POWER FLOW – Part 1

 Admittance Matrix
 Power Flow Equations
 Gauss Seidel Analysis
◦ Classification of Busbars
◦ Gauss Seidel Equation
 Exercises

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 For circuits operating in sinusoidal-steady-
state, Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and
voltage law (KVL) apply to phasor currents
and voltages.

 Thus the sum of all phasor currents entering

any node is zero and the sum of the phasor-
voltage drops around any closed path is zero.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Various computer solutions of power system
problems are formulated from nodal
equations, which can be systematically
applied to circuits.

 The circuit shown below is used here to

review nodal analysis and is assumed to be
operating in sinusoidal-steady-state; source
voltages are represented by phasors ES1’ ES2,
and ES3, circuit impedances are specified in
ohms.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 For a circuit with N +1 nodes (also called
buses), one bus is selected as the reference
bus and the voltages at the remaining buses
are defined with respect to the reference bus.

 The single line and reactance diagrams of a

network are shown in the figures below.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Each voltage source in series with an
impedance is transformed to an equivalent
current source in parallel with that
impedance.

 Also, admittance values instead of impedance

values are shown on the circuit diagram. Each
current source is equal to the voltage source
divided by the source impedance.
 See figure below

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 The admittance matrix of a network can be
written in the format as follows:

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 The diagonal element Ykk is called the self-
admittance or the driving-point admittance
of bus k, and the off-diagonal element Ykn for
k≠n is called the mutual admittance or the
transfer admittance between buses k and n.
Since Ykn = Ynk, the matrix Y is symmetric.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 The advantage of this method of writing nodal
equations is that a digital computer can be used both
to generate the admittance matrix Y and to solve for
the unknown bus voltage vector V.

 Once a circuit is specified with the reference bus and

other buses identified, the circuit admittances and
their bus connections become computer input data
for calculating the elements Ykn.

 After Y is calculated and the current source vector I is

given as input, standard computer programs for
solving simultaneous linear equations can then be
used to determine the bus voltage vector V.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Write the admittance matrix for the circuit
shown below.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Because the Y matrix is very sparse other
techniques are used by the computer for the
solution of these equations

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Admittance Matrix
 Power Flow Equations
 Gauss Seidel Analysis
◦ Classification of Busbars
◦ Gauss Seidel Equation
 Exercises

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 The power-flow problem is the computation of
voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus
in a power system under balanced three-phase
steady-state conditions. As a by-product of this
calculation, real and reactive power flows in
equipment such as transmission lines and
transformers, as well as equipment losses, can
be computed.

 The starting point for a power-flow problem is a

single-line diagram of the power system, from
which the input data for computer solutions can
be obtained. Input data consist of bus data,
transmission line data, and transformer data.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 As shown in the figure below, the following
four variables are associated with each bus k:
voltage magnitude Vk, phase angle δk, net
real power Pk, and reactive power Qk supplied
to the bus.

 At each bus, two of these variables are

specified as input data, and the other two are
unknowns to be computed by the power-flow
program

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
 The power flow equations are first order non
linear equations. They describe the steady
state performance of the power system.

 However because the equations are non linear

the best method for finding a solution is the
iterative method

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 6
 Admittance Matrix
 Power Flow Equations
 Gauss Seidel Analysis
◦ Classification of Busbars
◦ Gauss Seidel Equation
◦Exercises

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Each bus can be classified by four
characteristics:

 P, Q, V, δ (angle of V)

 In power flow analysis, two characteristic are

given and two must be caculated

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Admittance Matrix
 Power Flow Equations
 Gauss Seidel Analysis
◦ Classification of Busbars
◦ Gauss Seidel Equation
◦Exercises

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 1. No calculation is done on bus 1 the Slack
bus

 2. The iterative method is used for all the

other buses

 3. For the PQ (load) buses the original values

are used to solve the equation. The values of
P and Q are given and the initial values of V
and δ are chosen to be 1 pu and 0 degrees
respectively

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 4. For PV buses because Qk is not given this
must be calculated. This must first be done
using all existing values of P and V, and δ.
The equation for solving Q is shown below

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 After Q has been calculated this value is used
in the iterative equation to find the value of V
but only the angle is used as the magnitude
of V is specified.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 𝐼𝑘 = σ𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑌𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝑛

 𝑆 = 𝑃𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘 𝐼𝑘∗

𝑃𝑘 −𝑗𝑄𝑘 𝑁
 𝐼𝑘 = = σ𝑛=𝑘−1
𝑛=1 𝑌 𝑉
𝑘𝑛 𝑛 + 𝑌 𝑉
𝑘𝑘 𝑘 + σ 𝑛=𝑘+1 𝑌𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑘∗

𝑃𝑘 −𝑗𝑄𝑘
 𝑌𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑘 = - σ𝑛=𝑘−1
𝑛=1 𝑌 𝑉
𝑘𝑛 𝑛 - σ𝑁
𝑛=𝑘+1 𝑌𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑘∗

 And in iterative form

𝑖+1 1 𝑃𝑘 −𝑗𝑄𝑘 𝑖+1 𝑁

 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑖 ∗ − σ𝑛=𝑘−1
𝑛=1 𝑌 𝑉
𝑘𝑛 𝑘 − σ𝑛=𝑘+1 𝑌𝑘𝑛 𝑉𝑛
𝑖
𝑌𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑘

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Admittance Matrix
 Power Flow Equations
 Gauss Seidel Analysis
◦ Classification of Busbars
◦ Gauss Seidel Equation
 Exercises

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 A three bus system shown in Figure 2 has bus
1 as the slack bus, bus 2 as the voltage
controlled and bus 3 as the load bus. The
line admittances are shown in the table below
and all other information is given in the
diagram. Calculate the voltages on bus 2 and
3 after the first iteration starting with V3 =
1.000

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Line R (p.u) X (p.u)
L12 0.0108 0.0649
L13 0.0235 0.0941
L23 0.0118 0.0471

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 A three bus system has bus 1 as the slack bus, bus 2
as the load bus and bus 3 as the voltage controlled
bus. The starting voltages of the system for the load
flow are:

 V1(0) = 230 kV00
 V2(0) = 220 kV00
 V3(0) = 228 kV00

 The load at bus 2 is (200 + j120) MVA and the
generation at bus 3 is 70 MW. The bus admittance
matrix is as follows: Calculate the voltages on bus 2
after the second iteration. Use base values of 220 kV
and 100 MVA.

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
3 - j9 -2 + j6 -1 + j3
-2 + j6 2.666 - j8 -0.66 + j2
-1 + j3 -0.66 + j2 1.666 - j5

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 (1)
 𝑉2 = 1.02∠15.33 0

 Q3 = 0.265 p.u.
(1)
 𝑉3 =1.036∠10.8840
(2)
 𝑉2 = 1.225∠12.914 0

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
Power System Analysis & Design,
Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 (1)
 𝑄2 = 0 p.u.
(1)
 𝑉2 = 1.0∠5.711 0

(1)
 𝑉3 =0.93∠-2.750
(2)
 𝑄2 = 0.33 p.u.
(2)
 𝑉2 = 1.0∠4.313 0

(2)
 𝑉3 =0.924∠-3.630

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4
 Write a Matlab/Scilab programme to solve
Exercise 3

Power System Analysis & Design,

Glover, Sarma & Overbye, Chap 4