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Compressor Calculations: Rigorous Using Equation of

State vs Shortcut Method
In this tip of the month (TOTM) we will present the compressor calculations of a case study. We will compare
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the rigorous method results with the values from the short cut methods. The rigorous method is based on an
equation of state like the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) for calculating the required enthalpies and entropies.
34 The enthalpies and entropies are used to determine the power requirement and the discharge temperatures. Search
J’aim The results indicate that the accuracy of the shortcut method is sensitive to the value of heat capacity ratio,
k.
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Power Calculations
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The theoretical power requirements are independent of compressor type; the actual power requirements
vary with the compressor efficiency. In general the power is calculated by:
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May 2020
April 2020
where mass flow rate and h is specific enthalpy.
March 2020
From a calculation viewpoint alone, the power calculation is particularly sensitive to the specification of flow rate, inlet
temperature and pressure, and outlet pressure. Gas composition is important but a small error here is less important February 2020
providing it does not involve the erroneous exclusion of corrosive components. A compressor is going to operate under January 2020
varying values of the variables affecting its performance. Thus the most difficult part of a compressor calculation is
specification of a reasonable range for each variable and not the calculation itself. Reference [1] emphasizes that using a December 2019
single value for each variable is not the correct way to evaluate a compression system.
November 2019
Normally, the thermodynamic calculations are performed for an ideal (reversible process). The results of a reversible
process are then adapted to the real world through the use of an efficiency. In the compression process there are three October 2019
ideal processes that can be visualized: 1) an isothermal process, 2) an isentropic process and 3) a polytropic process. Any September 2019
one of these processes can be used suitably as a basis for evaluating compression power requirements by either hand or
computer calculation. The isothermal process, however, is seldom used as a basis because the normal industrial August 2019
compression process is not even approximately carried out at constant temperature.
July 2019
For an isentropic (reversible and adiabatic) process, equation 1 can be written as:
June 2019
May 2019
April 2019
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February 2019
and based on the polytropic process:
January 2019
December 2018
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September 2018
The isentropic head is calculated by equation 3A:
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July 2018
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Similarly, the polytropic head is calculated by equation 3B: March 2018
February 2018
January 2018
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The actual discharge temperature based on the isentropic path is calculated by equation 4A.
October 2017
September 2017
August 2017
July 2017
June 2017
May 2017
April 2017
March 2017
The actual discharge temperature based on the polytropic is calculated by equation 4B.
February 2017
January 2017
December 2016
November 2016
where η and ηP are the isentropic (or adiabatic) and polytropic efficiency, respectively, P1 suction pressure, P2 discharge
October 2016
pressure, T1 and T2 arethe suction and discharge temperatures, respectively, q is gas volume flow rate at standard September 2016
condition of PS and TS, Za average gas compressibility factor, k heat capacity ratio, R the gas constant, and n is the
polytropic path exponent. Equations 1 and 2 are equally correct theoretically. The practical choice depends on the August 2016
available data, although it is somewhat arbitrary. The power calculation should be made per stage of compression and July 2016

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then summed for all stages connected to a single driver. For general planning purposes the graphical solutions shown in June 2016
reference [2] produce results comparable to these equations.
May 2016
Equation of State (EOS)
April 2016
The heart of any commercial process flow simulation software is an equation of state. Due to their simplicity and relative
accuracy, normally a cubic EOS such as Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK) [3] or Peng-Robinson [4] is used. These equations March 2016
are used to calculate phase behavior, enthalpy, and entropy. With proper binary interaction coefficients, the process
simulation results of these two equations are practically the same. Therefore, only the SRK was used in this work. February 2016
Step-by-Step Computer Solution
January 2016
December 2015
For known gas rate, pressure (P1), temperature (T1), and composition at the inlet condition and discharge pressure (P2),
computation of compressor power requirement is based on an EOS using a computer and involves two steps: November 2015
1. Determination of the ideal or isentropic (reversible and adiabatic) enthalpy change of the compression process. October 2015
The ideal work requirement is obtained by multiplying mass rate by the isentropic enthalpy change.
2. Adjustment of the ideal work requirement for compressor efficiency.
September 2015
The step-by-step calculation based an EOS is outlined below. August 2015
a. Assume steady state, i.e. and the feed composition remain unchanged. July 2015
b. Assume isentropic process, i.e. adiabatic and reversible
c. Calculate enthalpy h1=f(P1, T1, and composition) and suction entropy s1=f(P1, T1, and composition) at the June 2015
suction condition by EOS May 2015
d. For the isentropic process . Note the * April 2015
represents ideal value.
March 2015
e. Calculate the ideal enthalpy ( ) at outlet condition for known composition, P2 and .
February 2015
f. The ideal work is January 2015
December 2014

g. The actual work is the ideal work divided by efficiency or

November 2014
October 2014
h. The actual enthalpy at the outlet condition is calculated by September 2014
i. The actual outlet temperature is calculated by EOS for known h2, P2, and composition. August 2014
The efficiency of the compressor, and hence, the compression process obviously depends on the method used to evaluate July 2014
the work requirement. The isentropic efficiency is in the range of 0.70 to 0.90.
June 2014
If the compressor head curve and efficiency curve are provided by the manufacturer, the head is determined from the
actual gas volume rate at the inlet condition. Second, from the head, the actual work, discharge pressure and finally the
May 2014
discharge temperature are calculated. April 2014
Case Study March 2014
The gas mixture with the composition shown in Table1 at 105 °F (40.6 °C) and 115 Psia (793 kPa) is compressed using a February 2014
single-stage centrifugal compressor with the polytropic head and efficiency curves shown in Figures 1 and 2 at a speed of
7992 rpm. The total feed gas volumetric flow rate was 101 MMSCFD (2.86×106 Sm3/d).
January 2014
December 2013
Table 1. Feed gas analysis
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December 2011
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April 2011
March 2011
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December 2010
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Figure 1. Compressor polytropic head and best efficiency point
February 2010
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December 2009
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June 2009
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Figure 2. Compressor polytropic efficiency December 2008
Results and Discussions
November 2008
October 2008
SRK (Rigorous Method): The feed composition, temperature, pressure, volumetric flow rate at standard condition along
with the compressor polytropic head and efficiency curves data were entered into the ProMax software [5] to perform the September 2008
rigorous calculations based on the SRK EOS. The program calculated polytropic and isentropic efficiencies, heads,
compression ratio (discharge pressure), discharge temperature and power. For the actual gas flow rate at the inlet August 2008
condition, the polytropic efficiency is close to the compressor best efficiency point (BEP). The program also calculated the
gas relative density, heat capacity ratio (k), and polytropic exponent (n). These calculated results are presented in the SRK
July 2008
columns of Table 2 (bold numbers with white background). June 2008
Table 2. Summary of the rigorous and shortcut calculated results May 2008
April 2008
March 2008
February 2008
January 2008
December 2007
November 2007
October 2007
September 2007
August 2007
July 2007
June 2007
May 2007
April 2007
March 2007
February 2007
January 2007
The bold numbers with white background are the calculated values December 2006
November 2006
Short-1 (Shortcut Method): In this method, we used equations 2 through 4 to calculate the polytropic and isentropic October 2006
heads, the discharge temperature and power. We used the ProMax calculated polytropic and isentropic efficiencies,
compression ratio (P2/P1), heat capacity ratio (k) and polytropic exponent (n) to calculate head, power, and the discharge September 2006
temperature. The results are presented in the short-1 columns of Table 2. Note the short-1 results (discharge temperature, August 2006
adiabatic and polytropic heads and power) are very close to the SRK values. The calculated actual discharge temperature
by equation 4A (isentropic path: 265.3˚F=129.6˚C) was slightly lower than by equation 4B (polytropic path: 265.9 ˚F=129.9 July 2006
˚C).
June 2006
Short-2 (Shortcut Method): Similar to short-1 method, we used equations 2 through 4 to calculate the polytropic and
isentropic heads, the actual discharge temperature and power. We used only the ProMax calculated values of polytropic May 2006
efficiency (nP), compression ratio (P2/P1), and relative density (y). The heat capacity ratio (k) was estimated by equation 5: April 2006
March 2006

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February 2006
January 2006
The polytropic exponent (n) was estimated by equation 6.
December 2005
November 2005
October 2005
September 2005
The isentropic (adiabatic) efficiency () was estimated by equation 7.
August 2005
July 2005
June 2005

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The results for this method are presented in the short-2 columns of Table 2. The calculated discharge temperature by
equation 4A (isentropic path) was exactly the same as by equation 4B (polytropic). Note the short-2 results (discharge
Gas Processing
temperature, adiabatic and polytropic heads and power) are deviated from the SRK values. Mechanical
The results in Table 2 indicate that an increase of 2.2% in k (from 1.224 to 1.251) results in power increase of 1.42%. The Pipeline
polytropic exponent (n) increased by 3% and isentropic efficiency ( ) decreased by 0.5 %. The difference in the actual Process Facilities
discharge temperatures of the SRK and short-2 values is 17.5 ˚F (9.7˚C).
Process Safety
With the exception of actual discharge temperature, these differences between the SRK and short-2 methods results for
facilities calculations and planning purposes are negligible. Note that the accuracy of the shortcut method is dependent on Refining
the values of k and n. In Short-1 method in which we used the k and n values from the SRK method the results were
identical to those of SRK method. Reliability Engineering
To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational problems, we suggest attending the John M. Campbell Supply Chain
courses; G4 (Gas Conditioning and Processing), and G5 (Gas Conditioning and Processing-Special). Management
John M. Campbell Consulting (JMCC) offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others. For more information Uncategorized
about the services JMCC provides, visit our website at www.jmcampbellconsulting.com, or email your consulting needs
to [email protected].
Water and Corrosion

By Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

Meta
Reference:

1. Maddox, R. N. and L. L. Lilly, “Gas conditioning and processing, Volume 3: Advanced Techniques and Register
Applications,” John M. Campbell and Company, 2nd Ed., Norman, Oklahoma, USA, 1990.
Log in
2. Campbell, J. M., “Gas Conditioning and Processing, Vol. 2, the Equipment Modules, 8th Ed., Campbell Petroleum
Series, Norman, Oklahoma, 2001 Entries RSS
3. Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 27, pp. 1197-1203, 1972.
4. Peng, D. Y., and Robinson, D. B., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol. 15, p. 59, 1976. Comments RSS
5. ProMax 3.2, Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc, Bryan, Texas, 2011.
WordPress.org

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Posted on November 1, 2011 at 6:30 am

36 comments

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Written by Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

DR. MAHMOOD MOSHFEGHIAN is a Senior Technical Advisor and Senior Instructor. He is the author of most Tips of the
Month and develops technical software for PetroSkills. He has 40 years teaching experience in universities as well as for
oil and gas industries. Dr. Moshfeghian joined JMC in 1990 as a part time consultant and then as full time
instructor/consultant in 2005. Moshfeghian was Professor of Chemical Engineering at Shiraz University. Dr. Moshfeghian
is a senior member of AIChE and has published more than 125 technical papers on thermodynamic properties and
Process Engineering. Dr. Moshfeghian has presented invited papers in international conferences. He is a member of the
Editorial Board for the International Journal of Oil, Gas, and Coal Technology and a member of the GPSA Technical
Committee Group F. He holds B.S. (74), M.S. (75) and and PhD (78) degrees in Chemical Engineering, all from Oklahoma
State University.

View all posts by: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

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36 responses to “Compressor Calculations: Rigorous Using Equation of State vs

Shortcut Method”
1. Antonio Davila says:
November 1, 2011 at 1:41 pm

Compressor

2. Joe Aiken says:

November 1, 2011 at 4:02 pm

Could you please advise whether the values of ‘k’ used in the two methods were based on the Cv=Cp-R (Ideal
Gas) relationship or ‘real’ values of Cv calculated directly from the EoS? This can have a significant impact on the

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05/08/2020 Compressor Calculations: Rigorous Using Equation of State vs Shortcut Method | Campbell Tip of the Month
results, e.g. incorporating ‘real’ values of ‘k’ (from HYSYS) into the API equations for relief valve sizing can over-
estimate the capacity of a given orifice.

Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

November 7, 2011 at 7:53 pm

Joe,

k=Cp/Cv is based on the ideal gas heat capacity ratio.

3. RAHUL MUKHERJEE says:

November 1, 2011 at 11:24 pm

Dear Dr. Mahmood,

Thanks for this article.

I would just like to know two things.

1. What is the basis of eqn 5? Did you make a linear best fit in excel in between the dependent variable k and
independent variable y and arrived at the eqn.?

2. When heat capacity ratio (k) is meant, is it Cp/Cv or Cp/(Cp-R) (i.e., an ideal gas heat capacity ratio)?

I would be greatful, if you could provide me the answers.

Thanks,
Rahul Mukherjee
[email protected]

Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

November 7, 2011 at 7:46 pm

Rahul,

1. Equation 5 is purely empirical, based on typical natural gases that contain no substantial quantities of
non-hydrocarbons and whose relative density does not exceed one.

2. k=Cp/Cv is the ideal gas heat capacity ratio.

Henry Lafford says:

December 5, 2011 at 4:27 pm

Dear Dr. Mahmood,

As per your response above, k is the ideal specific heat ratio based on Cv=Cp-R as the article
demonstrates simple hand calcs without a process simulator for EOS calcs. If you were carrying out
calculations on a non ideal gas (e.g. Z = 0.8), and could obtain actual specific heat ratio from a
process simulator, would this be the correct approach (or would you still have to use ideal specific
heat ratio)?

4. Rasheed Abdi says:

December 14, 2011 at 3:49 pm

Dr Mahmood

I just want to calculate efficiency and head for air compressor having the several points of suction pressure vs
flowrate in m3/h. Please help..

Thank you

5. Olawale Oguntade says:

January 1, 2012 at 8:28 pm

Please Sir,how do i find d expression for entropy for a soave-redlich kwong equation of state ?

6. Reza says:
June 21, 2012 at 6:08 am

Dear Mahmood:
One important question in my mind. How can one calculate discharge temperature in oil injected compressor in
Hysys or any other process software?

7. Alireza Dehghan says:

July 16, 2012 at 10:47 am

Hello Dr. Moshfeghian,

I have written a procedure for measurement flow of a CNG compressor in refueling station. Is it possible for me to
send the procedure for you to check if that is correct or not?

Thank you

8. insoles for plantar fasciitis says:

February 17, 2014 at 7:59 am

Before you paint ceiling and walls, follow the 9 feet

guideline. Virtually all children go through a period in which they appear to be knock-kneed when strolling.
Include sophistication to your place with
a couple of accessories to the door is a smart and easy way.

9. Reza Azin says:

March 27, 2014 at 1:01 pm

Interesting Material. My question is about the change in calculations when applied to a stream of Acid Gas
containing CO2/H2S with trace of Hydrocarbons?
How about the case with Flue gas compression?

10. maher says:

July 21, 2014 at 10:23 am

ı want to choose a compressor for a Project

ı have tow things
for EX:
Room Name: WELDING ROOM
Room Area: 79 m2
Plumbing: Service sink (hot and cold water), (2) compressed air drops 0-1034kPa each, 345 kPa minimum to down
flow station, 620-1034 kPa to plasma cutter.
and there is another things but like that

can help me Dr for knowing the Flow.Velocity for this compressor

thx

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11. Helmuth says:
November 11, 2014 at 11:30 am

Thank you very much!

12. wesley says:

November 12, 2014 at 4:20 am

Hi Doc,thanks for the nice educating post.My question is;Are equations 2A,2B,3A,3B,4A and 4B applicable to real
gases?

13. Venkat Subramanian says:

March 23, 2015 at 3:30 am

Dr. Thanks for the nice writeup. How do we estimate the k value and gamma value when we inject known
volumetric flows of wash oil or water to cracked gas compressor stages to mitigate fouling due to polymerization?.
This has been the challenge. Please help.
Thanks
Venkat

14. Mr J Adamson says:

April 7, 2015 at 10:48 am

hello

i wonder if anyone can help me , i need to find the adiabatic efficiency of a compressor we are prototyping. i am by
no means a mathematician and all these equations are really confusing me. if someone could explain to me what
all the letters stood for it would be a great help

many thanks

15. Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian says:

April 8, 2015 at 9:34 am

Adamson:
Method 1:
1. Knowing gas molecular weight (MW) estimate, gas relative density or Specific Gravity by SG=MW/29
2. Plug in SG (the Greek letter gamma) into equation 5 to estimate k (ratio of specific heats at the ideal gas
conditions).
3. Knowing compressor polytropic efficiency provided by the vendor calculate n by equation 6 (the 2nd one on the
right hand side. n= polytropic exponent.
4. Use equation 7 to estimate the adiabatic efficiency (the Greek letter, mu). P1 and P2 are the suction and
discharge pressures, respectively.
Note: All T’s and P’s are absolute value

If the polytropic efficiency is not available, one can use use the following procedure for a working compressor:
Method 2:
1. Measure suction pressure (P1), suction temperature (T1), and discharge pressure (P2), discharge temperature
(T2).
2. Calculate compression ratio = R = P2/P1
3. Raise compression ratio to power of (k-1)/k or CR=(P2/P1)^[(k-1)/k]
4. Estimate adiabatic efficiency = T1(CR-1)/(T2-T1). This rearrangement of equation 4A.
Note: All T’s and P’s are absolute value

Method 3:
1. Measure suction pressure (P1), suction temperature (T1), and discharge pressure (P2), discharge temperature
(T2).
2. Use a Pressure-Enthalpy-diagram for your gas or a computer program to calculate: Suction enthalpy (H1) at P1
and T1, discharge enthalpy H2 at P2 and T2, discharge isentropic enthalpy H2ise.
3. Estimate adiabatic (isentropic) efficiency by:
Adiabatic efficiency = (H2ise – H1)/(H2-H1)

The detail of this topic is covered in our G4 (Gas Processing and Conditioning) course.
I hope this helps.

16. Corazon says:

August 15, 2015 at 10:55 pm

This keeps players glued to their monitors

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to take care of your appetite.

17. Anjum Alvi says:

August 18, 2015 at 8:59 am

Dear Sir,

Can you please tell me any relation between Steam Enthalpy and RPM of a Steam Turbine. How they affect each
other?

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19. Jason Joecks says:

December 24, 2015 at 10:57 am

Merely wanna tell that this is very useful, Thanks for taking your time to write this.

20. Leslie Banaszak says:

December 27, 2015 at 1:10 pm

I gotta bookmark this site it seems very helpful very useful

21. Idowu Oduniyi says:

March 13, 2016 at 10:14 am

Hello sir,
Can the polytropic efficiency of compression be greater than unity,when n is less than k (i.e 1<n<k).
since using the polytropic efficience [(k-1)/k]/[(n-1)/n] will be greater than 1.

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23. Olivia says:

August 26, 2016 at 1:27 pm

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24. Morteza says:

November 25, 2016 at 1:31 am

how should calculate polytropic efficiency of single stage compressor with suction and discharge pressure and
temperature and gas composition

Panos says:
January 1, 2017 at 4:44 pm

https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/tjj.ahead-of-print/tjj-2016-0029/tjj-2016-0029.xml

For low pressures and relatively high temperatures, you can also use the ideal gas law instead of cubic
equations of state ..

25. Jayant D Divey says:

April 4, 2017 at 7:50 am

Where is the use of compressibility factor while calculating discharge temp T2 in adiabatic compression for non-
ideal gas?

Jayant D Divey says:

April 10, 2017 at 12:37 am

Dr. Mahmood,

I had put up a query about how to use compressibility factor for calculating adiabatic discharge
temperature? Whenever z defers significantly from 1 for example for ethylene at pressure of 100 bar, how
to use Z for calculating adiabatic discharge temperature. Request help.

26. henysman says:

April 8, 2017 at 10:32 am

What is the formula to calculate compressor number? if there is given compression rartio or somethimg like that.

27. Jeff says:

April 29, 2017 at 1:37 pm

I am looking for a vendor that publishes isentropic compressor efficiencies as a sales point…akin to COP for a
refrigerator. Can you provide vendor that does such? Nice web page, thanks.

Jayant D Divey says:

May 2, 2017 at 1:03 am

GE and Burckhardt Compression are likely vendors to define isentropic efficiency.

28. Greg Janse van Vuuren says:

May 17, 2017 at 1:31 pm

These “Tip of the month” pages are really insightful.

Would these equation work for an oil injected twin rotary screw compressor?

29. nonso uwa says:

May 18, 2017 at 10:11 am

help solve this:

Calculate the power required to overcome the internal losses in an electrically driven turbo compressor operating
under the following conditions: Suction volume : 1140 m^2/min Temperature : 27 ˚C Pressure : 0.85bar (abs)
Deliver temperature : 104 ˚C Pressure : 6.5bar (abs) Motor load : 5850 w
Work done = n/( n-1)(P_2 V_2-P_1 V_1)

30. Umar says:

November 7, 2017 at 7:40 am

Interesting forum

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