UNIT 8 13.

1
13.2
Chapter 13 13.3
Temperature and 13.4
Ideal Gas Law 13.5

Slide 1
 13.1 TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM
Temperature is defined as the degree of coldness or hotness of an object.
The energy that flows between two objects or systems due to a temperature
difference between them is called heat .
If heat can flow between two objects or systems, the objects or systems are said to be
in thermal contact.
When the temperatures between objects are the same, there is no longer any net flow
of energy; the objects are now said to be in thermal equilibrium.

ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

If two objects are each in thermal

equilibrium with a third object, then
the two are in thermal equilibrium
with one another.

Slide 2
 9 
1C  F


Slide 3
 The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin.
Kelvin temperature

T  Tc  273.15
The kelvin has the same degree size as the
Celsius scale; i.e. a temperature difference of
1 C is the same as the difference of 1 K.
∆𝑇𝐶 = ∆𝑇𝐾

Example: 30C  12C = 18 K

NOTE: 0 K represents absolute zero – there are no temperatures
below 0 K.
Slide 4
13.2 TEMPERATURE SCALES

Slide 5
13.2 TEMPERATURE SCALES

Slide 6
Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius Temperature
Example: A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6oF. What
would this reading be on the Celsius scale?
SOLUTION:
98.6F - 32F
then TC   37C
1.8F/C
Examole: A friend suffering from the flu feels like she has a fever, her
body temperature is 38.6°C. Calculate what is her temperature in (a) K
and (b) °F.
Solution
(a) T  Tc  273.15

(b)
TF  1.8 F / C 38.6C   32 F  101.48 F
Slide 7
 13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
Linear Expansion
If the length of a wire, rod, or pipe is L0 at temperature
T0, then
L   Lo T
coefficient of
linear expansion

where ΔL = Lf − L0 and ΔT = Tf − T0 . The length at

temperature T is
Lf = L0 + L = (1 + αT)L0
The constant of proportionality α is called the
coefficient of linear expansion of the substance.
Slide 8
13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS

Slide 9
13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
Differential Expansion
When two strips made of different
metals are joined together and then
heated, one expands more than the
other (unless they have the same
coefficient of expansion).

Brass = 19 × 106 K1 and Steel = 12 × 106 K1

L   Lo T
This differential expansion can be put to practical use: the joined
strips bend into a curve, allowing one strip to expand more than
the other.
Slide 10
Example of the application of the bimetallic strip.

Slide 11
13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
Area Expansion
As you might suspect, each dimension of an object
expands when the object’s temperature increases.
For small temperature changes, the area of any flat
surface of a solid changes in proportion to the
temperature change:
A  2 Ao T

V  Vo T
Volume Expansion
For solids:,

Slide 12
13.3 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
Remarks

A hollow cavity in a solid expands exactly as if it were filled.

The interior of a steel gasoline container expands when its temperature

increases just as if it were a solid steel block.

The steel wall of the can does not expand inward to make the cavity
smaller. T increases

Larger
Smaller

Slide 14
 13.2
Two metal rods, one aluminum and one brass, are each clamped at
one end. At 0.0°C, the rods are each 50.0 cm long and are
separated by 0.024 cm at their unfastened ends. Calculate at what
temperature will the rods just come into contact (Assume that the
base to which the rods are clamped undergoes a negligibly small
thermal expansion.)

Slide 15
 13.2
Solution

Slide 16
 13.3 cylinder is filled to the brim with water at
A hollow copper
20.0°C. If the water and the container are heated to a temperature
of 91°C, calculate what percentage of the water spills over the top
of the container.
Strategy

∆𝑉𝐻2 𝑂 −∆𝑉𝐶𝑢
Given as × 100%
𝑉𝑜

Slide 17
Solution 13.3

∆𝑉𝐻2 𝑂 − ∆𝑉𝐶𝑢
= 0.011
𝑉𝑜
∆𝑉𝐻2 𝑂 −∆𝑉𝐶𝑢
Therefore, × 100% = 0.011 × 100% = 1.1%
𝑉𝑜

Slide 18
13.4 MOLECULAR PICTURE OF A GAS
The number of molecules per unit volume, N/V , is
called the number density to distinguish it from mass
density.
In SI units, number density is the number of molecules
per cubic meter, m−3 (read “per cubic meter”).
If a gas has a total mass M, occupies a volume V, and
each molecule has a mass m, then the number of gas
molecules is

and the average number density is:

Slide 19
It is common to express the amount of a substance in
units of moles (abbreviated mol).
The mole is an SI base unit and is defined as follows:
one mole of anything contains the same number of
units as there are atoms in 12 grams (not kilograms)
of carbon-12.
This number is called Avogadro’s number and has
the value:

Slide 20
Molecular Mass and Molar Mass
The mass of a molecule is often expressed in units
other than kg. The most common is the atomic mass
unit (symbol u).

Using Avogadro’s number, the relationship between

atomic mass units and kilograms can be calculated

Instead of the mass of one molecule, tables

commonly list the molar mass —the mass of the
substance per mole .

Slide 21
A helium balloon
13.4 of volume 0.010 m3 contains 0.40 mol of He gas.
(a) Calculate the number of atoms, the number density, and the mass
density.
(b) Estimate the average distance between He atoms.
Solution
(a)

Slide 22
Solution
13.4 D = 2r
(b)

𝑁
Therefore, 𝑉 =
2.4×1025 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚3
4
But 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
Then
4 3 𝑁
𝜋𝑟 =
3 2.4 × 1025 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚3
3 3 𝑁 3 3 𝑁
𝑟= 25 3
=
4𝜋 2.4 × 10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚 4𝜋 2.4 × 1025 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚3
Slide 23
Ideal Gas Law (Microscopic Form)

k = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K Boltzmann’s constant

Ideal Gas Law (Macroscopic Form)

Slide 24
13.5 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE AND THE
IDEAL GAS LAW
For all the ideal gas laws the number of moles (n) or number of atoms or
molecules (N) is kept constant.

Boyle’s law 1 constant T

𝑃 ∝
(1662) 𝑉
Charles’s law constant P
∆𝑉 ∝ ∆𝑇
(1780)
Guy-Lussac’s law constant V
𝑃 ∝ 𝑇
(1802)
Avogadro’s law constant P en T
𝑉 ∝𝑁
(1811)

Slide 25
Ideal Gas Law with constant n

Many problems deal with the changing pressure, volume,

and temperature in a gas with a constant number of
molecules N (and a constant number of moles n). In such
problems, it is often easiest to write the ideal gas law as
follows:
PV PV
nR  1 1
 2 2
T1 T2

Slide 26
 13.5
Before starting out on a long drive, you check the air in your tires
to make sure they are properly inflated. The pressure gauge reads
214 kPa, and the temperature is 15°C. After a few hours of
highway driving, you stop and check the pressure again. Now the
gauge reads 241 kPa. Calculate the temperature of the air in the
tires now in degrees celcius.
Solution
Remarks and strategy: We treat the air in the tire as an ideal gas. Since
we work with absolute temperatures and absolute pressure when using
the ideal gas law. The pressure gauge reads the gauge pressure and to
get the absolute pressure we add 1 atm = 101 kPa.

Slide 27
13.5

𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓
= but Vi = Vf
𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑓

Slide 28
 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Example A
A concrete sidewalk is constructed between two buildings on a day
when the temperature is 25oC. As the temperature rises to 38oC, the
slabs expand, but no space is provided for thermal expansion thus the
slabs buckle upwards by an amount y as shown in part (b) of the
drawing. Calculate the distance y.

Slide 29
Example B
Oxygen for hospital patients is kept in special tanks, where the oxygen
has a pressure of 65.0 atmospheres and a temperature of 288 K. The
tanks are stored in a separate room, and the oxygen is pumped to the
patient’s room, where it is administered at a pressure of 1.00
atmosphere and a temperature of 297 K. What volume does 1.00 m3 of
oxygen in the tanks occupy at the conditions in the patient’s room?
(1 atm = 101 kPa)

Slide 30
End