduced. 3) The concepts of precision, accuracy, and error in measurement are defined. Standard deviation is introduced as a measure of precision. 4) Exponential and significant figure notation are explained for presenting very large/small numbers and limiting precision in calculations based on experimental data. Density and specific gravity are also covered.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views9 pages

    Quantitative Measurements: Scientific Measurement and Units

    Uploaded by

    charlie
    This document discusses scientific measurement and units. It covers: 1) The International System of Units (SI) and metric prefixes for larger and smaller quantities. Temperature is discussed in Celsius and Kelvin scales. 2) Base SI units for mass, length, volume, energy and other quantities. Derived and smaller units are also introduced. 3) The concepts of precision, accuracy, and error in measurement are defined. Standard deviation is introduced as a measure of precision. 4) Exponential and significant figure notation are explained for presenting very large/small numbers and limiting precision in calculations based on experimental data. Density and specific gravity are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    2020/01/16

    Scientific
    Measurement
    and Units

    End of Chapter exercises:

    1‐17, 1‐23, 1‐27, 1‐29, 1‐35, 1‐42, 
    1‐45, 1‐46, 1‐49, 1‐51, 1‐59, 1‐62

    QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
    – Use SI units — based on the metric system
    – Larger and smaller quantities – use prefixes with base unit
    – Temperature:Celsius (o C) , Kelvin (K) scales
    – Kelvin – used in calculations
    – Experimentally: Absolute zero 0 K = – 273.15 oC
    – Kelvin scale runs parallel to the Celsius scale.
     pure water freezes at 273.15 K, i.e. 0 oC = 273.15 K
    Boils at 373.15 K = 100 oC
    T (K) = 1K/1 oC [ T (oC) + 273.15 oC]

    1
    2020/01/16

    BASE UNITS

    Units of Measurement
    Mass: measure of the quantity of matter in a body.  
    SI unit – kilogram (kg)
    – Chemistry – often in gram (g) or milligram (mg) or 
    microgram (µm)
    Energy: SI unit is the joule – related to units used for 
    mechanical energy.
    – 1 J = 1 kg.m2/s2
    – The joule is very small – kilojoule (kJ) is generally the unit 
    of choice.
    – Calorie ‐ older unit  1 calorie = 4.184 joules

    2
    2020/01/16

    Units of Measurement
    Length: Standard unit = metre  use cm (1 x 10‐2 m), 
     mm (1 x 10‐3 m), µm (1x10-6 m)
    – nm (1 x 10‐9 m) and pm (1 x 10‐12 m)

    O—H distance =
    9.58 x 10‐11 m
    9.58 x 10‐9 cm
    0.0958 nm
    95.8 pm
    Volume: The space occupied by a substance. 
    Base unit = litre (L)
    Use mL (cm3)= 0.001 L (1 x 10‐3 L)

    3
    2020/01/16

    Precision and Accuracy


    – Precision:  How well several measurements of the same 
    quantity agree.
    – Accuracy: How well measurement agrees with the 
    accepted value of a quantity.
    – Error = experimentally determined value – accepted value
    – % Error =  error in measurement  x 100
    Accepted value

    Standard Deviation

    – A measure of precision
    – Square root of the sum of the squares of the 
    deviations from average, divided by (n – 1). 
    – where n = number of measurements
    – Statistically 68% of values collected should be within 
    one standard deviation of the average.
    – 95% within 2 standard deviations

    4
    2020/01/16

    Standard Deviation
    e.g. Measure the mass of water delivered by a 10.0 mL 
    pipette
    mass(g)         2
    1  9.990 0.006 3.6 x 10‐5
    2 9.993 0.009 8.1 x 10‐5
    3 9.973 – 0.011 12.1 x 10‐5
    4. 9.980 – 0.004 1.6 x 10‐5
    5.  9.982 – 0.002 0.4 x 10‐5
    Ave:

    Scientific (Exponential) Notation


    – way of presenting very large or very small numbers
    – N x 10n N = digit term, between 1 and 9.999…
    10n = exponential term, integer power of 10
    – e.g. 1234 = 1.234 x 103 (move decimal to left – exponent 
    positive)
    – 0.01234 = 1.234 x 10‐2 (move decimal to right – exponent 
    negative)

    5
    2020/01/16

    Significant Figures
    – Result calculated from experimental data cannot be more 
    precise than the least precise piece of information.
    – Digits in a measured quantity that reflect the accuracy of the 
    measurement.
    e.g. 1.234      4 significant figures – last uncertain, usually +/‐ 1 
    – Read left to right, starting with first non zero digit.
    – 3.45 3 significant figures
    – 0.00345 3 significant figures
    – 100 g 1 significant figure, if zeros are significant, indicate       
    as 100. g

    Significant Figures

    – In calculations: 
    – Addition or subtraction: number of decimal places in 
    answer determined by number with fewest decimal 
    places e.g. 

    – Multiplication or division: SF  in answer determined 
    by quantity with fewest SF  e.g. 

    6
    2020/01/16

    Exact Numbers
    – Value is known exactly
    – Has no uncertainty, cannot be simplified
    – Has infinite number of significant figures
    – Defined number or result of a count
    – E.g. dozen = 12 objects
    – 100 cm/m defined quantity – infinite number of 
    significant digits  does not limit the number of 
    significant figures in the calculated result.
    – Includes conversions within a system i.e. kg to g

    Density and Specific Gravity


    – Density defined as mass per unit volume ρ = 
    – All solids, liquids and gases have a density.
    – Intensive property …always has the same value at a given T
    – Has units …g/mL, g/ /
    – Specific Gravity defined as a comparison of the density of a 
    substance with the density of water (usually at 20
    – is numerically the same as density, with no units

    7
    2020/01/16

    Conversions
    – Given units x   desired units  = desired units
    Given unit

    Eg. Average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air at 25.0 oC 
    is 515 m.s‐1.  Convert this speed to miles per hour.  
    1 mile = 1.6093 km

    – 3 significant figures: 1.15 x 103 mi/hr

    – Or convert in 2 steps: m to miles and seconds to hours, 
    then combine.

    1. A car travels 28 miles per gallon of fuel. How


    many kilometres per litre? 1 gal = 3.7854 L
    [12 km/L]

    – Involving volume:
    Eg. 2. What is the mass, in grams, of 2.00 cubic inches of 
    gold, density 19.3 g/cm3.
    – 1 in = 2.54 cm 

    3. The earth’s oceans contain approximately 1.36 x 109
    km3 of water. Calculate the volume in litres.
    [1.36 x 1021 L]

    8
    2020/01/16

    4. What is the mass, in grams, of 1.00 gal of water,


    density 1.00 g/mL? [3.79 x 103 g]

    5. A gas at 25oC fills a container with volume 1.05 x 103
    cm3.  The container plus gas have a mass of 837.6 g.  The 
    container alone has a mass of 836.2 g.  What is the 
    density of the gas at 25oC? [1.3 x 10‐3 g/cm3]

    6. An intensive care patient is receiving an antibiotic IV at 
    a rate of 50. mL/h. The IV contains 1.5 g of antibiotic in 
    1000 mL. Calculate the mg antibiotic/min of the drip.

    7. A particular paint has a density of 0.914 g/cm3.


    You need to cover a wall that is 7.6 m long and 2.74
    m high with a layer that is 0.13 mm thick. What
    volume of paint (in L) is required? What is the mass
    (g) of the paint layer?

    8. The dimensions of a room are 12.51 m x 17.5 m x 
    1.80 m. The concentration of carbon monoxide in 
    the air of this room is 48.0 g/L.  Calculate the total 
    mass of carbon monoxide in the room in milligrams.  
    Write the answer in scientific notation

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