Lecture 13

Work & Energy

Instructor:
Dr. Loai Afana
Physical and Biomedical Devices and Systems
2012/2013
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1.1-Work Done by a Constant Force
When an object undergoes displacement d under force F then work is said to be done
by the force and the amount of work (W) is defined as:

the product of the component of force along the direction of displacement times the
magnitude of the displacement.

r r
A. B = A B cos θ

W = F .d = Fd cos θ

where Ө is the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of the motion.

Note that:
if F is in the same direction as d, then θ = 0, and W = Fd

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Dr. Loai Afana
The SI unit of work is (N×m) which is given the name (Joule).
W = F.d
1 Newton×1 meter = 1 Joule

Work is a scalar, Work has only magnitude, no direction.

If I push on a wall and the wall does not move (no displacement),
 the work is (0J) because the displacement is (0m).

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 Negative Work and Total Work
Work can be positive, negative or zero depending on the angle between the force
and the displacement.

If there is more than one force,

each force can do work.
The total work is calculated from the total (or net) force:

Wtotal = Ftotald cosθ

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Example :
Suppose we pull a package with a force of 98 N at an angle of 55° above the horizontal
ground for a distance of 60m.
What is the total work done on the package?

Solution:

Work = Fd cos θ
Work = 98 N × 60 m × cos 55
Work = 3490 J

Note that (F cosθ) is the component of the force along the direction of
motion. (Along the direction of the package's displacement.)

If I push on a wall and the wall does not move (no displacement),
 the work is (0J) because the displacement is (0m).

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Example 1 :
F = (5 i – 2 j)N ∆r = (2 i +3 j) m.
Solution:

W = F .∆r = [(5i + 2i ) N ].[( 2i × 3 j ) m ]

w = 5i.2i + 5i.3 j + 2 j.2i + 2 j.3 j
w = (10 + 0 + 0 + 6) = 16 J

Example 2 :
A force F = (6 i – 2 j) N, acts on a particle that undergoes a displacement ∆r = (3 i + j) m.
Find:
A) the work done by the force on the particle.
b) angle between F and r

Solution:
W = F .∆r = Fx × ri + Fy × r j = (6 × 3) N .m + ( −2 × 1) N .m = 16 j
→ →
F . ∆r 16
θ = cos −1 ( ) = cos −1 = 36.9 o
F . ∆r [(6) 2
][
+ ( −2) 2 (3) 2 + (1) 2 ]
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Example :
A 0.23 kg block slides down an incline of 25° at a constant velocity.
The block slides 1.5 m.
- What is the work done by: friction, by normal force, and by gravity,?
- What is the total work done on the block?
Solution:
constant velocity  a=0 (equilibrium)

The friction Force

∑ F = ma
F f r − mg sin θ = 0
F f r = mg sin θ
F f r = 0.23 × 9.8 sin 25 = 0.95 N
The Normal Force
∑ F = ma
Fn − mg cos θ = 0
Fn = mg cos θ
Fn = 0 .23 × 9 .8 cos 25 = 2 .04 N Dr. Loai Afana 7
Now what is the work done by each individual force.

Work done by the Frictional Force:

W fr = F fr d cos θ = 0 . 95 × 1 . 5 × cos 180 = − 1 . 40 J

Work done by the Normal Force:

W n = F n d cos θ = 2 . 04 × 1 . 5 × cos 90 = 0 J

Work done by the Gravitational Force

W g = F g d cos θ = mgd cos θ = 0 . 23 × 9 . 8 × 1 . 5 × cos 65 = 1 . 40 J

Now, to finally determine the "net-Work"

W net = W n + W fr +Wg = 0J

-1.40+0 + 1.40 = 0

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 Force - Displacement Graph
The work done by a force can be found from the area between the force curve and the
x-axis (remember, area below the x-axis is negative):

Constant force

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1.2- Work done by a varying force

xf

W = ∑ Fx ∆x
xi

xf

lim ∑ x Fx ∆x =
xf

∆x →0 i ∫ F dx
xi
x

xf

W = ∫F
xi
x dx

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 Work Done by a Spring

Hooke's Law: Fs = − k x
Where k is a positive constant
called (the spring constant)

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W s = kx 2
m ax
2

the force required to stretch or compress a spring

is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression x.
This force law for springs is known as Hooke’s law.
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Example :
When a 4kg mass is hung vertically on a light spring that Applies Hooke's law,
the spring stretches 2.5cm. If the 4kg mass is removed,
(a) how far will the spring stretch if a 1.5kg mass is hung on it, and
(b) how much work must an external agent do, to stretch the same spring 4.0 cm
from its unstretched position?

Solution:

a) 4 kg
F m g
= −kx → k = = 1568 N m (4* 9.8) / 0.025m
x
m g
1.5 kg
F = −kx → x = − = − 0 .9c m (1.5* 9.8) / 1568N
k

1
b) W s = k x 2
m ax
2

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 1.3 Power
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done.

Work
Power =
Time

1 Joule
The SI unit of power is "watts" (W). = 1Watt
1 Second

Power can also be written as;

Work d
Power = = F ( ) = Fv
Time t
Whenever you want to determine power, you must first determine:
the force and the velocity or the work being done and the time.
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Example:
A car has a total mass of 18kg, and is pulled at constant speed by a rope. The rope is
inclined at 20o above the horizontal and the cart moves on a horizontal plane. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the ground and the cart is µk = 0.5 .
(a) Draw a free-body diagram.
(b) What is the tension in the rope?

Solution
Constant speed  equilibrium

∑F x = ma x Substitute (2) in (1)

T cos θ − f = 0 (1) T cos θ − [ µ × ( mg − T sin θ ) ] = 0

T cos θ = µ mg − µ T sin θ
∑F y = ma y
T cos θ + µ T sin θ = µ mg
N + T sin θ − mg = 0
T (cos θ + µ sin θ ) = µ mg
N = mg − T sin θ × (µk ) µ k mg
T = = 79.4N
µ × N = µ × ( mg − T sin θ ) (cos θ + µ sin θ )
f = µ × ( mg − T sin θ ) (2)

f k = µk n Dr. Loai Afana 14

(c) When the cart is moved 20m, How much work is done on the cart by the rope?
(d) How much work is done by the friction force?

(b) WT = Tcosθ × d
= 79.4N.cos20 X 20m
= 1492 J= 1,49 kJ

(c) Wnet = WT + Wf = 0
then
Wf = - WT = -1.49kJ

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