Electrical, Electronic and

Computer Engineering
ENEL4HB - High Voltage 2

Test 1
24 Aug 2015

Instructions
• Answer all questions and show all working.
• Time allowed = 60 minutes.
• Full marks = 30

Question 1

A 600 kV bipolar high voltage direct current transmission line has pole conductors arranged lin-
early at a height of 35 m and separation distance of 20 m, each pole has a 4 conductor bundle with
a conductor radius of 1.6 cm and a geometrical radius R = 25 cm.

Determine:

• The equivalent radius of the conductor bundle.

• The potential coefficients, the total charge on the conductor bundle and the average and
average maximum bundle gradient on the pole conductor.
• If corona occurs on each of the the pole conductors through the use of Peek’s empirical
expressions, where the pressure is 680 torr, the average temperature is 30o C and the conductor
surface roughness is m = 0.8.

[Total Marks: 25]

1. Equivalent radius: req = (4 × 1.6 × 253 )1/4 = 17.78cm [2]

1 70 1
2. Self potential co-efficients: P11 = P22 = 2π0 ln 0.178 = 2π0 5.98[2]
√
202 2
3. Mutual potential co-efficients: P12 = P21 = 1
ln √ +70 = 1
2π0 202 2π0 1.29[2]

4.
 
1 5.98 1.29
P =
2π0 1.29 5.98

[1]
5.
600 × 103
 
V =
−600 × 103

[2]

1
 6. [P ].[Q] = [V ]
7. Determine Q using method of determinants:

1
det(P ) = (5.982 − 1.292 )
2π0
= 1.1 × 1022
det(P1 ) = 7.84 × 1016
det(P1 )
q1 =
det(P )
= 7.12 × 10−6 C/m
7.12 × 10−6
 
Q = C/m
−7.12 × 10−6

[4]
6×10−6 1
8. Average bundle gradient: Em = 4 2π0 0.016 = 2 × 106 V /m = 20kV /cm[2]
9. Average maximum: Eam = 16.86[1 + 3 × 1.6/25] = 23.9kV /cm[2]
680 273+20
10. Air density: δ = 760 273+30 = 0.86[2]

11. Positive corona: 33.7 × 0.8 × 0.86 × (1 + √ 0.24 ) = 28kV /cm[2]

0.86×1.6

12. Negative corona: 31 × 0.8 × 0.86 × (1 + √ 0.308 ) = 27kV /cm[2]

0.86×1.6

13. No corona on either[2]

Question 2

Insulation co-ordination can be done through the use of probability functions.

1. Sketch and comment on an overvoltage distribution function and an equipment breakdown

distribution function illustrating the risk of failure. [4 Marks]
2. Show on this sketch and comment on the effect of installing a protective device before the
equipment. [4 Marks]
3. Explain the difference between BIL and 50% flashover probability. [2 Marks]

[Total Marks: 10]

2
Useful Formulae
~ 0.308
Constants |Enegative | = 31mδ(1 + √ ) [kV /cm]
δrc
Standard temperature: t0 = 20o C
Standard pressure: P0 = 760 torr
Permittivity of free space: ε0 = 8.85×10−12 F/m ~ | = 29.8mδ(1 + 0.301
|Eacpeak √ ) [kV /cm]
δrc
Formulae
Relative air density:
Electric field in relation to a line charge q: P 273 + t0
δ=
~ = q P0 273 + t
E 6 θ
2πε0 r
Voltage across cap and pin insulator string:
The equivalent bundle radius: q
C
sinh Cps n

1 Vn = V
req = nrRn−1 n q
C
sinh Cps N
Relationship between Q and V :
Voltage across transformer layers:
[P ][Q] = [V ] q
C
[Q] = [P ]−1 [V ] sinh Cps n
Vn = V q
C
sinh Cps N
Resultant electric field:

~R = 1
E [P ]−1 [V ][ 1r 6 θ + 16
r0 θ0 ] Efficiency of cap and pin insulator:
2πε0
V
Self potential coefficient: η=
N VN
1 2hi
Pii = ln Method of determinants:
2πε0 ri
   
a11 a12  a a12 
Mutual potential coefficient: ∆ = det =  11 = a11 a22 −a21 a12
a21 a22 a21 a22 
1 Dij
Pij = ln
2πε0 dij
   
a11 a12 a13  a11 a12
 a13 

q ∆ = det  a21 a22 a23  =  a21 a22 a23 

Dij = ((xi − xj )2 + (yi + yj )2 a31 a32 a33  a31 a32 a33 
q = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
dij = ((xi − xj )2 + (yi − yj )2 − a31 a22 a13 − a32 a23 a11 − a33 a21 a12

Probability of negative lightning stroke:

Average bundle gradient:
1
q 1 P = I
Ea = 1 + ( 31p )2.6
n 2π0 r
Average number of strikes to line:
Average maximum bundle gradient:
28h0.6 + b
 
h ri
Eam = Ea 1 + (n − 1) Ns = Ng
R 10

Peek’s empirical expressions: Attractive radius:

~ 0.24
|Epositive | = 33.7mδ(1 + √ ) [kV /cm] Ra = 0.67h0.67
t I 0.74
δrc

3
Flashover current:
2U50
Icrit =
Z0

Shielding separation:
q
Xsp = Rs − Rp2 − (Ys − Yp )2

Reflection co-efficient:
Z2 − Z1
ρr =
Z1 + Z2

Insulator flashover volt-time curve:

 
710
U (t) = 400 + 0.75 W
t

Switching impulse stength of airgaps:

3400
U50 = k
1 + d8

Voltage at protected equipment:

2 × (d + a) × S
Uequip = Ua +
v

Protective zone:
 
N UBIL
Lp = − Ua × Lsp
A 1.15

Paschen’s eqn:
p
Vb = 6.72 pd + 24.36(pd)