Good Day Class!

Here are some notes of the lessons that we discussed from Week 1.
All these topics are also included in the coverage for the 1st Quarterly Exam. Please do not
redistribute this to other students. All grade 9 students will be given this softcopy. Good Luck in
studying. 😊

Name: Pronunciation: Name: Pronunciation:

Aeschere ash hair uh Hygelac hee yuh lahk
Wiglaf wee lahf Hrothgar hroth gar
Geat gay at Scefing shay ving
Heorot hay oh roht Scyld shild
Heorot Hay-oh-roht Unferth oon fairth
Beowulf Bay-oh-wolf Wealhtheow walch thayo

 The letter "g" is sometimes silent.

 "Ch" sounds like the "ch" in Bach or loch.
 The letter "h" at the beginning of a name is aspirated (strongly breathed) .
 The accent always falls on the first syllable of a name.
 The "sc" that starts many of the names is pronounced "sh" .
 The "e" is usually pronounced as an independent vowel .

Source: https://thayercentral.instructure.com/courses/1572/files/14045/download

Knowing Beowulf: Plot Overview

Beowulf is the longest and greatest surviving Anglo-Saxon poem. The setting of the epic
is the sixth century in what is now known as Denmark and Southwestern Sweden. The poem
opens with a brief genealogy of the Scylding (Dane) royal dynasty, named after a mythic hero,
Scyld Scefing, who reached the tribe's shores as a castaway babe on a ship loaded with
treasure. Scyld's funeral is a memorable early ritual in the worknames in Beowulf and there but
focus soon shifts to the reign of his great-grandson, Hrothgar, whose successful rule is
symbolized by a magnificent central mead-hall called Heorot.

For 12 years, a huge man-like ogre named Grendel, a descendant of the biblical
murderer Cain, has menaced the aging Hrothgar, raiding Heorot and killing the King's Thanes
(warriors). Grendel rules the mead-hall nightly. Beowulf, a young warrior in Geatland
(Southwestern Sweden), comes to the Scyldings' aid, bringing with him 14 of his finest men.
Hrothgar once sheltered Beowulf's father during a deadly feud, and the mighty Geat hopes to
return the favor while enhancing his own reputation and gaining treasure for his king, Hygelac.

At a feast before nightfall of the first day of the visit, an obnoxious, drunken Scylding
named Unferth insults Beowulf and claims that the Geat visitor once embarrassingly lost a
swimming contest to a boyhood acquaintance named Breca and is no match for Grendel.
Beowulf responds with dignity while putting Unferth in his place. In fact, the two swimmers
were separated by a storm on the fifth night of the contest, and Beowulf had slain nine sea
monsters before finally returning to shore.

While the Danes retire to safer sleeping quarters, Beowulf and the Geats bed down in
Heorot, fully aware that Grendel will visit them. He does. Angered by the joy of the men in the
mead-hall, the ogre furiously bursts in on the Geats, killing one and then reaching for Beowulf.
With the strength of 30 men in his hand-grip, Beowulf seizes the ogre's claw and does not let
go. The ensuing battle nearly destroys the great hall, but Beowulf emerges victorious as he rips

Page 1 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

Grendel's claw from its shoulder socket, sending the mortally wounded beast fleeing to his mere
(pool).
The claw trophy hangs high under the roof of Heorot. The Danes celebrate the next day
with a huge feast featuring entertainment. Filled with mead, wine, and great food, the entire
party retires for what they expect to be the first peaceful night in years. But Grendel's mother —
not quite as powerful as her son but highly motivated — climbs to Heorot that night, retrieves
her son's claw, and murderously abducts Aeschere while Beowulf sleeps elsewhere. The next
morning, Hrothgar, Beowulf, and a few Geats follow the mother's tracks into a dark, forbidding
swamp and to the edge of her mere. The slaughtered Aeschere's head sits on a cliff by the lake,
which hides the ogres' underground cave. Carrying a sword called Hrunting, a gift from the
chastised Unferth, Beowulf dives into the mere to seek the mother.
Near the bottom of the lake, Grendel's mother attacks and hauls the Geat warrior to her
dimly lit cave. Beowulf fights back once inside the dry cavern, but the gift sword, Hrunting,
strong as it is, fails to penetrate the ogre's hide. The mother moves to kill Beowulf with her knife,
but his armor, made by the legendary blacksmith Weland, protects him. Suddenly Beowulf spots
a magical, giant sword and uses it to cut through the mother's spine at the neck, killing her. A
blessed light unexplainably illuminates the cavern, disclosing Grendel's corpse and a great deal
of treasure. Beowulf decapitates the corpse. The magic sword melts to its hilt. Beowulf returns
to the lake's surface carrying the head and hilt but leaving the treasure. After more celebration
and gifts, Beowulf and his men return to Geatland. There he serves his king well until Hygelac is
killed in battle and his son dies in a feud. Beowulf is then named king and rules successfully for
50 years. Like Hrothgar, however, his peace is shattered in his declining years. Beowulf must
battle one more demon.
A fiery dragon has become enraged because a lone fugitive has carelessly discovered
the dragon's treasure-trove and stolen a valuable cup. The dragon terrorizes the countryside at
night, burning several homes, including Beowulf's. Led by the fugitive, Beowulf and eleven of his
men seek out the dragon's barrow. Beowulf insists on taking on the dragon alone, but his own
sword, Naegling, is no match for the monster. Seeing his king in trouble, one thane, Wiglaf,
goes to his assistance. The others flee to the woods. Together, Wiglaf and Beowulf kill the
dragon, but the mighty king is mortally wounded. Dying, Beowulf leaves his kingdom to Wiglaf
and requests that his body be cremated in a funeral pyre and buried high on a seaside cliff
where passing sailors might see the barrow. The dragon's treasure-hoard is buried with him. It
is said that they lie there still.
Source: https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/beowulf/summary/

Concept Presentation (Virtual Class)

What are Conditionals in English Grammar?

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened,
and what we wish would happen.

In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in
English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is
referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to
something that happened in the past. There are four main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main
clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if".

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 It is important to use the correct structure for each of these different conditional
sentences because they express varying meanings.
 Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes.
Page 2 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
 Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

TYPES OF CONDITIONALS

Zero conditional
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the
situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The
tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the
word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
Example:
If people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.
If you heat water to 100 degrees it boils.
If you mix hydrogen and oxygen you get water.
First conditional
This is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The 1st conditional
refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the
simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Example:
If you rest, you will feel better

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.
If I study today I'll go to the party tonight.
If it rains I won't go to the park.

Second Conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that
is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses
the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Example:
If I inherited a million dollars, I would travel to the moon.
If clause Main clause

Page 3 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 If + simple past present conditional or present continuous
conditional
If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this
thing will happen) OR that thing would be
happening.
If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.
If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.
If I met the Queen I would say hello.

Third conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that
is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The
type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type
3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the
perfect conditional.

Example:
If I had cleaned the house, I would have left earlier.
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous
conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of
those things really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.

Source: https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/

Page 4 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

Good Day Class!
Here are some notes of the lessons that we discussed from Week 2.
All these topics are also included in the coverage for the 1st Quarterly Exam. Please do not
redistribute this to other students. All grade 9 students will be given this softcopy. Good Luck in
studying. 😊
DIFFERENT FORMS OF LITERARY WRITING

o Informative writing is used to present information to readers in an unbiased manner. Its

purpose is to raise the reader's awareness about a topic and to educate using resources that
are scholarly and reliable. It is non-fictional, which means that it only delivers facts. This kind
of writing can be found in research papers, almanacs, encyclopedias, and manuals, among
others.  See the sample article below.

The purposes of Informative writing are to inform or present information, to raise

awareness, and to educate the readers.

o Journalistic writing does not only inform but can also serve as a form of entertainment. It
can be persuasive without choosing sides therefore maintaining the balance between two
opposing ideas. This is achieved by writing simply but not dull, using descriptive words only
when they have impact, providing the pros and cons of each issue, and striving for a thorough
representation of all sides. This can be found in newspapers, magazines, and others. 

The purposes of Journalistic Writing are to quickly inform and to persuade.

It could be in radio, newspaper, tv and online journalism that presents
information.

o Literary writing tries to get the reader's attention, connecting with the audience on an
emotional level by composing experiences that can be felt through the writing. It is mostly
fictional, which means that it is from the imagination of the writer but can also contain or be
based on facts. Its main purpose is to entertain the audience, appealing to their creative side.
This type of writing can be found in poems, novels, and comics, among others.

MODALS
We can use modal verbs when we want to express permission, prohibition, or obligation.
the following are the various ways modals can be used in different circumstances.

How does it work?

Modal verbs are used when you need to add special elements of meaning to a main verb.

1. Permission-These are the modals that can be used when you are expressing certainty or
ability, giving, or asking permission, and giving suggestions.
Examples:
Can you can sit beside me? (asking permission)
I can recite the poem fluently. (expressing ability)
I can’t recite the poem. (lack of ability)

Page 5 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 I could recite the poem fluently when I was still in grade 9. (past ability)
You could watch a movie or read a book at home. (giving suggestion)
You may ask your question after I have finished speaking. (giving permission)

2. Obligation-These are modals that are used to express something that you have to do.
Modals of obligation can be formed by using must + infinitive, have + infinitive,
and should + infinitive. 
Examples:
Must I must submit my project by tomorrow.
Have  We have to be at the airport at least two hours before the flight. 
Should  We should work together for the betterment of our country.
Must expresses the speaker's feelings, whereas have to expresses, above all, an
impersonal idea. Should is more of a recommendation, or simply a desirable
goal.

You must come. You are obliged to come (I require that you come)
You have to come. You are obliged to come. (There's a rule to come)
You should come You are advised to come. (There is a desired goal.)

3. Prohibition-These are modals used when stating prohibitions. This is basically adding the
word not to express negative response. It can be contracted with the use of an
apostrophe (‘).
Examples:
Can't You can't drive in this country unless you are over 18. 
Mustn't You mustn't use your phone in class. 

Source: Aranzamendez.June G., (2017). English Learning Portals 9. Accessing Language Skills
Through Anglo-American Literature Quezon City: The Intelliegente Publishing, Inc.

Good Day Class!

Here are some notes of the lessons that we discussed from Week 3.
All these topics are also included in the coverage for the 1st Quarterly Exam. Please do not
redistribute this to other students. All grade 9 students will be given this softcopy. Good Luck in
studying. 😊

What is a Communicative Style?

Communicative style is a person's approach in communicating in a given social interaction. It
influences his/ her choice of words and sentence structure. The style to use depends on the
event, the purpose, the topic, and the people the person is interacting with. Read on to learn
about the 5 communicative styles.

1. Frozen Style is also known as fixed speech. It is known as the formal communicative style
that is often used in respectful situation or formal ceremony. Wording is the
same every time it is spoken. It is used in pledges, anthems, marriage
ceremonies, laws, etc
Examples: “All rise, Supreme court is now in session, the honorable Carpio
now presiding.”

Page 6 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 - A judge’s script when court is in session
“Our father in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Your kingdom
come…”
- The Lord’s Prayer
Do you Kim, take John as your lawfully wedded wife?”
- Priest’s question during weddings

2. Formal Style is typical in business and the workplace. This considers the professional
position of the one being talked to or introduced. This focuses on rule-regulated
language, uses academic vocabulary and complete sentences. This is used in
Announcements, SONAs, Welcome Adresses, Speeches

Examples: “May I suggest that we take a disciplinary approach to tackle this

issue?” - a suggestion given during a meeting

“I would like to introduce our dynamic and value-oriented principal.”

- introducing a prominent person
3. Consultative style is used in semi-formal communication. It happens in a two-way
participation. Speaker does not usually plan what to say and sentences
tend to be spontaneous and short. This style is usually a careful dialogue
but still with possibility of mistake. Speaker can use short responses like
yes or no. This is used in regular classroom discussions, doctor-patient,
lawyer-judge, etc

Examples: “Doc, will I be allowed to go to work next week?”

“Mrs. Cruz, I advise you to avoid eating fatty foods.”

4. Casual style uses language that is used in conversation between friends. It is often very
relaxed and focused on just merely talking. It is used in informal situation.
Grammar and complete sentences are not that necessary. This is used in
phonecall conversations, chats,etc
The use of the following terms/expressions in conversations:

OMG! Flexx! Heyoo Wazzup

LOL Bongga! Char Chos

5. Intimate style uses completely private language used within family of very close friends or
group. It usually uses personal language codes, certain terms of endearment,
slangs, or expressions. This is avoided in public and professional situations.
This is used in couples, families, friends with secrets, etc
Examples: “Where would you like to eat, sweetheart?”

“Honey Bunch, I can’t open the app.”

Source: Aranzamendez June P., (2017). English Learning Portals 9. Accessing Language
Skills Through Anglo-American Literature Quezon City: The Intelliegente
Publishing, Inc.

Page 7 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

CA 1. “Leaving?” FR 11. “I, Mark, take you…”

IN 2. “How’s my munchkin?” CA 12. “Wanna go to the mall?”

FR 3. “Yes, Your Honor.” CO 13. “Doc, what prescription…”

FO/CO 4. “I would like to suggest…” CO 14. “Ms. Cruz, I advise you to…”

CO 5. “Yes”, “No”, “I think so.” FR 15. “I do solemnly swear…”

CA 6. “Yass Queen!” FO 16. “Allow me to introduce…”

CA 7. “This is lit!” IN 17. “Sweetie…”

FR 8. “Yes, my Lord.” CA 18. “Hey, What’s Up?”

FO 9. “Would you like to sit?” FO19. I don’t get your drift.”

CA10. “Coffee’s cold.” FR 20. “…until death do us part.”

Good Day Class!

Here are some notes of the lessons that we discussed from Week 4.
All these topics are also included in the coverage for the 1st Quarterly Exam. Please do not
redistribute this to other students. All grade 9 students will be given this softcopy. Good Luck in
studying. 😊
CONTEXT CLUES

Context clues refer to the words, phrases, or sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word in a
piece of writing to help explain its full meaning. Sometimes you can also infer the meaning of
the word itself from hints in the surrounding sentences. For the next part you are going to learn
how to learn the different kinds of context clues.

CONTEXT DESCRIPTION “SIGNAL EXAMPLE

CLUES WORDS”

 Martha is a curator, a person

who is responsible for looking
The author provides a Is, are after a museum’s collection.
direct (explicit) definition Is /are called
Definition of an unknown word in Is / are known as  Entomology is the study of
the sentence. Is defined as insects.
Means, Refers to
Page 8 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
  Archeology is the scientific
study of prehistoric
cultures by excavation of their
remains.

Commas,  My best friend squandered all

Semicolon; his money; his drinking and
The author uses a word Dashes - gambling wasted all his
Synonym or having the same or Parenthesis () earnings.
Restatemen nearly the same
t meaning as another Sometimes  After seeing the picture of the
word or other words in a signal words: or, starving children, we all felt
sentence. that is, or in other compassion or pity for their
words, are used. suffering.

 Glaciers, or slowly moving

rivers of ice, formed over many
parts of the Earth.

But, however,  Mike’s parrot was loquacious,

The author uses although, but Maria’s said very little.
Antonym or another word or phrase otherwise,
Contrast that means the opposite unless, instead  The gentleman was portly, but
of an unfamiliar word. of, on the his wife was thin.
contrary, on the
other hand,  While Luis is hardworking, his
while, unlike indolent brother spends most
of the time watching TV.

In comparison clues, the Words used are:  My brother is enthralled by

author uses words and like, as, like, in birds like the way that I am
Comparison phrases that have the the same way, fascinated by insects.
same or similar likewise,
meaning as an resembling,  The stench of the old shoes
unfamiliar word. too, also was like the smell of garbage.

 The archeologist found

The author provides For example different amulets, such as a
examples or additional For instance rabbit’s foot and bags of herb.
Example/ explanations or Including
Explanation summaries to help you Such as  Paula was suspended from
understand an Specifically school because of several
unfamiliar word. The To illustrate infractions of the rules,
word is cleared up by including smoking in the
giving an example. bathroom and dressing
improperly.

 Celestial bodies, such as the

sun, moon, and stars, are
governed by predictable laws.

 Since no one came to the first

The meaning of an As a result meeting, attendance for the
Cause and unknown word depends Accordingly second one is mandatory for
Effect on the cause/effect Because, Since all staff.
relationship with other Consequently
Page 9 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
 words in the text. For this reason  Because the conflagration
Hence, if … then was aided by wind, every
building in the area was
burned to the ground.

The meaning of an The author  The monkey’s vociferous

Inference unfamiliar word can be provides chatter made me wish I had
or General inferred (guessed) from nonspecific earplugs.
Context the description of a clues, often
situation. spread over the  Katie’s belligerence surprised
sentence or everyone. She threw books
number of across the room, and then
sentences. pushed me to the floor.

-Source: https://www.wasatch.edu/cms/lib/UT0100031 5/Centricity/Domain/395/C ontext%20

Clues%20-%20Types%20Chart.pdf

1. The rock singer has a flamboyant costume, which includes a gold shirt, a black leather pants, a
red scarf, and red boots.

SFLYAH Word: FLASHY Context clue: EXAMPLE

2. Although I was standing, the motion of the bus made me so somnolent I had trouble staying
awake.

PSLEYE Word: SLEEPY Context clue: ANTONYM

3. The dismay of the girl’s face showed her frustration that she would not learn how to ride a bike
soon.

M O T E P A D I S P I N T N Word: DISAPPOINTMENT Context clue: SYNONYM

4. As the leader of the Boghai Drum and Lyre corps, Chelsea brandishes a silver baton when she
walks out of line.

PYIASDSL Word: DISPLAYS Context clue: CAUSE AND EFFECT

5. Carol loves to talk so much that she monopolizes every conversation.

LOCRONT Word: CONTROL Context clue: INFERENCE

___1. Althea tore the packages with zest because she could not wait to see what she was
getting for her 14th birthday.
a. care b. excitement c. understanding

___ 2. Many thought that the newly hired carpenter would be clumsy with the tools during his
first day on the job, but he handled them with great dexterity.
a. care b. thoughtfulness c. expertness

Page 10 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

___ 3. The injury my daughter suffered last week caused a change in her gait when she runs.
a. posture b. stride c. grip

___ 4. Gerald scoured their house for the key, but he could not find it.
a. asked repeatedly b. examined carefully c. searched thoroughly

___5. Jacqueline’s sweet smiles endear her to everyone in the neighborhood.

a. makes her beloved b. makes her different c. makes her angry

___6.The first review on the Harry Potter movie was favorable. Many people attended and
enjoyed the movie. Some people even saw the movie three times!
a. negative b. uncertain c. positive

___7.Her quiet, timid ways made us guess at her true feelings about the story because she
kept her ideas to herself and never spoke in the class.
a. shy b. boisterous c. kind

___8.He was found running down the street after curfew, and his parents were penalized. The
ticket read: "Illegally in the streets at 1:00A.M." Now he would have to pay the ticket with
his own money.
a. crooked b. fined c informed

___9.The woman crossed her fingers as her daughter did the cheer. She was hoping that
everything would work out for her daughter as she vied for a position on the squad.
a. shouted b. enclosed c. tried

___10.The boy knew that the lake was teeming, and overflowing with bass, so he brought a big
net to help get the fish in the boat.
a. rare b. sparse c. full

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Desiderata by Max Ehrman

GO placidly amid the noise and the haste and remember what peace there may be in
silence. As far as possible, without surrender, be on good terms with all persons.
Speak your truth quietly and clearly; and listen to others, even to the dull and the
ignorant; they too have their story.
Avoid loud and aggressive persons; they are vexatious to the spirit. If you compare
yourself with others, you may become vain or bitter, for always there will be greater
and lesser persons than yourself.
Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans. Keep interested in your own career,
however humble; it is a real possession in the changing fortunes of time.
Exercise caution in your business affairs, for the world is full of trickery. But let this not
blind you to what virtue there is; many persons strive for high ideals, and everywhere
life is full of heroism.
Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection. Neither be cynical about love; for in the
face of all aridity and disenchantment, it is as perennial as the grass.
Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth.
Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune. But do not distress
yourself with dark imaginings. Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness.
Page 11 of 9a wholesome
Beyond ENGLISH 9-Module 1 be gentle with yourself. You are a child CATHY
discipline, B. LIMPAG
of the universe
no less than the trees and the stars; you have a right to be here.
And whether it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should.
Therefore, be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be. And whatever your
labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life, keep peace in your soul. With all
its sham, drudgery, and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world. Be cheerful. Strive
 LITERARY BACKGROUND

Written in 1927, Max Ehrmann’s didactic poem (a morally instructional piece) Desiderata
(Latin for ‘desired things’) offers a code for life emphasizing tolerance, inclusion and
optimism. The poem is full of wise sayings and gentle guidance. The reader is urged to
find peace within themselves, and project this inner peace in their dealings with the
world. We see the poem endorsing an attitude to accept the world in all its entirety, with
all its contrasts.
Considering his occupation as a lawyer, Ehrmann’s poem portrays his ethical
and temperate leanings to the art of living. Max Ehrmann once wrote in his diary “I
should like, if I could, to leave a humble gift — a bit of chaste prose that had caught up
some noble moods.” That ‘humble gift’ which he mused about in his diary became a
timeless legacy – Desiderata.

-Source: https://englicist.com/notes/desiderata-max-ehrmann-summary

Good Day Class!

Here are some notes of the lessons that we discussed from Week 5.
All these topics are also included in the coverage for the 1st Quarterly Exam. Please do not
redistribute this to other students. All grade 9 students will be given this softcopy. Good Luck in
studying. 😊

CAPITALIZATION RULES

Capitalization is central in composition writing. This provides a key message to the readers as to
the meaning of the text. Writing the first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in
lowercase is the main idea of capitalization. Read on to learn more on the rules of capitalization
that is very beneficial for learners of the English language.

Usage of Capitalization Example

To begin a sentence Here is my new number.

To indicate proper nouns Manila, Philippines, Juan 
For days and weeks of the month Monday, February
For historical events, documents, periods of Independence Day, Period of Imitation
time  
In the first word of a salutation and Dear Pedro, Respectfully Yours
complimentary close

Page 12 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 In naming a specific geographical location South, West
In the first word of a direct quotation The witness said, “It was the driver's fault.”
In the first and all of the important words in a The Most Beautiful Tourist Spots in the
title including the first letter in the first word Philippines
In titles, when they refer to a particular General Matobato, Cousin Abby
official, in family relationships when they Will you take my temperature, Doctor?
refer to a specific person, or when it is used
as a direct address
In the pronoun I and Interjection O I will join.
O ghost, don’t chase me.
For initials and abbreviations Jose A. Santiago, M.D. (Doctor of Medicine)
PTA (Parent-Teacher Association)
For art movements Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism
For kinship names Mom, Grandpa, Aunt Bee
For specific course titles but not general I must take history and English 9.
academic subjects

Source: Aranzamendez.June G., (2017). English Learning Portals 9. Accessing Language Skills
Through Anglo-American Literature Quezon City: The Intelliegente Publishing, Inc.

1. my favorite books are green eggs and ham and Horton hears a who.
My favorite books are Green Eggs and Ham and Horton Hears a Who.

2. on sunday, I will see the movie star wars and eat at taco bell.
On Sunday, I will see the movie Star Wars and eat at Taco Bell.

3. terry and louis went to central park last July.

Terry and Louis went to Central Park last July.

4. she has a friend from london, england.

She has a friend from London, England.

5. did you know that Abraham lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States?
Did you know that Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States?

PUNCTUATION MARKS

These are symbols that add clarity and order to written language. But they’re often
misunderstood and misused by writers. The comprehensive list of punctuation marks that
follows will help you avoid common mistakes that can lead to reader confusion.

Aside from that, they are also used to:

 change the tone and meaning of what you write;
 show emphasis on specific part of the sentence;
 indicate a pause in sentences;
 signal the end of sentences;
 prevent misreading; and
 make things clearer.
Page 13 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
Punctuation Marks that are used at the end of sentences:

1) The Period: This punctuation mark is used to indicate the end of a sentence containing a
statement of thought, opinion or fact, a story or any written account of events.
It’s also used at the end of abbreviations (e.g. “Johnson Ave.”).

2) The Exclamation Mark: This punctuation mark is used to express strong feelings, a strong
emotion, for emphasis or to indicate screaming or shouting
(e.g. “Apologize right now!”).

3) The Question Mark: This punctuation mark is used to end interrogative sentences. In works
of fiction, it can also be used to express doubt
(e.g. “I’m supposed to say that?”).

Punctuation Marks that are used in the middle of sentences:

4) The Comma: This punctuation mark is used:

 To separate three or more elements in a sentence that are related in some way
(e.g. “The grocery list included apples, bananas, strawberries, grapes, and
oranges.”)
 After introductory words before stating a main clause
(e.g. “In other words, the best way to find it…”)
 To create a pause
(e.g. “She implied that, without any doubt, he was going to be the suspect.”)
 To separate two interchangeable adjectives
(e.g. “He moved that large, bulky load down the street.”)
 To separate two independent clauses that are joined by the connectors “and, but,
for, or, nor, so, and yet”
(e.g. “She went away, yet her heart never did.”)
 After a dependent clause that’s used to start a sentence
(e.g. “After a thorough review, she published the report.”)
 To separate a statement from a question
(e.g. “They all came home in the end, right?”)
 To introduce or to end a direct quotation
(e.g. “Call her again,” he insisted)
 When necessary to eliminate confusion
(e.g. “The travelers, who missed their connection, were given meal vouchers”–
i.e. all travelers were given meal vouchers–has a completely different meaning
than “The travelers who missed their connection were given meal vouchers”–i.e.
only some travelers were given meal vouchers.)

5) The Colon: This punctuation mark primarily follows an independent clause with more
information that expands on the original clause. Colons have many applications
in written language.

Page 14 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

  To separate a title from a subtitle
(e.g. “The Space Race: From Sputnik to SpaceX”)
 To explain a subject
(e.g. “This is how to mix the batter for better results: first, you…”)\
 To describe a situation
(e.g. “There are two alternatives to this approach: assemble the parts first and
then paint them or paint all parts at the factory.”)

 Before a definition
(e.g. “Here’s what XXX means: <explanation goes here>”)
 To create a list of items
(e.g. “This recipe requires: 3 eggs, ¼ lb of butter, 2 cups of flour,”)
 For literary references in some religious texts
(e.g. “Genesis 1:2”)
 To highlight statements made by characters in literary works
(e.g. “To all of you: I never said that!”)
 To separate hours, minutes and/or seconds
(e.g. “9:30 AM,” “10:45:12”)
 After a salutation
(e.g. “Dear John:”)
 To express mathematical ratios
(e.g. “1:3”)

6) The Semi-Colon: This punctuation mark is primarily used:

 to combine two independent clauses that are related into a single sentence;
(e.g. “The doctor saw the patient immediately; the slightest delay would’ve
proven fatal.”)
 to separate items on a list that contain commas themselves ; and
(e.g. “On this tour we’ll visit Belgrade, Serbia; Minsk, Belarus; and Bucharest,
Romania.”)
 to create a kind of pause that is longer than the pause of a comma but shorter than
the pause of a period at the end of a sentence.

7) Double Quotation Marks: This punctuation mark is used:

 to make words or phrases within sentences stand out
(e.g. The best approach is to “ease” into the spot slowly)
 to highlight a quotation
(e.g. I wonder where the expression “Money doesn’t grow on trees” comes from.)
 to show dialogue in literary works
(e.g. “Do I enter the room now?” whispered Simon)
Page 15 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
  to show titles of books, movies, essays, songs, headlines, etc.
(e.g. “The Art of Living”)

8) Single Quotation Marks: This punctuation mark is used in a small number of special
circumstances, specifically:

 When there is a quotation within a quotation

(e.g. The sign read: “To swim in the ‘Restricted Area’ you must always wear an
approved flotation device”)

 To denote technical terms in specialized fields

(e.g. “The ‘villi’ are responsible for the absorption of nutrients in the small
intestine.”)

9) Parentheses: This punctuation mark is used to add secondary context to the information in a
sentence—e.g. “The main thruster (which was designed to be expendable)
was not recovered.”

10) Square Brackets: This punctuation mark is a specialized form of parentheses that is used:

 To show parentheses within parentheses—

e.g. “(this study was published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers [IEEE])”
 To quote text that has been altered from the original—
e.g. “She accused the hospital [staff] of wrongdoing.”
 To show incorrect text in a quote through the use of the latin term sic—
e.g. “She accused they [sic] of wrongdoing.”
 To show the phonetic pronunciation of a word—
e.g. “Kazakh or Qazaqşa [qɑˈzɑqʃɑ] is a branch of the Turkic language that’s
spoken in Kazakhstan.”

11) Curly Brackets: This punctuation mark is used to show a list of equal choices
(e.g.” Choose a color: {red, green, yellow, blue}”)

12) Hyphen: This punctuation mark is used to join words together. For example, you should:

 Hyphenate multiple words that are grouped together as a single modifier to a noun
(e.g. “This is a best-in-show category.”)
 Hyphenate multiple words indicating a period of time that are used together as a
modifier to a noun
(e.g. “That thirty-year-old man is looking for work.”)
 Hyphenate numerical fractions when spelled out
(e.g. “Two-thirds, three-quarters, etc.”)
 Hyphenate family relationships
(e.g. “She’s John’s great-grandmother,” “Peter is Susan’s brother-in-law”)
Page 16 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
  Hyphenate compound words to eliminate confusion
(e.g. “You should re-sign this check.” instead of “You should resign this check.”)

13) Slash: This punctuation mark is used:

 To denote numerical fractions and dates (e.g. “2/3” and “10/11/19”)

 To denote an option (e.g. “and/or, “his/her,” etc.)
 To denote prose, such as lines in poetry or song lyrics (e.g. “Imagine there’s no
countries/It isn’t hard to do/Nothing to kill or die for/And no religion, too.”)
 To denote abbreviations (e.g. “c/o for: in care of,” “n/a for: not applicable”)

14) The Apostrophe: This punctuation mark is used:

 To denote possessive forms (e.g. “John’s baseball bat”)

 To denote contracted forms (e.g. “don’t”)
 To denote abbreviated years (e.g. “She was born in ‘82”)
 To denote certain plurals (e.g. “He was born in the 60’s”)

15) The Ellipsis: This punctuation mark is used:

 To add a pause in speech (e.g. “I think so… do you?”)

 Or to show an omission (e.g. “… as I was saying the worst is finally behind us.”)

-Source: https://cascadiaauthorservices.com/list-of-punctuation-marks-pdf/

1. The director, often used her favorite quotation from Monty Python I wasnt expecting the
Spanish Inquisition
 The director often used her favorite quotation from Monty Python: "I wasn't
expecting the Spanish Inquisition."

2. Terry always slept with the light on he was afraid of the dark
 Terry always slept with the lights on; he was afraid of the dark.

3. She was a fantastic cook! but she would never be as good as her mother in law
 She was a fantastic cook but she would never be as good as her mother- in- law.
 She was a fantastic cook but she would never be as good as her mother- in- law!

4. Jim usually gets on with everybody he is an understanding person?

 Jim usually gets on with everybody; he is an understanding person.

5. ‘Ive just asked you to oh what was I telling you…

 ‘I’ve just asked you to... Oh what was I telling you…?’
 “‘I’ve just asked you to... Oh what was I telling you…?’”
 I’ve just asked you to... Oh, what was I telling you…?

Page 17 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 SPEECH CHOIR PRODUCTION: NATURE AND CONVENTIONS

Speech choirs are performances groups that recite poetry and other rhythmic literature
together in unison. It is like choral speaking often with elements of choreography and costuming
to help bring a certain piece to life.

Types of Speech Choir

A. Conventional Speech Choir is the traditional kind which does not require the use of
costumes, props, or choreography. It is also known as
standing choir because the members just simply speak or
read a literary piece without any movement away from the
spot on the stage. In some cases, this is done with limited
head, shoulder, and hand gestures.

B. Dramatic Speech Choir is the opposite of conventional speech choir. Costumes, Props, and
choreography are necessary in this type. The members of the choir
move with choreography. This is also known as theatrical speech
choir because it makes use of drama techniques.

Elements of a Speech Choir

The following are the essential elements that make up a successful speech choir.
Page 18 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG
 A. MEMBERS
The members of a speech choir are typically chosen based
on their natural voices or speaking voices. The size of the
speech choir is usually the same as that of a singing choir.
However, most schools and competitions limit the size of the
choir from 25 to 40 members.

B. PIECES
Speech choir pieces are typically poems or poetic passages.
It is better to organize the piece before giving it to the
members so that the parts are already assigned to the three
voices (light, medium, and dark) or to the solo and unison
parts.

C. BODY MOVEMENTS AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

Movements refer to the gesture and choreography while
facial expressions refer to the emotions of the members as
they deliver the piece. Both elements should reflect what the
members are speaking to successfully express meaning and
to effectively connect to the audience.

D. COSTUMING
The meaning of a piece may be expressed through the way
the members of the choir dress. That is why in a dramatic
speech choir, costumes are necessary. These can be as
simple as matching outfits or robes and may be chosen
based on the message of the speech choir piece. Members
may wear uniform costumes, or they may also wear different
attires to differentiate between voice groups.

E. VOICE QUALITY
This refers to ability to use separately or successfully
combine the light, medium, and dark voices in the choir to
communicate reactions to thoughts and emotions. Blending
the sounds of the three voices can create special effects. 

Page 19 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 F. NUMBER OF VOICES
Number of voices refer to the solo or the unison voices
assigned to the parts of the piece. It is important to add or
subtract whole sections, smaller groups, or solo speakers to
increase or diminish the power or richness of the sound to
better express the meaning.

G. PITCH
Pitch refers to the variations of the voice. You need variation
in pitch to be able to make the speech interesting and to
stress significant points. It is also important to shift from high
to low pitch and vice-versa, so that the choir will not be in
monotone; therefore, making it boring and sleep inducing.

H. POWER
Power refers to the ability to use volume, force, or loudness
as the members deliver the peace. Power control is needed
to appropriately and effectively express feelings and
meanings.

I. PHRASING AND RHYTHM

This refers to the ability to use phrasing and rhythm as
reinforcements for each other in order to achieve clarity.
Remember that speech choir must be delivered with the
intent to be understood. Thus, using appropriate phrasing
and having with them should always be observed.

J. TEMPO
Tempo refers to the rate of speed at which delivery
progresses. The members must have the ability to balance
the rhythm of the piece and the tempo of performance
because if the speed is too fast or too slow, communicating
the intended meaning may be affected. The temple should
also relate to the central beat of the poem.

Page 20 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG

 K. STAGING
Staging refers to the organization and positions of the
members on the stage. This is ability to stage entrances
and exits which enhances the mood of the poem and the
performance itself. 

Source: Aranzamendez. June G., (2017). English Learning Portals 9. Accessing Language Skills
Through Anglo-American Literature. Quezon City: The Intelliegente Publishing, Inc.

True 1. Dramatic speech choir is the opposite of traditional speech choir.

True 2. The members of the choir are divided based on their voices.
False-Power 3. Pitch refers to the ability to control the volume, force, or loudness of the voice.
True 4. Blending the sounds of the three voices can create special effects.
True 5. In a dramatic speech choir, the members of the choir move with choreography.
False- Conventional 6. In a theatrical speech choir, the members of the choir move with limited
head gestures.
True 7. The rate of speed of the delivery must relate to the central beat of the poem.
False-Voice Quality 8. Number of voices refers to the ability to separate and combine the three
voices in the speech choir.
True 9. What the members of the speech choir are speaking must be reflected in their body
movements and facial expressions.
False-Pitch 10.Staging stresses important points in the speech choir piece.

Page 21 of 9 ENGLISH 9-Module 1 CATHY B. LIMPAG