STRAIGHTLINES

PREREQUISITES

Co–ordinate Axes:

The position of a point in a plane is determined by two fixed mutually Y

perpendicular straight lines X’ OX and Y’OY, intersecting each other at a
– + + +
point O.
These lines are called the co–ordinate axes or Axes of Reference. X X
The horizontal line X’ OX is called the x–axis.
– – + –
The vertical line YOY’ is called the y–axis.
The point O is called the origin. Y

We fix a convenient unit of length and starting from the origin as zero, mark off equal distances on x–
axis as well as y–axis.

The distance measured along OX and OY are taken as positive while those along OX’ and OY’ are
taken as negative, as shown in figure.

Co–ordinates of a point:
Let P be a point in a plane.
Let, the distance of P from y–axis = a units.
And, the distance of P from x–axis = b units.
Then, we say that the co–ordinates of is (a, b).
a is called the x–co–ordinate or abscissa of P.
b s called the y = co–ordinate or ordinate of P.
we say that P (a, b) is a point.

Some Results To Remember:

(i) Co–ordinates of the origin O are (0, 0).
(ii) Co–ordinates of a point on x–axis are (x, 0).
(iii) Co–ordinate of a point on y–axis are (0, y).
(iv) The line x = 0 is the y–axis.
(v) The line y = 0 is the x–axis.
(vi) The line x = a is a line parallel to y–axis at a distance a from it.
(vii) The line y = b is a line parallel to x–axis at a distance b from it.

Mid Point Formula:

x1  x 2
The coordinates of the midpoint of the join of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are xm = ,
2
y1  y 2
ym = .
2

Let P, Q be the points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) respectively, and (xm, ym) the required coordinates of M,
the mid–point of PQ, Draw PD and QF and ME perpendicular to OX. Through M draw NML parallel to
OX to meet DP produced at N and QF at L.
 Then from congruent triangles PMN and QML, we get Q(x2, y2)
Y (xm, ym)
NM = ML or DE = EF N L
Or OE – OD = OF – OE or xm – x1 = x2 – xm (x1, y1) Y
P M
x  x2
Or 2xm = x1 + x2  xm = 1 . y1
y2
2
Again, from the same congruent triangles, we get
PN = LQ and DN – DP = FQ – FL xm–x1 x2 –xm
O x1 D E F X

Or EM – y1 = y2 – EM or ym – y1 = y2 – ym
y  y2
Or 2ym = y1 + y2  ym = 1
2
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
Hence the coordinates of the mid–point of the join of (x 1, y1) and (x2, y2) are  ,
 2 2 
Note: This formula is helpful in (a) finding out the middle point of the join of two given points and (b)
verifying whether two st. lines bisect each other or not.

Distance formula:
The distance d between the point P(x 1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by the formula d =
(x 2  x1 )2  (y 2  y1 )2
Q(x2, y2)
Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be the two points. From P, Q draw Y d
(x1, y1) (y2 – y1)
PL, QM perpendiculars on the x–axis and PR perpendicular P (x2 – x1) R
on MQ.
Then, PR = LM = x2 – x1
RQ = MQ – MR = MQ – LP = y2 – y1 From rt. ed PRQ,
PQ2 = PR2 + RQ2
Or d2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y22 – y1)2 O x1 L M X
d= (x 2  x1 )  (y 2  y1 )
2 2

Cor. Distance from the origin.

The distance of the point (x1, y1) from the origin is d = (x1  0)2  (y1  0)2
Or d = x12  y12
Note1: Aid to memory
D= (diff.ofabscissae)2  (diff.ofordinates)2
Note2: In employing the formula either point may be designated as (x 1, y1) and the other
(x2, y2) as the two differences involved appear as squares.
Note3: Complete distance formula
d2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2  d =  (x 2  x1 )2  (y 2  y1 )2 .
We take only the positive square root as we are usually intersected only in the magnitude of
the segment PQ.

AREA OF A TRIANGLE:
To find the area of triangle whose vertices are given.
Let A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C(x3, y3) be the vertices of the triangle.
Let  be the required area of the triangle. From A, B, C draw the perpendiculars AL, BM and
CN on the x-axis.
 Then from Figure.
A(x1, y1)
ABC = trap. ABML + trap. ALNC – trap. BMNC (x3, y3)
1 1 1 C
= (MB + LA)ML + (LA + NC)LN – (MB + NC) MN (x2, y2)
2 2 2 B
1 1 1
= (y2 + y1)(x1 – x2) + (y1 + y3)(x3 – x1) – (y2 + y3)(x3 – x2) x
2 2 2 ML N

1
= [(x1y2 – x2y1) + (x2y3 – x3y2) + (x3y1 – x1y3)] [Form I]
2
1
= [x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)] [Form II]
2
Cor. If one vertex of the triangle is the origin and the remaining vertices the points (x 1, y1) and (x2, y2),
its area would be (x1y2 – x2y1).

Let (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) respectively be the coordinates of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle
ABC. Then the area of triangle ABC, is
x y 1 A
1 1 1

 x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2   = 21 x2 y2 1 .
2 x3 y3 1

B C
D

x1 y1 1
It follows that the three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) will be collinear if x2 y2 1 = 0.
x3 y3 1

Section Formula
Coordinates of the point P dividing the join of two points A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the given
ratio
 2 x1  1 x2 2 y1  1 y2 
1 : 2 are P  ,  .
  2  1  2  1 
Coordinates of the point P dividing the join of two points A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2) externally in the ratio of
 2 x1  1 x2 2 y1  1 y2 
1 : 2 are P ,  .
 2  1 2  1 
Centroid
The centroid of a triangle is the point of concurrency of the medians. The centroid G of the triangle
ABC, divides the median AD, in the ratio of 2 : 1.

Incentre
The incentre ‘I’ of a triangle is the point of concurrency of the bisectors of the angles of the triangle.

A (x1, y1)
The incentre of the triangle the coordinates of whose vertices are given by
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) is  x, y  =
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3  F E

 abc , abc  I
 
BD AB B C
By geometry, we know that  (x2, y2) D (x3, y3)
DC AC
(since AD bisects A).
 BD AB c
If the lengths of the sides AB, BC and AC are c, a and b respectively, then =  .
DC AC b
 bx 2  cx 3 by 2  cy 3 
Coordinates of D are  , 
 bc b+c 
 ac 
IB bisects B. Hence ID BD  b  c  a
  
IA BA c c b
Let the coordinates of I be  x, y  .
ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay  by 2  cy 3
Then x  , y 1 .
abc abc
Circum-Centre
This is the point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. This is also
the centre of the circle, passing through the vertices of the given triangle.

Ortho-Centre
This is the point of concurrency of the altitudes of the triangle.

Assignment – I

1. Find the distance between (8, 9), (–7, 4).

2. Find the distance between (0, 0), (–4, 3).

3. Find the distance between (4, 0), (–5, 0).

4. Find the distance between (0, –3), (0, 7).

5. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (1, 2), (3, –4) and (–2, 0).

6. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (9, –7), (2, 4) and (0, 0).

*7. Find the value of x, if the area of the triangle formed by (10, 2), (–3, –4) and (x, 1) is 5.

8. The centroid of triangle ABC is (2, 7). The points B and C lie on X, Y axes respectively and
A = (4, 8). Find B and C.

9. Show that the following points are collinear (–1, 7), (3, –5), (4, –8)

*10. Find the value of k, if the points (k, –1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are collinear.

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – I)

1. 250 2. 5 3. 9 4. 10

57 37
5. 11 6. 25 7. or
6 6

8. B = (2, 0), C = (0, 13) 10. 1

 LOCUS
Definition of Locus
A locus is the set of point (and only those points) that satisfy the given consistent geometric
condition(s).
(i) Every point satisfying the given conditions is a point on the locus.
(ii) Every point on the locus satisfies the given conditions.

Eg: (i) Locus of a point moves in a plane is such a way that it distance form a fixed point remains
constant is a circle.
(ii) Locus of a point equidistant from two given points is a perpendicular bisector of the line
firmly of the given points.

Equation of the Locus

By the equation of a locus we mean an algebnraic description of the locus. It is obtained by translating
the geometric conditions satisfied by the points on the locus, into equivalent algebraic conditions.

Working Rule to find the locus:

(i) Consider a point P(x, y) on the locus.
(ii) Write the geometric condition(s) to be satisfied by P in terms of an equation or inequation in
symbols.
(iii) Apply the proper formula of coordinate geometry and translate the geometric condition(s) into
an algebraic equation.
(iv) Simplify the equation so that it is free from radicals.
(v) Verify that if Q (x1, y1) satisfies the equation, then Q satisfies the geometric condition.

Historical Note
Analytic geometry, as we know, grew out of the need for estabilishing algebraic techniques for solving
geometrical problems, the aim being to apply them to the study of curves, which are of particular
importance in partical problems. The coordinate method was systematically developed in the first half
of the 17th century in the work of the Fermat and Descartes.

Fermat dealt with plane loci, which according to him were collections of points lying in a plane; they
are curves. He simplified the related earlier work ascribed to Apollonius, by applying algebra to
geometry through the use of coordinates. He noticed that an independent equation in two unknowns
determines a locus of points in a plane.

John Wallis (1616 – 1703) described the second degree equation as representing curves for the first
time in 1656. He was pioneer to describe the conic sections as the loci of the second degree
equations.

Euler later extended the work from plane loci to space loci and surfaces.

ASSIGNMENT – II

1. Find the equation of the locus of a point which is at a distance 5 from (–2, 3), in plane.

2. Find the equation of locus of a point P, if the distance of P from A(3, 0) is twice the distance of
P from B(–3, 0).

*3. Find the equation of the locus of P, if the ratio of the distance from P to A(5, –4) and B(7, 6) is
2 : 3.

4. Find the equation of locus of a point which is equidistant from the coordinate axes.

5. Find the equation of locus of a point equidistant from A(2, 0) and the Y – axis.

6. Find the equation of locus of a point P, the square of whose distance from the origin is 4 times
its y-coordinate.
*7. Find the equation of locus of a point P such that PA 2 + PB2 = 2c2, where A = (a, 0), B = (–a, 0)
and 0 < |a| < |c|.

8. Find the equation of locus of the point which is at a distance 5 from the Y-axis.

9. Find the equation of locus of the point which is collinear with the points (3, 4) and (–4, 3).

*10. Find the locus of the third vertex of a right angled triangle, the ends of whose hypotenuse are
(4, 0) and (0, 4).

*11. A(2, 3) and B(–3, 4) be two given points. Find the equation of locus of P so that the area of
the triangle PAB is 8.5.

*12. Find the equation of locus of P, if A = (4, 0), B(–4, 0) and |PA – PB| = 4.

*13. A(1, 2), B(2, –3) and C(–2, 3) are three points. A point P moves such that PA 2 + PB2 = 2PC2.
Show that the equation to the locus of P is 7x – 7y + 4 = 0.

*14. An iron rod of length 2 is sliding on two mutually perpendicular lines. Find the equation of
locus of the mid point of the rod.

*15. A straight rod of length 9 slides with its ends A, B always on the X and Y-axes respectively.
Then find the locus of the centroid of OAB.

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – II)

1. x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 2. x2 + y2 + 10x + 9 = 0

3. 5x2 + 5y2 – 34x + 120y + 29 = 0 4. x2 – y 2 = 0

5. y2 – 4x + 4 = 0 6. x2 + y2 – 4y = 0

7. x2 + y 2 = c 2 – a 2 8. x2 – 25 = 0

9. x – 7y + 25 = 0 10. x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y = 0

x 2 y2
11. x2 + 10xy + 25y2 – 34x – 170y = 0 12.  =1
4 12

14. x2 + y 2 = 2 15. x2 + y 2 = 9

TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

Historical Note:
The method of transformation of axes is an ingenius method employed by great mathematicians to
simplify their results. It is noted that in 1748, Euler used equations for rotation and translation in space
to reduce the equation of general quadric surface to such a form so that its principal axes coincide
with coordinate axes.

Introduction
A plane extends infinitely in all directions. By drawing X–axis and Y–axis, and dividing the infinite
plane into four quadrants, we represent any point in the plane as an ordered pair of real numbers,
which are the lengths of perpendicular distances of the point from the axes chosen. It is to be noted
that these axes can be chosen arbitrarily and therefore the position of these axes in the plane is not
fixed. They can be changed. When the position of axes is changed the coordinates of a point also get
changed correspondingly. Consequently equations of curves will also be changed. This process of
transformation of axes will be or great advantage to solve some problems very easily.

The axes can be transformed or changed usually in the following ways:

(i) Translation of axes
(ii) Rotation of axes and
(iii) Translation and rotation of axes.

Definition
Translation of axes:
The transformation obtained, by shifting the origin to a given different point in the plane, without
changing the directions of coordinate axes therein is called a Translation of axes.

Rotation of axes:
The transformation obtained, by rotating both the coordinate axes in the plane by an equal angle,
without changing the position of the origin is called a Rotation of axes.

Key concepts:
If the origin (0, 0) is shifted to (h, k) by the translation of axes, then
(i) the coordinates (x, y) of a point P are transformed as (x – h, y – k), and
(ii) the equation f(x, y) of the curve is transformed as f(x + h, y + k) = 0.

If the axes are rotated through an angle ‘’, then

(i) The coordinates (x, y) of a point P are transformed as
(x, y) = (x cos  + y sin , –x sin  + y cos ), and
(ii) The equation f(x, y) = 0 of the curve is transformed as
f(x cos  – y sin , x sin  + y cos ) = 0
 cos  sin  
(x, y) = (x, y)  
  sin  cos  
 cos   sin  
(x, y) = (x, y)  
 sin  cos  

If the origin is shifted to (h, k) and then the axes are rotated through an angle ‘’, then
(i) The coordinates (x, y) of a point P are transformed as
(x, y) = (x cos  + y sin  – h, –x sin  + y cos  – k), and
(ii) The equation f(x, y) = 0 of the curve is transformed as
f(x cos  – y sin  + h, x sin  + y cos  + k) = 0

ASSIGNMENT – III

1. When the origin is shifted to (–2, 3) by translation of axes, let us find the coordinates of (1, 2)
with respect to new axes.

2. When the origin is shifted to (3, 4) by the translation of axes, let us find the transformed
equation of 2x2 + 4xy + 5y2 = 0.

3. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted so that the point (3, 0) may change to (2, –3).

4. The point to which the origin is shifted and the transformed equation are given below. Find the
original equation.
(i) (3, –4); x2 + y2 = 4 (ii) (–1, 2); x2 + 2y2 + 16 = 0.

5. Let us find the coordinates of P(1, 2) with reference to the new axes, when the axes are
rotated through an angle of 30.

6. If the point P changes to (4, –3) when the axes are rotated through an angle of 135, find the
coordinates of P with respect to the original system.

7. When the axes are rotated through an angle 60, the new coordinates of three points are the
following:
(i) (3, 4) (ii) (–7, 2) (iii) (2, 0)
Find their original coordinates.
*8. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45, the transformed equation of a curve is
17x2 – 16xy + 17y2 = 225. Find the original equation of the curve.

*9. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove
the first degree terms from the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, where h2  ab.

1  2h 
*10. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of tan1   so as to remove the
2 ab

xy term from the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, if a  b and through the angle , if a = b.
4

11. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted so as to remove the first degree terms from
the equation 4x2 + 9y2 – 8x + 36y + 4 = 0.

12. Find the angle through which the axes are to be rotated so as to remove the xy term in the
equation x2 + 4xy + y2 – 2x + 2y – 6 = 0.


*13. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
6
x2 + 2 3 xy – y2 = 2a2.


*14. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 = 9.

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – III)

1. (3, –1) 2. 2x2 + 4xy + 5y2 + 28x + 52y + 146 = 0

3. (1, 3) 4. (i) x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y + 21 = 0 (ii) x2 + 2Y2 + 2X – 8Y + 25 = 0

 3  2 1  2 3   1 7 
5.  ,  6.  , 
 2 2   2 2
3 4 3 3 3  4  7  2 3 2  7 3 
7. (i)  ,  (ii)  ,  (iii) (1, 3)
 2 2   2 2 
 hf  bg gh  af 
8. 25x2 + 9y2 = 225 9.  ab  h2 , ab  h2  11. (1, –2)
 

12. 45 13. x2 – y 2 = a 2 14. 8x2 – 2y2 = 9

STRAIGHT LINE

Theorem 1: The equation of the straight line with slope ‘m’ and cutting off Y–intercept ‘c’ is y = mx + c

Theorem 2: The equation of the straight line which cuts off non-zero intercepts a and b on the X –
x y
axis and the Y – axis respectively is  = 1.
a b

Theorem 3: The equation of the straight line with slope m and passing through the point (x 1, y1) is
(y – y1) = m(x – x1).

Theorem 4: The equation of the straight line passing through the points A(x 1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
(x – x1)(y1 – y2) = (y – y1)(x1 – x2).

ASSIGNMENT – IV
1. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (2, 3) and making non-zero
intercepts on the axes of coordinates whose sum is zero.

2. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points (at 12, 2at2) is and (at22, 2at2)

3. Find the equation of the straight line passing through A(–1, 3) and (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular
to the straight line passing through B(2, –5) and C(4, 6).

4. Prove that the points (1, 11), (2, 15) and (–3, –5) are collinear and find the equation of the
straight line containing them.

5. Find the slopes of the lines x + y = 0 and x – y = 0.

6. Find the equation of the line containing the points (2, –3) and (0, –3).

7. Find the equation of the line containing the points (1, 2) and (1, –2).

8. Find the angle which the straight line y = 3 x – 4 makes with the Y-axis.

9. Write the equation the reflection of the line x = 1 in the Y – axis.

10. Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k) and (0, b), where ab  0, to be collinear.

11. Write the equations of the straight lines parallel to X – axis and (i) at a distance of 3 units
above the X – axis and (ii) at a distance of 4 units below the X – axis.

12. Write the equations of the straight lines parallel to Y – axis and (i) at a distance of 2 units from
the Y – axis to the right of it, (ii) at a distance of 5 units from the Y – axis to the left of it.

13. Find the slopes of the straight lines passing through the following pairs of points.
(i) (–3, 8), (10, 5) (ii) (3, 4), (7, –6) (iii) (8, 1), (–1, 7)
(iv) (–p, q), (q, –p) (pq  0)

14. Find the value of x, if the slope of the line passing through (2, 5) and (x, 3) is 2.

*15. Find the value of y, if the line joining the points (3, y) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining
the points (–1, 4) and (0, 6).

16. Find the slopes of the lines (i) parallel to and (ii) perpendicular to the line passing through
(6, 3) and (–4, 5).

17. Find the equations of the straight lines which make the following angles with the positive X –
axis in the positive direction and which pass through the points given below.
 
(i) and (0, 0) (ii) and (1, 2) (iii) 135 and (3, –2) (iv) 150 and (–2, –1)
4 3

18. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the origin and making equal angles
with the coordinate axes.

19. The angle made by a straight line with the positive X – axis in the positive direction and the
Y – intercept cut off by it are given below. Find the equation of the straight line.
1  2 
(i) 60, 3 (ii) 150, 2 (iii) 45, –2 (iv) tan   , 3
3

*20. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (–4, 5) and cutting off equal nonzero
intercepts on the coordinate axes.
*21. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (–2, 4) and making non-zero intercepts
whose sum is zero.

*22. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, –4) and making X and Y–
intercepts which are in the ratio 2 : 3.

*23. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (4, –3) and perpendicular to
the line passing through the points (1, 1) and (2, 3).

24. Show that the following sets of points are collinear and find the equation of the line L
containing them.
(i) (–5, 1), (5, 5), (10, 7) (ii) (1, 3), (–2, –6), (2, 6)
(iii) (a, b + c), (b, c + a), (c, a + b)

25. A(10, 4), B(–4, 9) and C(–2, –1) are the vertices of a triangle. Find the equations of

(i) AB (ii) the median through A

(iii) the altitude through B (iv) the perpendicular bisector of the side AB .

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – IV)

1. x–y+1=0 2. 2x – (t1 + t2)y + 2at1t1 = 0

3. (i) 11x – 2y + 17 = 0 (ii) 2x + 11y – 31 = 0 4. 4x – y + 7 = 0


5. –1, 1 6. y+3=0 7. x–1=0 8.
6
h k
9. x+1=0 10.  =1 11. (i) y – 3 = 0 (ii) y + 4 = 0
a b
12. (i) x – 2 = 0 (ii) x + 5 = 0
3 5 2
13. (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv) –1
13 2 3
1
14. x=1 15. y=9 16. (i)  (ii) 5
5
17. (i) y = x (ii)  
3 x – y + 2  3 = 0 (iii) x + y – 1 = 0 (iv) x +  
3 y + 2 3 = 0
18. x = y; x = –y

19. (i) 3 x – y + 3 = 0 (ii) x + 3 y – 2 3 = 0 (iii) x – y – 2 = 0 (iv) 2x – 3y + 9 = 0

20. x+y–1=0 21. x–y+6=0 22. 3x + 2y – 1 = 0

23. x + 2y + 2 = 0

24. (i) 2x – 5y + 15 = 0 (ii) 3x – y = 0 (iii) x + y = a + b + c

25. (i) 5x + 14y – 106 = 0 (ii) y = 4 (iii) 12x + 5y + 3 = 0 (iv) 28x – 10y – 19 = 0

General, normal, intercept and systematic form.

Theorem 1: The equation of the straight line, whose distance from the origin is p and the normal ray
of which drawn from the origin makes an angle  with the positive direction of the X–axis
measured counter clock–wise, is x cos  + y sin  = p.

Theorem 2: The equation of the straight line passing through (x 1, y1) and making an angle  with the
positive direction of the X – axis measured counter clock-wise is
(x – x1) : cos  = (y – y1) : sin 
Theorem 3: (i) The equation of a straight line in the XY – plane can be expressed as a first degree
equation in x and y.
(ii) The graph or the locus of a first degree in x and y is a straight line.

Theorem 4: Suppose L1 and L2 are two straight lines in the XY – plane with equations a 1x + b1y + c1 =
0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 respectively. Then the lines L1 and L2 are parallel if and only if a1b2 =
a2b1

Theorem 5: Two first degree equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 in x and y represent
the same straight line if and only if a1 : b1 : c1 = a2 : b2 : c2.

ASSIGNMENT – V

1 4
1. A straight line passing through A(1, –2) makes an angle tan with the positive direction of
3
the X – axis in the anti-clockwise sense. Find the points on the straight line whose distance
from A is 5 units.

2. A straight line parallel to the line = 3 x passes through Q(2, 3) and cuts the line
2x + 4y – 27 = 0 at P. Find the length of PQ.

3. Transform the equation 3x + 4y + 12 = 0 into (i) slope – intercept form

(ii) intercept form and (iii) normal form

4. If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x + 4y = a(a > 0) is 6.
Find the value of a.

5. Find the sum of the squares of the intercepts of the line 4x – 3y = 12 on the axes of
coordinates.

6. If the portion of a straight line intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected at (2p,
2q), write the equation of the straight line.

7. If the linear equations ax + by + c = 0 (abc  0) and x + my + n = 0 represent the same line

 n
and r =  , write the value of r in terms of m and b.
a c

8. Find the angle made by the straight line y = – 3 x + 3 with the positive direction of the
X – axis measured in the counter-clockwise direction.

9. The intercepts of a straight line on the axes of coordinates are a and b. If p is the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to this line, write the value of p in terms of a and b.

10. In what follows, p denotes the distance of the straight line from the origin and  denotes the

angle made by the normal ray drawn from the origin to the straight line with OX measured in
the anti-clockwise sense. Find the equations of the straight lines with the following values of p
and .
7
(i) p = 5,  = 60 (ii) p = 6,  = 150 (iii) p = 1,  = (iv) p = 4,  = 90
4
5
(v) p = 0,  = 0 (vi) p = 2 2 ,  =
4

11. Find the equations of the straight lines in the symmetric form, given the slope and a point on
the line in each part of the question.
1
(i) 3 , (2, 3) (ii)  , (–2, 0) (iii) –1, (1, 1)
3
12. Transform the following equations into (a) slope-intercept form (b) intercept form and
(c) normal form
(i) 3x + 4y = 5 (ii) 4x – 3y + 12 = 0 (iii) 3 x + y = 4 (iv) x + y + 2 = 0
(v) x + y – 2 = 0 (vi) 3 x + y + 10 = 0

 
13. If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line x tan  + y sec  = 1  0     on
 2
the coordinate axes is equal to sin , find .

*14. If the sum of the reciprocals of the intercepts made by a variable straight line on the axes of
coordinates is a constant, then prove that the line always passes through a fixed point.

*15. Line L has intercepts a and b on the axes of coordinates. When the axes are rotated through
a given angle, keeping the origin fixed, the same line L has intercepts p and q on the
1 1 1 1
transformed axes. Prove that 2  2  2  2 .
a b p q

x y
*16. Transform the equation  = 1 into the normal form when a > 0 and b > 0. If the
a b
1 1 1
perpendicular distance of the straight line from the origin is p, deduce that 2  2  2 .
p a b

#17. A straight line passing through A(–2, 1) makes an angle of 30 with OX in the positive
direction. Find the points on the straight line whose distance from A is 4 units.

*18. Find the points on the line 3x – 4y – 1 = 0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3,
2).

*19. A straight line whose inclination with the positive direction of the X–axis measured in the anti-

clockwise sense is makes positive intercept on the Y–axis. If the straight line is at a
3
distance of 4 from the origin, find its equation.

*20. A straight line L is drawn through the point A(2, 1) such that its point of intersection with the
straight line x + y = 9 is at a distance of 3 2 from A. Find the angle which the line L makes
with the positive direction of the X–axis.

*21. A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8, 2) and cuts positive
coordinate axes at the points P and Q. Find the minimum value of OP + OQ as L varies,
where O is the origin.

ANSWERS ASSIGNMENT – V

1. (4, 2) and (–2, –6) 2. 2 3–1

 3 x y  3  4 12
3. (i) y =    x + (–3) (ii)  =1 (iii)    x     y 
 4 (4) (3)  5  5 5
x y m
4. a=1 25. 25 6.  =4 7.
p q b
2 ab
8. 9.
3 a  b2
2

10. (i) x + 3 y = 10 (ii) 3 x – y + 12 = 0 (iii) x – y – 2=0 (iv) y = 4

(v) x = 0 (vi) x + y + 4 = 0
 x2 y3 x+2 y x1 y1
  
11. (i)   (ii) 5π 5π (iii) 3 3
cos sin cos sin cos sin
3 3 6 6 4 4
 3 5 x y  1 4 
12. (i) y =    x  ,  = 1, x cos  + y sin  = 1    tan
 4 4 (5/3) (5/4)  3 
4 x y 12  3
(ii) y =   x  4,  = 1, x cos  + y sin  =     tan1 
3 3 4 5  4
x y  
(iii) y =  3x  4,  = 1, xcos    ysin   = 2
 4/ 3  4 6
  6
x y 5 5
(iv) y = –x – 2,   1, xcos  ysin  2
2 2 4 4
x y  
(v) y = –x + 2,  = 1, xcos  ysin = 2
2 2 4 4
x y 7 7
(vi) y =  3x  10,   1, xcos  ysin

10/ 3 
10 6 6 =5

 b a ab
13. 16. x y
4 a b
2 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
2

17. (–2 + 2 3 , 3), (–2 – 2 3 –1) 18. (7, 5) and (–1, –1)


19. 3x–y+8=0 20. 21. 18
4

Family of lines: (POI, Concurrent):

Theorem 1: If L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent two intersecting lines, then
 b1c 2  b2 c 1 c 1a2  c 2a1 
their point of intersection is  , .
 a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 

Theorem 2: The ratio in which the straight line L  ax + by + c = 0 divides the line segment joining the
points A(x1, y1) and B(2, y2) is –L11 : L22.

Theorem 3: Let L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent a pair of parallel straight
lines. Then the straight line represented by 1 L1 + 2 L2 = 0 is parallel to each of the straight
lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.

Theorem 4: Let L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent two intersecting lines.
Then
(i) The equation 1L1 + 2L2 = 0, for parametric values of 1 and 2 with 12 + 22  0,
represents a family of straight lines passing through the point of intersection of the lines L 1 = 0
and L2 = 0.
(ii) Conversely, the equation of any straight line passing through the point of intersection of
given straight lines is of the form 1L1 + 2L2 = 0 for some real 1, 2 such that 12 + 22  0.

Theorem 5: Let L1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 and L3  a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 be three
straight lines, no two of which are parallel. Then these lines are concurrent if and only if
a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + b1(c2a3 – c3a2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2) = 0.

ASSIGNMENT – VI

1. Find the value of k, if the lines 2x – 3y + k = 0, 3x – 4y – 13 = 0 and 8x – 11y – 33 = 0 are

concurrent.

2. If the straight lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent, then

prove that a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
 x y
*3. A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines  =1
a b
x y
and  = 1 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the mid point of
b a
AB is 2(a + b)xy = ab(x + y)

4. If a, b, c are in arithmetic progression, the show that the equation ax + by + c = 0 represents a

family of concurrent lines and find the point of concurrency.

5. Find the ratios in which the following straight lines divide the line segments joining the given
points. State whether the points lie on the same side or on either side of the straight line.
(i) 3x – 4y = 7; (2, –7) and (–1, 3) (ii) 3x + 4y = 6; (2, –1) and (1, 1)
(iii) 2x + 3y = 5; (0, 0) and (–2, 1)

6. Find the point of intersection of the following lines.

(i) 4x + 8y – 1 = 0, 2x – y + 1 = 0 (ii) 7x + y + 3 = 0, x + y = 0

7. Show that the straight lines (a – b)x + (b – c)y = c – a, (b – c)x + (c – a)y = a – b and
(c – a)x + (a – b)y = b – c are concurrent.

8. Transform the following equations into the form L 1 + L2 = 0 and find the point of concurrency
of the family of straight lines represented by the equation.
(i) (2 + 5k)x – 3(1 + 2k)y + (2 – k) = 0
(ii) (k + 1)x + (k + 2)y + 5 = 0

9. Find the value of p, if the straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.

10. Find the area of the triangle formed by the following straight lines and the coordinate axes.
(i) x – 4y + 2 = 0 (ii) 3x – 4y + 12 = 0

11. A straight line meets the coordinate axes in A and B. Find the equation of the straight line,
when
(i) AB is divided in the ratio 2 : 3 at (–5, 2)
(ii) AB is divided in the ratio 1 : 2 at (–5, 4)
(iii) (p, q) bisects AB

*12. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points (–1, 2) and (5, –1) and also
find the area of the triangle formed by it with the axes of coordinates.

*13. A triangle of area 24sq. units is formed by a straight line and the coordinate axes in the first
quadrant. Find the equation of the straight line, if it passes through (3, 4).

*14. A straight line with slope 1 passes through Q(–3, 5) and meets the straight line x + y – 6 = 0
at P. Find the distance PQ.

*15. Find the set of values of ‘a’ if the points (1, 2) and (3, 4) lie to the same side of the straight line
3x – 5y + a = 0

16. Show that the line 2x + y – 3 = 0, 3x + 2y – 2 = 0 and 2x – 3y – 23 = 0 are concurrent and find
the point of concurrency.

17. Find the value of p, if the following lines are concurrent.

(i) 3x + 4y = 5, 2x + 3y = 4, px + 4y = 6
(ii) 4x – 3y – 7 = 0, 2x + py + 2 = 0, 6x + 5y – 1 = 1

18. Determine whether or not the four straight lines with equations x + 2y – 3 = 0, 3x + 4y – 7 = 0,
2x + 3y – 4 = 0 and 4x + 5y – 6 = 0 are concurrent.
19. If 3a + 2b + 4c = 0, then show that the equation ax + by + c = 0 represents a family of
concurrent straight lines and find the point of concurrency.

*20. If non-zero numbers a, b, c are in harmonic progression, then show that the equation
x y 1
  = 0 represents a family of concurrent lines and find the point of concurrency.
a b c

#21. Find the point on the straight line 3x + y + 4 = 0 which is equidistant from the points (–5, 6)
and (3, 2).

#22. A straight line through P(3, 4) makes an angle of 60 with the positive direction of the X –
axis. Find the coordinates of the points on the line which are 5 units away from P.

#23. A straight line through Q  

3,2 makes an angle

6
with the positive direction of X – axis. If

the straight line intersects the line 3 x – 4y + 8 = 0 at P, find the distance PQ.

#24. Show that the origin is within the triangle whose angular points are (2, 1), (3, –2) and (–4, –1).

3
#25. A straight line through Q(2, 3) makes an angle with the negative direction of the X – axis.
4
If the straight line intersects the line x + y – 7 = 0 at P, find the distance PQ.

#26. Show that the straight lines x + y = 0, 3x + y – 4 = 0 and x + 3y – 4 = 0 form an isosceles

triangle.

#27. Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line 2x – y – 5 = 0, x – 5y + 11 = 0 and
x+y–1=0

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – VI)

1. k = –7 4. (1, –2)

5. (i) 27 : 22, opposite sides (ii) 4 : 1, opposite sides (iii) –5 : 6, same side
 7 3   1 1 
6. (i)   ,  (ii)   ,  8. (i) (5, 4) (ii) (5, –5)
 20 20   2 2
1 1
9. p= 10. (i) (ii) 6
3 2
x y
11. (i) 3x – 5y + 25 = 0 (ii) 8x – 5y + 60 = 0 (iii)  = 2
p q
9
12. x + 2y – 3 = 0, 13. 4x + 3y – 24 = 0
4
14. 2 2 15. a  (–, 7)  (11, ) 16. (4, –5)

17. (i) 2 (ii) 4 18. not concurrent

 3 1
19.  4 ,2 20. (1, –2) 21. (–2, 2)
 
 11 8  5 3   1 8  5 3 
22.  ,  ,  ,  23. 6
2 2  2 2 
25. 2 27. 9
Angle, Distance, Parallel, Perpendicular
Theorem 1: The angle between the straight lines L 1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is
 a1a2  b1b2 
cos1  .
  a 2  b2   a 2  b2  
 1 1 2 2 
Corollary: If L1 and L2 are non-vertical straight lines with slopes m 1 and m2 respectively, then
1 m1  m 2 
the angle between them is tan if m1m2  –1 and if m1m2 = –1.
1  m1m2 2

Theorem 2: The length of the perpendicular from the point P(x 0, y0) to the straight line ax + by + c = 0
ax 0  by 0  c
is .
a2  b2

Theorem 3: The distance between the parallel straight lines ax + by + c 1 = 0 and ax + by + c 2 = 0 is

c1  c 2
.
a2  b2

Theorem 4: If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P(x 1, y1) on the straight line ax + by + c = 0,
then (h – x1) : a = (k – y1) : b = –(ax1 + by1 + c) : (a2 + b2).

Theorem 5: If Q(h, k) is the image of the point P(x 1, y1) w.r.t. the straight line ax + by + c = 0, then
(h – x1) : a = (k – y1) : b = –2(ax1 + by1 + c) : (a2 + b2).

ASSIGNMENT – VII

1. Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines 4x – y + 7 = 0 and kx – 5y – 9 = 0 is
45.

2. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through (x 0, y0) and
(i) parallel (ii) perpendicular to the straight line ax + by + c = 0.

3. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the 5x – 2y = 7 and passing through the
point of intersection of lines 2x + 3y = 1. and 3x + 4y = 6.

4. If 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, –4) and (, ),
find  + .

5. If the four straight lines ax + by + p = 0, ax + by + q = 0, cx + dy + r = 0 and cx + dy + s = 0

(p  q)(r  s)
form a parallelogram, show that the area of the parallelogram so formed is .
bc  ad

Find the angle between the following straight lines.

6. y = 4 – 2x, y = 3x + 7

7. 3x + 5y = 7, 2x – y + 4 = 0

1 2
8. y = – 3 x + 5, y = x
3 3

9. ax + by = a + b, a(x – y) + b(x + y) = 2b

Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point given against the following straight lines.
10. 5x – 2y + 4 = 0 ...... (–2, –3)

11. 3x – 4y + 10 = 0 ....... (3, 4)

12. x – 3y – 4 = 0 ....... (0, 0)

Find the distance between the following parallel lines.

13. 3x – 4y = 12, 3x – 4y = 7

14. 5x – 3y – 4 = 0, 10x – 6y – 9 = 0

15. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 and passing through
the point (5, 4).

16. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5x – 3y + 1 = 0 and passing
through the point (4, –3).

17. Find the value of k, if the straight lines 6x – 10y + 3 = 0 and kx – 5y + 8 = 0 are parallel.

18. Find the value of p, if the straight lines 3x + 7y – 1 = 0 and 7x – py + 3 = 0 are mutually
perpendicular.

19. Find the value of k, if the straight lines y – 3kx + 4 = 0 and (2k – 1)x – (8k – 1)y – 6 = 0 are
perpendicular.

20. (–4, 5) is a vertex of a square and one of its diagonals is 7x – y + 8 = 0. Find the equation of
the other diagonal.

21. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through (1, 3) and (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular
to the line passing through the points (3, –5) and (–6, 1).

x y
22. The line  = 1 meets the X–axis at P. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to this
a b
line at P.

23. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y + 6 = 0 and making intercept –4
on the X – axis.

24. A(–1, 1), B(5, 3) are opposite vertices of a square in the XY – plane. Find the equation of the
other diagonal (not passing through A, B) of the square.

25. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from (4, 1) upon the straight line 3x – 4y + 12 = 0.

26. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from (3, 0) upon the straight line 5x + 12y – 41 = 0.

27. x – 3y – 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points A, B. If A =
(–1, –3), find the coordinates of B.

*28. Find the image of the point (1, 2) in the straight line 3x + 4y – 1 = 0.

*29. Show that the distance of the point (6, –2) from the line 4x + 3y = 12 is half the distance of the
point (3, 4) from the line 4x – 3y = 12.

*30. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to a variable straight line which
always passes through a fixed point (a, b).

*31. Show that the line x – 7y – 22 = 0, 3x + 4y + 9 = 0 and 7x + y – 54 = 0 form a right angled

isosceles triangle.

#32. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (–3, 2) and making an angle
of 45 with the straight line 3x – y + 4 = 0.

#33. Find the angles of the triangle whose sides are x + y – 4 = 0, 2x + y – 6 = 0 and
5x + 3y – 15 = 0.
#34. Prove that the feet of the perpendiculars from the origin on the lines x + y = 4, x + 5y = 26 and
15x – 27y = 424 are collinear.

#35. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 2y + 4 = 0, 2x + 5y = 1 and whose distance from (2, –1) is 2.

36. Each side of a square is of length 4 units. The centre of the square is (3, 7) and one of its
diagonals is parallel to y = x. Find the coordinates of its vertices.

37. If ab > 0, find the area of the rhombus enclosed by the four straight lines ax  by  c = 0.

38. Find the area of the parallelogram whose sides are 3x + 4y + 5 = 0, 3x + 4y – 2 = 0,

2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and 2x + 3y – 7 = 0.

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – VII)

25
1. k = 3 or  2. (i) a(x – x0) + b(y – y0) = 0 (ii) b(x – x0) – a(y – y0) = 0
3

3. 2x+ 5y + 17 = 0 4. 1 6.
4
 1   
7. cos-1   8. 9. 10. 0
 170  2 4
4 1
11. 1 12. 13. 1 14.
10 2 34

15. 2x + 3y – 22 = 0 16. 3x + 5y + 3 = 0 17. 3

1
18. 3 19. –1 or 20. x + 7y – 31 = 0
6
x y a
21. (i) 2x + 3y – 11 = 0 (ii) 3x – 2y + 3 = 0 22.  
b a b
 8 21 
23. 4x – 3y + 16 = 0 24. 3x + y – 8 = 0 25. 5, 5 
 
 49 24   8 6  7 6
26.  13 , 13  27.   5 , 5  28.   5 , 5 
     
30. x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0 32. x – 2y + 7 = 0, 2x + y + 4 = 0
 4  1  13  1  3 
33. cos1   ,cos   and   cos  
 17   170   10 
35. y = 1, 4x + 3y + 5 = 0 36. (1, 5), (1, 9), (5, 9) and (5, 5)
2
2c
37. 38. 56
ab

Triangle related
Theorem 1: The medians of a triangle are concurrent.

Theorem 2: The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

Theorem 3: The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.

Theorem 4: The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.

 ASSIGNMENT – VIII

#1. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (–5, –7), (13, 2) and (–5, 6).

#2. If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7x + y – 10 = 0, x – 2y + 5 = 0 and x + y + 2 = 0,

find the orthocenter of the triangle.

#3. Find the circucmcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (–3, 5) and (5, –1).

#4. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are 3x – y – 5 = 0, x + 2y – 4 = 0 and
5x + 3y + 1 = 0

#5. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by the straight lines y = 3 x, y = – 3 x and y = 3.

#6.  
Find the incentre of the triangle whose vertices are 1, 3 , (2, 0) and (0, 0).

#7. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose sides are given by x + y + 10 = 0, x – y – 2 = 0 and
2x + y – 7 = 0.

#8. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose sides are given by 4x – 7y + 10 = 0, x + y = 5 and
7x + 4y = 15.

#9. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1.

#10. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by the lines x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1.

#11. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 0), (–1, 2) and (3, 2).

*12. Find the values of k, if the angle betweend the straight lines kx + y + 9 = 0 and 3x – y + 4 = 0

is .
4

13. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the origin and also through the point of
intersection of the line 2x – y + 5 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0.

14. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 3x + 4y = 7 and passing through the
point of intersection of the lines x – 2y – 3 = 0 and x + 3y – 6 = 0.

15. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 0 and passing through
the point of intersection of the lines x + 3y – 1 = 0 and x – 2y + 4 = 0.

*16. Find the equation of the straight line making non-zero equal intercepts on the coordinate axes
and passing through the point of intersection of the lines 2x – 5y + 1 = 0 and x – 3y – 4 = 0.

*17. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point of intersection of the line
3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and 2x + 5y – 1 = 0 to the straight line 7x + 24y – 15 = 0.

*18. Find the value of ‘a’ if the distances of the points (2, 3) and (–4, a) from the straight line
3x + 4y – 8 = 0 are equal.

#19. Find the circumcentre of the triangle formed by the straight lines x + y = 0, 2x + y + 5 = 0 and
x – y = 2.

x y x y
*20. If  is the angle between the line   1 and   1 , find the value of sin  when a > b.
a b b a

*21. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (–10, 4) and makine an
angle  with the line x – 2y = 10 such that tan  = 2.
*22. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (1, 2) and making an angle
of 60 with the line 3 x + y + 2 = 0.

#23. The base of an equilateral triangle is x + y – 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex is (2, –1). Find the
equations of the remaining sides.

#24. Find the orthocenter of the triangle with the following vertices.
(i) (–2, –1), (6, –1) and (2, 5) (ii) (5, –2), (–1, 2) and (1, 4)

#25. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are given below
(i) (–2, 3), (2, –1) and (4, 0) (ii) (1, 3), (0, –2) and (–3, 1)

*26. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices P(2, 2), Q(6, –1) and R(7, 3). Find the

equation of the straight line passing through (1, –1) and parallel to the median PS .

#27. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines x + 2y = 0, 4x + 3y – 5 = 0 and
3x + y = 0.

#28. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are given by x + y + 2 = 0, 5x – y – 2 = 0
and x – 2y + 5 = 0.

#29. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through (1, 1) and which are at a distance of 3
units from (–2, 3).

#30. If p and q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
x sin  + y cosec  = a and x cos  – y sin  = a cos 2, prove that 4p2 + q2 = a2.

#31. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given by 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0 and one
diagonal is 11x + 7y = 9. Find the equations of the remaining sides and the other diagonal.

#32. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by the following straight lines
(i) x + 1 = 0, 3x – 4y = 5 and 5x + 12y = 27
(ii) x + y – 7 = 0, x – y + 1 = 0 and x – 3y + 5 = 0

#33. A triangle is formed by the lines ax + by + c = 0, x + my + n = 0 and px + qy + r = 0. Given

ax  by  c x  my  n
that the triangle is not right-angled, show that the straight line 
ap  bq p  mq
passes through the orthocenter of the triangle.
  
#34. The Cartesian equations of the sides BC,CA and AB of a triangle are respectively
ur = arx + bry + cr = 0, r = 1, 2, 3. Show that the equation of the straight line passing through A
u3 u2
and bisecting the side BC is  .
a3b1  a1b3 a1b 2  a2b1

35. Find the point in AB through which the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the
points A(7, 1) and B(3, –3) passes.

*36. A is the point (2, 3). The image of A in the Y–axis is B. The image of B in the X–axis is C. Plot
the points A, B, C in the coordinate plane.

*37. Find the equation of the straight line which cuts of an intercept –3 on the Y–axis and whose
inclination with the positive X–axis is 135.

38. Find the ratio in which the straight line 5x – 6y – 21 = 0 divides the line segment joining the
points (4, –1) and (2, 1).
39. Sketch the straight line passing through the point (2, 3) and making an angle  with the
positive direction of the X–axis.

40. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (–4, 5) and cutting off equal intercepts
on the axes of coordinates.

41. Find the point of intersection of the two lines x – 3y + 6 = 0 and 2x + 3y – 10 = 0.

42. Find the perpendicular distance of the point (3, –4) from the line 2x – 5y + 2 = 0.

43. Find the distance between the parallel lines x – 2y + 3 = 0 and 4y – 2x + 1 = 0.

44. Write the equation of the line passing through the point (–4, 0) and perpendicular to the line
x = 3.

45. Find the angle between the straight lines 3x – y + 5 = 0 and x + 3y – 2 = 0.

*46. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (5, –7) and making intercepts
which are equal in magnitude, but of opposite sign.

47. Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line x cos  + y sin  = p and the axes of
coordinates.

48. If (–2, 6) is the image of the point (4, 2) w.r.t. the line L, the find the equation of L.

49. Write the normal form of the equation of the line x + y = 6.

50. Find the value of t if the points (t, 2t), (2t, 6t) and (3, 8) are collinear.

 
51. Write the equation x cos  y sin + 2 = 0 in the intercept form.
4 4

52. Find the ratio in which the straight line passing through A(–1, –1) and B(2, 1) divides the line
segment joining C(3, 4) and D(1, 2).

53. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (–2, 1) and parallel to the line
4x – 7y + 3 = 0.

54. Show that the point C(4, –3) lies on the line segment joining A(2, 1) and B(5, –5). Find the
ratio AC : CB

55. Find the equation of the straight line having x and y intercepts in the ratio m : n and passing
through the point (0, 1).

3
56. The slope of a straight line through the point A(3, 2) is . Find the coordinates of the points
4
on the line that are 5 units away from A.

*57. Prove that the points A(1, 2), B(–3, 4) and C(7, –1) are collinear and find the ratio in which A
divides BC .

*58. If (1, 2), (4, 3) and (6, 4) are the mid points of the sides BC,CA and AB of triangle ABC

respectively, find the equation of AB .

*59. Find the locus of the mid point of the portion of a straight line distance p from the origin
intercepted between the axes.

*60. Find the image of the point (4, –5) in the straight line 3x + y – 1 = 0.
*61. Find the condition for the three lines ax + hy + g = 0, hx + by + f = 0 and gx + fy + c = 0 to be
concurrent.

62. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points (1, 2)
and (3, 4).

*63. Let ‘O’ be any point in the plane of ABC such that O does not lie on any side of the triangle.
If the lines joining the origin O to the vertices A, B, C meet the opposite sides in D, E, F
BD CE AF
respectively. Then prove that   = 1. (Ceva’s theorem).
DC EA FB
  
*64. If a transversal cuts sides BC,CA and AB of the ABC in D, E, F respectively, then prove that
BD CE AF
  = –1. (Menelaus theorem)
DC EA FB
  
*65. The equations of the sides BC,CA,AB of a triangle ABC are ur  arx + bry + cr = 0 (r = 1, 2, 3)

respectively. Prove that the equation of the line parallel to BC and passing through A is
(a3b1 – a1b3)u2 = (a2b1 – a1b2)u3.

#66. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines 2x – y = 2, 3x – 2y = 1 and x – y = 0.

#67. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (3, 1) and (1, 3).

*68. Show that the equation of the straight line parallel to the straight line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0 and at a
distance of 4 units from (3, 4) is 3x – 4y + 27 = 0.

#69. If the opposite vertices of a square are (–2, 3) and (8, 5), find the equation of the sides of the
square.

*70. The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two opposite vertices of a rectangle. The other two vertices lie
on the line y = 2x + c. Find c and the remaining vertices.

*71. Two vertices of a triangle are (5, –1) and (–2, 3). If the orthocenter of the triangle is the origin,
find the third vertex.

#72. Find the incentre of the triangle whose sides are x + 2y – 8 = 0, 2x – y – 1 = 0 and
11x + 2y + 32 = 0.

ANSWERS (ASSIGNMENT – VIII)

 2 4  6 2
1. (–3, 2) 2.  3,3  4.  7,7  5. (0, 2)
   
 1   1 1
6.  1,  7. (–4, –6) 8. (1, 2) 9.  2,2
 3  
 1 1  1
10.  ,  11. (1, 2) 12. 2,  13. x + 2y = 0
 2 2 2
14. 3x + 4y – 15 = 0 15. 3x – 2y + 8 = 0 16. x + y + 32 = 0
1 15 5 a 2  b2
17. 18. or 19. (–3, 1) 20.
5 2 2 a2  b2

21. 3x + 4y + 14 = 0, x + 10 = 0 22. y = 2, y – 2 = 3 (x – 1)

23.  
y + 1 = 2  3 (x – 2) 24.
 5
(i)  2, 
 3
 1 14 
(ii)  , 
5 5 
 3 5  1 2
25. (i)  ,  (ii)   ,  26. 2x + 9y + 7 = 0 27. (–4, –3)
2 2  3 3
 1 2
28.  3,3  29. 5x – 12y + 7 = 0, x = 1
 
 1 2
31. 7x + 2y = 9, 4x + 5y = 9 and x – y = 0 32. (i)  ,  (ii) (3, 1 + 5)
3 3
35. (5, –1) 36. B = (–2, 3), C = (–2, –3) 37. x+y+3=0

 4 22  28
38. 5 : 17 40. x+y–1=0 41. 3, 9  42.
  29
7 
43. 44. y=0 45. 46. x – y – 12 = 0
20 2
 
47. p2 |cosec 2a| 48. 3x – 2y + 5 = 0 49. xcos + ysin = 3 2
4 4
x y
50. 0, 2 51. + =1 52. –7 : 5
2 2 2 2
53. 4x – 7y + 15 = 0 54. 2:1 55. nx + my – m = 0

56. (7, 5), (–1, –1) 57. 2:3 58. x – 3y + 6 = 0

 2 31 
59. p2 (x2 + y2) = 4x2y2 60.  5 , 5 
 
61. abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 62. x+y–5=0 66. (11, –4)

3 3
67.  2,2
 
69. 2x + 3y – 5 = 0, 2x + 3y – 31 = 0, 3x – 2y + 12 = 0 and 3x – 2y – 14 = 0 (–4, –7) (–1, 2)
70. c = –4, (2, 0) and (4, 4) 71. (–4, –7) 72. (–1, 2)

Key Concepts
y1  y 2
 Slope of a non-vertical line containing the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is .
x1  x 2
 Slope of a horizontal line is zero and slope of a vertical line is undefined.
 Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
 Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is equal to
–1.
 Equation of the horizontal line passing through (x0, y0) is y = y0 and equation of the vertical
line passing through (x0, y0) is x = x0.
 Equation of a straight line in different forms:
(a) Slope intercept from: y = mx + c
(b) Point – slope form: y – y0 = m(x – x0)
(c) Two – point form: (x – x1)(y1 – y2) = (y – y1)(x1 – x2)
x y
(d) Intercept form:  = 1
a b
(e) Normal form: x cos  + y sin  = p
(f) Symmetric form: (x – x0) : cos  = (y – y0) : sin 
(g) General form: ax + by + c = 0 (a2 + b2  0)
(h) parametric form: x = x0 + r cos , y = y0 + r sin  (r  R).
 Lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are parallel if and only if a1b2 = a2b1.
 The two linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent the same straight
line if and only if a1 : b1 : c1 = a2 : b2 : c2.
 The straight line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line segment joining (x 1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio
– (ax1 + by1 + c) : (ax2 + by2 + c).
 The points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lie to the same side or on either side of the straight line ax + by
+ c = 0 according as ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have the same sign or of opposite sign.
 Point of intersection of the intersecting lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is
 b1c 2  b2c 1 c 1a2  c 2a1 
 , .
 a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 
 If u1  a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and u2  a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represent two lines intersecting at P, then
(i) any straight line passing through P is of the form 1u1 + 2u2 = 0 (12 + 22  0)
(ii) the equation 1u1 + 2u2 = 0, for all real 1, 2 with 12 + 22  0, represents a straight line
through P.
 If the equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 represent three
lines, no two of which are parallel, then a necessary and sufficient condition for these lines to
a1 b1 c 1
be concurrent is that  a1(b2c3 – b3c2) = 0 (or) 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a
a3 b 3 c 3
 A sufficient condition for the above lines to be concurrent is that there exist non-zero reals 1,
2, 3 such that 1(a1x + b1y + c1) + 2(a2x + b2y + c2) + 3(a3x + b3y + c3) = 0
 Then angle between then lines a 1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is
a1a2  b1b2
cos1 .
 a1  b12   a22  b22 
2

 The lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are perpendicular if and only if
a1a2 + b1b2 = 0.
 Equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by = k and that of a
line perpendicular to the above line is bx – ay = k.
 The angle between two non-vertical, non-perpendicular lines with slopes m 1 and m2 is
m  m2
tan1 1 .
1  m1m2
 The length of the perpendicular from (x 0, y0) to the straight line ax + by + c = 0 is
ax 0  by 0  c
.
a2  b2
c1  c 2
 The distance between the parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is .
a2  b2