Directions for questions 1 to 4: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions.

Choose the most

appropriate answer to each question.

Western colonial expansion began during the 15th century when Spanish and Portuguese explorers conquered “new”
lands in the West Indies and the Americas. It continued for over 400 years, and ended with the start of the First World
War By that time western powers such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Portugal and Spain, spurred on
by their competitive desire to acquire new lands and resources, had colonized the whole of Africa and the areas that we
know today as the Americas, Oceania, Australia, New Zealand, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and many parts of Asia.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) likewise embarked on an expansionist period that took place during the
first half of the 20th century. By mid-century, due to lands gained through an aggressive expansionist policy and through
post-World War II treaties, the Soviet Empire gained control of all of Russia and most of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

During these periods of expansion, Western European and Soviet powers formed new colonial multiethnic provinces
(e.g., Rhodesia, French Indonesia, German East Africa) and satellite states (e.g., Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). They did so
with little regard for the people living in the newly controlled areas, or for existing geographic or cultural boundaries.
Populations that had previously identified themselves as distinct, based on their cultural, ethnic, and/or religious
heritage, were forced to unify under a single national identity. The new multiethnic colonial territories and Soviet states
were maintained, upheld, and controlled through the use of violence, and through the implementation of imperialist
policies. Certain populations were denied their political, economic, social, and human rights. Imperialist policies
promoted ethnic rivalry by favoring one group above the others, distributed resources in an unequal manner, disallowed
democratic governments, and prohibited local participation in governmental decisions and actions.

By the 1960s, after years of fighting for independence, most Western colonial territories (e.g., India, Indonesia, Algeria)
had gained self-rule. Sovereignty, however, did not bring with it freedom from imperialist influences. Colonial legacies
were visible in the desire of the new governments to keep the boundaries that were created during colonial times, in the
promotion of ethnic rivalry, in the continuation of inhumane and unjust actions against minority populations, and in the
practice of distributing the country’s resources in an uneven manner. Also, after being under foreign rule for decades,
newly independent governments often lacked governmental institutions, good governance skills, and the governing
experience needed to effectively rule their newly sovereign nations. In most cases, the transition from colonial province
to independent state was a violent and arduous journey.

Many post-Soviet states (e.g., Azerbaijan, Chechnya, Georgia) experienced similar problems. After the collapse of the
Soviet Union in the early 1990s, conflicts involving borders, ethnic rivalry, human-rights violations, and the uneven
distribution of resources raged through former Soviet regions (e.g., the Balkans, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe). In
addition, many post-Soviet governments were plagued by a lack of governmental institutions, good governance skills,
and governmental experience.

Over a hundred new nations were born during the process of de-colonization. Most of these new nations, however, had
not existed at all as nations before colonization, or they had not existed within the post-colonial borders.

Most colonial and Soviet satellite borders were created either through conquest, negotiation between empires, or
simply by administrative action, with little or no regard for the social realities of those living in the areas. Nevertheless,
many of the leaders and governments of postcolonial and post-Soviet states have fought to keep the territorial
boundaries created by past imperialist governments. As a result, a number of boundary conflicts have arisen within post-
colonial and post-Soviet territories. Parties to these conflicts justify and legitimate their side’s position, using different
historical boundaries as evidence for their claims.
Q.1 According to the author, which of the following options would best state the central idea of the passage?

A In the building of geographical empires, it was necessary for the Western powers to focus on building nation states.

B The unification of various geographical areas erroneously took place with populations that were ethnically and
culturally distinct from each other.

C The existence of present conflict, and its causes, in post-colonial and post-Soviet territories, can be understood
through influential historical factors mainly, the boundaries of erstwhile colonies and territories.

D The creation of multiethnic provinces in the quest for geographical expansion is bound to lead to disastrous
consequences in international politics.

Q.2 Why does the author state that, after gaining independence, most Western colonial territories were still not free
from imperial influences?

A These territories experienced an aggressive and difficult transition to newfound sovereignty.

B After being under rule for many years, these territories lacked experience in and support for good governance.

C The territories were used to experiencing inequality and injustice and did nothing to prevent their occurrence even
after independence.

D The territories were inexperienced in good governance and continued unjust practices employed by the colonial
powers.

Q.3 According to the passage, one of the inferences that can best be derived from the regular reference to territorial
boundaries is

A In the process of colonisation and expansion, the emphasis on regions and land was greater than that on culture and
ethnicity.

B Postcolonial and post-Soviet states have attempted to keep off the territorial boundaries created by past imperialist
governments.

C Territorial boundaries represented changes in geo-political relations and the need for international diplomacy.

D These boundaries are more or less permanent in the present world and any attempt to tamper with this status quo
will lead to disastrous consequences.

Q.4 Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that a fallout of the process of de-colonization is all of
the following except for

A new nation states that have to link with their previous cultural identity.

B lack of experience in governance for the colonised state.

C violence as an element in the effort to establish new sovereign nations.

D lack of justice and equality in the nation state.

Directions for questions 5 to 8: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.

Hume makes a point that if I do not respond sympathetically to the pain of another person, no amount of reason will
move me to care about her plight. But having said this, we are a long way from understanding the passion of virtue.
Feeling, emotion (pathos) has as its central meaning something endured or something that happens to one. It is, if not
negative or neutral, then reactive to some event or situation. Aristotle remarks relative to this point that one cannot be
blamed for feelings only for actions. Even Aristotle, however, has insisted that emotions themselves must become
rational in the well tempered soul, which indicates that reason is not an independent faculty, or at least that emotions
somehow partake in and are not simply subject to reason. The point here is that even in its philosophical framing
passion (pathos) has an active connotation—a positive energy that is not merely reactive. This suggests, for example,
that the essential difference between anger and wrath is one of kind, not degree. The wrath of Achilles with which the
Iliad begins is anything but passive, and not merely reactive; passion here is not limited to a sense of offense, but marks
a positive and generative force only occasioned by that offense. It is this passion that is the source of the judgment
¯Achilles agathos!; passion is the way in which Achilles proclaims himself, the measure of his character. It is here and in
this sense that passion and virtue converge. In the milder culture of later times, virtue is more generally recognized, for
example, in the passion for justice. Finally, in its most comprehensive and universal sense, the virtue of humanity is
realized in the passion for life. Plato famously distrusted and devalued passion, particularly in its characteristic poetic
expression, which he nonetheless credited as a kind of divine madness. But in the Symposium Plato dialectically
develops the journey of the philosophical spirit toward the beauty of truth, in which Eros, desire, remains at the root of
what moves and provides the energy of that spiritual quest. In this context philein sophian—the love and pursuit of
wisdom that defines philosophy for Plato—serves to qualify his earlier rejection of passion and existentially anchor
wisdom in pathos. It is passion for the beauty in life that leads to the love of wisdom and the truth of understanding—to
the eidos of the Good which in turn is the source both of enlightenment and the virtue of a fully human life. So
understood, the quadrivium of excellence in the classical world—wisdom, courage, temperance, justice—owe their
existence and force in the life of individual and community to pathos (passion), no less than logos(reason.) Whether one
aspires to a greatness of soul (the tragic hero) or only to the excellence of a particular spiritual endowment (the range of
humanity), movement only begins in the passion of that commitment. Justice in the state or in the soul of the individual
is never realized without such commitment. The road to virtue, to the excellence of character in action, whether for the
tragic hero or the stoic everyman, must overcome obstacles, excuses, occasions and all the other roadside distractions
that imagination can invent. The world of literature is a collected canon of investigations of the lateral movements of
human passion, a comprehensive and dynamic manifold of heroic achievement and ironic failures in the human
aspiration to virtue. In its positive form, however, passion attests to that most common and ordinary virtue that defines
humanity (as opposed to the immortality of the Gods)—a tenacity of spirit and resolve that affirms the beauty of life in
the face of inevitable defeat.

Q.5 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A However tragic the realization of the hero, the anguish of her cry is still an affirmation of virtue.

B However tragic the realization of the hero, the anguish of her cry is still an affirmation of passion.

C However tragic the realization of the hero, the anguish of her cry is still an affirmation of reason.

D However tragic the realization of the hero, the anguish of her cry is still an affirmation of the beauty and sublimity of
life.

Q.6 Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with?

A Reason is the predictable domain of moral deliberation.

B Reason is the definitive of morals.

C Reason is a slave to the passions.

D Reason has no moral force, and so locates moral life and sense in feelings.

Q.7 Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A The virtue of passion is discovered both in action and reflection.

B The virtue of passion is discovered in the character of the tragic figure that can look into the heart of darkness with
complete conviction.

C The virtue of passion is discovered in the character of the ironic figure who struggles against impending doom.

D All of the above.

Q.8 Which of the following can be inferred from the last lines of the passage?

A The gods have no need to try and fail, to live and die—indeed they have not the capacity to do so.

B The passions of the timeless gods are pale by comparison to those of a creature caught in the ravages of time, in which
passion is all that sustains him.

C The gods are without virtue, not because they lack restraint, but because only human beings must risk and suffer and
fail in aspiring to become what they can only imagine.

D Gods lack passion and are hence without virtue.

Directions for questions 9 to 12: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.

Until the mid 1980s, success in the fashion industry was based on low cost mass production of standardized styles that
did not change frequently due to the design restrictions of the factories, such as Levi’s 501 jeans and a man’s white shirt,
although there were exceptional cases of rapid changing haute couture. Apparently, consumers during that time were
less sensitive toward style and fashion, and preferred basic apparel.

There was a sudden increase in the import of fashion-oriented apparel for women as compared to the standardized
apparel. This reduced the demand for classic though simple apparel as consumers started becoming more fashion-
conscious. For instance, the women’s legwear industry introduced colours and textures to basic hosiery to coordinate
with every outfit. Unfortunately, this change in fashion oriented apparel contributed to an increase in mark-downs in the
market, which became necessary due to the failure to sell fashion apparel during the forecasted season.

As fashion is considered to be a temporary cyclical phenomena adopted by consumers for a particular time, it becomes
evident that the life cycle for fashion is quite small. Since the 1980s, a typical life cycle for fashion apparel had four
stages: introduction and adoption by fashion leaders; growth and increase in public appearance; mass conformity
(maturation); and finally, the decline and obsolescence of fashion. Also, the fashion calendar during this time was
primarily based on the fabric exhibitions, fashion shows and trade fairs, that consisted of the basic pattern of
Spring/Summer and Autumn/Winter ranges which typically resulted in developing a seasonal range in one full year.
However, towards the beginning of the 1990s, retailers started focusing on expanding their product range with updated
products and faster responsiveness to the ‘newness’ of the fashion trends; and providing ‘refreshing’ products instead of
only cost efficiencies for manufacturing. In order to increase the variety of fashion apparel in the market, the concept of
adding more phases to the existing seasons (that is, the period of time during which fashion products are sold) in a
fashion calendar came into existence. The addition of 3 to 5 mid-seasons forced immense pressure on suppliers to
deliver fashion apparel in smaller batches with reduced lead time. For instance, Liz Claiborne developed six seasons
instead of just two.
These changes to the number of mid-seasons arose partly from the changes in consumers’ lifestyles and partly from the
need to satisfy consumers’ demand for fashion clothing for specific occasions.

Towards the late 1980s, the fashion apparel industry was dominated by several larger retailers which increased the
competition levels in the market. In order to survive the competition, other fashion apparel retailers switched from
product-driven to buyer-driven chains, developed alliances with suppliers in different markets, and promoted their
distinctive brands. This resulted in an increase of profits from unique combinations of research, design, sales and
marketing that would allow them and the manufacturers to act strategically by linking with overseas factories. The
fashion apparel industry developed an infrastructure around the late 1980s with an emphasis on promoting
responsiveness (quick response) through reduced lead times, alongwith maintaining low costs.

Q.9 Which of the following options best states the central theme of the passage?
A An attempt to explore the changes in the fashion apparel industry in the past two decades.
B An attempt to understand how fast fashion emerged to the extent that it is at today.
C Examine the changes in the fashion apparel industry leading to the evolution of ‘throwaway or fast fashion’.
D An attempt to align the research capabilities with market growth potential for fast fashion.

Q.10 Which of the following options would help support the point made in the second paragraph?
A Mass production of fashion products was not a solution to gain profits in the fashion business.
B Mark-downs were a necessary part of the fashion business that saw increasingly fashion-conscious consumers.
C Last season’s fashion could not be passed off to fashion conscious consumers in the current season.
D The fashion industry had to widen its scope of apparel to include more colours and textures for discerning tastes.

Q.11 Which of the following options would fit into the second stage of the fashion life cycle?
A The recurring appearance of the season’s hot shade on the red carpet due to a particular fashionista.
B The appearance of the season’s hot shade in various lifestyle stores across the country.
C The appearance of large stocks of this season’s jacket in the sale sections of various lifestyle stores.
D The appearance of the latest men’s jacket style on the red carpet and subsequently in various celebrity events.

Q.12 It can be inferred that the switch from product-driven to buyer-driven chains would have been advantageous to
fashion apparel retailers because
A they helped in driving marketing and capital investment to increase competitiveness in the industry.
B it brought the retailers closer to the demands of the end-consumer and led to quick responsiveness.
C it ensured that many retailers extended the number of ‘seasons’ or the frequency with which the entire merchandise
within a store is changed.
D it modified structural characteristics in the supply chain and forced retailers to bring in low cost, flexibility in design,
delivery and speed to market.

Directions for questions 13 to 16: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.
Institutionalization is an integral aspect of the Gramscian notion of hegemony because institutions (whether political-
military, or socio-economic) provide the systemic legitimacy for dealing with conflicts either coercively or through
peaceful means. The underlying structure of interstate relations intrinsically involves an enforcement potential under
the control of the powerful nations. The consequence is two distinct forms of Great Power-weak state relations:
coercive and consensual. In the latter sense, it is the condition whereby strong states exercise leadership over weak
states by gaining their perennial consent. To a large extent the use of force is obviated to the point that the developing
state submits to the prevailing power relations. Continuous submission is enhanced by the fact that the dominant states
are willing to make concessions, implement policy adjustments, that from time to time help to alleviate the politico-
economic burdens of the weak states. Institutions provide the legitimacy of power relations, articulate the hegemonic
mission of the powerful, and appeal for the cooperation of the weak. For example, images of proper global economic
relations have been institutionalized and universalized by institutions like the IMF, General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank, among others. Similarly, institutional provision for
dealing with intractable and extensive conflict situations is located within the jurisdiction of the United Nations Security
Council, and more recently within regional security organizations like NATO and the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS). Developments are underway to make regional organizations like the Organization of African
Unity (OAU), the Organization of American States (OAS), and so on, more responsive to peacekeeping interventions.
Thus hegemony which comprises of both coercive and consensual relations help to cement and legitimize, and
internationalize the dominant moral and cultural values, and disseminate the worldview of the dominant states. The
hegemonic functions of the Great Powers, with the “consent” of the weak states create functional unity in a system of
diversity.

To a large extent, then, subordinate states either give “unwilling consent” or “voluntary consent” to the social logic
imposed on specific issues by the strong states. Accordingly, social forces that commence within the powerful states
soon spillover into weak states, and the policy implications or adaptive mechanisms that accompany them imposed
upon or integrated into the political economy of these weak states. The socio-political developments produced by the
dynamics of the economic system in turn generate institutions and policy changes that determine world orders. Stated
differently, economic crises and political transformations generate new policy imperatives and/or social forces, which in
turn bring about changes in the structure of states and their relationship with civil society. For example, the
transnational social forces unleashed by both the Cold War competition and post-Cold War era influence state
structures, in both the core and periphery. In other words, changes in systemic polarity spawn forces that influence state
structures, underscoring the fact that state structures are largely a reflection of a particular structure of world order and
forces in existence.

A world hegemony in this sense is thus the expansive effects of the individual and collective social forces of the
dominant advanced industrial states. The IFIs, the culture, the technology, and other entities associated with this
collective hegemony constitute guidelines for development models in developing states. The dominant effects of such a
collective hegemonic system also becomes a demonstration effect which could have a profound effect on the lives of
groups in poor countries.

Q.13 Which of the following options, if true, would best exemplify the reference to the Great Power-weak state
relations?
A Country X offers trade subsidies to Country Y while expecting support in issues related to foreign policy.
B Country X provides experts to help Country Y take autonomous decisions on the conflict/peacekeeping initiatives that
it must employ with its neighbours.
C Country X and Country Y are part of a regional group that meets to discuss issues and policy with specific reference to
the geographical region they are a part of.
D Country X helps country Y in exchange for military intelligence and technology.

Q.14 It can be inferred that the purpose of institutions like the IMF is to
A To bring in a form of harmony in a world that has diverse needs and goals.
B To ensure that conflict/peacekeeping interventions and economic dislocation/external economic policy do not impose
on the overall sovereignty of any nation.
C To cement and legitimise the relationships between the Great Powers and Weak States.
D To provide a systemic authenticity to and to universalise the relationship between dominant and weak states.

Q.15 What does the author mean when he states, in the last sentence of the second paragraph, ‘...underscoring the
fact that state structures...forces in existence’?
A State structures are influenced by both core and peripheral transnational social forces.
B The composition and function of state structures is influenced by the social forces of dominant states.
C The underlying global structure in which states and groups engage with the broader world system can be understood
through a specific structural analysis.
D States, in particular, developing states, are progressively losing their individual identities, rights, and obligations vis-à-
vis civil society.

Q.16 Given the information in the passage, which of the following statements must be true?
A A developed state’s sovereignty can’t be assailed by various transnational globalization processes.
B Hegemony is more intense and consistent at the core and more laden with contradictions at the periphery.
C Peacekeeping is a hegemonic function, especially in the substantive shift from traditional intervention to a new
variation.
D The economic and social institutions, the culture, the technology associated with national hegemony become patterns
for emulation abroad.

Directions for questions 1 to 4: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.

Edith Wharton demonstrates in The Age of Innocence, as she does in her other texts, how life has influenced her. Her
ability to see the ugliness within the beautiful sounds morbid, but her realistic views allowed her to see what she
believed was wrong with society. In the most basic analysis, Wharton wrote The Age of Innocence from her perspective
of old New York society. Rather than focusing on the familiar argument of male dominance over women, she believed
the problems women faced in America had more to do with society in general than with men specifically. Most people in
society believed they had a duty to follow society's rules or conventions. The origin of these rules is uncertain and
unclear, but that is not the issue. What made these rules problematic was how they afforded both men and women little
freedom from society's conventions. Both sexes expected certain behaviors from men while women were to behave in
an "appropriate" manner as well. Men were to have only certain professions such as banking or law, not politics,
because these professions were seen as more distinguished and thus, acceptable. Men were additionally expected not
to fail in their expected duties. Women acting according to society's conventions portrayed innocent wives, mothers and
daughters. As a result, people had unrealistic expectations of each other, and the treatment people received tended to
be unfair regardless of gender.

Along with unfair and unrealistic treatment, the unspoken words of communication were this society's language. Men
had extramarital love affairs in secret to avoid disgracing their wives and the rest of their family, but having these affairs
was acceptable as long as it remained unspoken and unmentioned in society. Unlike men, a woman having a love affair
was scandalous because such behavior from a woman was not considered innocent or virginal. As a result, it would
always turn into a public matter regardless of the circumstances. Sometimes the mere rumor of a supposed affair was
enough to ruin a woman's reputation for the rest of her life.

Where does this leave women? According to Wharton, men are not solely to blame, but how do women find power and
freedom in a society that does not recognize their right to be free? How does a woman acquire the freedom to define
her own identity when only one ideal woman figure, the innocent virgin, is allowed? Is it even possible? Wharton doesn't
seem to think so, or at least she does not believe a woman is able to exercise the freedom she deserves by America's
standards at the turn of the 19th- century.
In an attempt to overcome these restrictive American morals, Wharton searched outside America and the 19th century
to empower The Age of Innocence's two main female figures, May Welland and Ellen Olenska, with the characteristics of
freedom and self identification. While Wharton believed European society, particularly French society, had a better
understanding of the individual spirit, she probed further to create her female characters' identities by turning to her
interests in Greek and Roman mythology.

Q.1 Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
a Men in America were granted more power and freedom by both men and women because of their gender.
b Women who wanted to overcome their entrapment had to struggle much harder than men to become powerful.
c Women struggled for power in a society which resisted change and the empowerment of women.
d All of the above

Q.2 Which of the following is true of the 19th century American society?
a Women in the 19th century America were equal to men and did not naturally desire subordination.
b Due to the traditional expectations set for women prior to the 19th century, very few women had the same
opportunities as men.
c Women's acceptance of the traditional roles began to dissipate in the beginning of the 19th century.
d The 19th century American society was much to be blamed for the subordinate stature of women.

Q.3 How were people, regardless of their gender, unfairly treated by the society?
A. Men were also restricted by their expected role in the society.
B. Both men and women had unrealistic expectations of each other.
C. People, in their misguided belief that they had to follow the rules of society, neglected what
they really wanted to do.
a A and B
b A, B and C
c Only B
d B and C

Q.4 The Age of Innocence attempts to

a expose the chauvinistic outlook of the 19th century men.
b describe the idiosyncrasies of the 19th century New York society.
c give a realistic view of the 19th century New York society.
d expound the cause of feminism in the 19th century New York society.

Directions for questions 5 to 8: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer to each question.

New justifications have now appeared in place of the antiquated, obsolete, religious ones. These new justifications
are just as inadequate as the old ones, but as they are new their futility cannot immediately be recognized by the
majority of men. Besides this, those who enjoy power propagate these new sophistries and support them so
skillfully that they seem irrefutable even to many of those who suffer from the oppression these theories seek to
justify. These new justifications are termed 'scientific'. But by the term 'scientific' is understood just what was
formerly understood by the term 'religious': just as formerly everything called 'religious' was held to be
unquestionable simply because it was called religious, so now all that is called 'scientific' is held to be
unquestionable. In the present case the obsolete religious justification of violence which consisted in the
recognition of the supernatural personality of the God-ordained ruler ('there is no power but of God') has been
superseded by the 'scientific' justification which puts forward, first, the assertion that because the coercion of man
by man has existed in all ages, it follows that such coercion must continue to exist. This assertion that people
should continue to live as they have done throughout past ages rather than as their reason and conscience
indicate, is what 'science' calls 'the historic law'. A further 'scientific' justification lies in the statement that as
among plants and wild beasts there is a constant struggle for existence which always results in the survival of the
fittest, a similar struggle should be carried on among human beings-beings, that is, who are gifted with intelligence
and love; faculties lacking in the creatures subject to the struggle for existence and survival of the fittest. Such is
the second 'scientific' justification.

The third, most important, and unfortunately most widespread justification is, at bottom, the age-old religious one
just a little altered: that in public life the suppression of some for the protection of the majority cannot be avoided-
so that coercion is unavoidable however desirable reliance on love alone might be in human intercourse. The only
difference in this justification by pseudo-science consists in the fact that, to the question why such and such people
and not others have the right to decide against whom violence may and must be used, pseudo-science now gives a
different reply to that given by religion-which declared that the right to decide was valid because it was
pronounced by persons possessed of divine power. 'Science' says that these decisions represent the will of the
people, which under a constitutional form of government is supposed to find expression in all the decisions and
actions of those who are at the helm at the moment.

Such are the scientific justifications of the principle of coercion. They are not merely weak but absolutely invalid,
yet they are so much needed by those who occupy privileged positions that they believe in them as blindly as they
formerly believed in the immaculate conception, and propagate them just as confidently. And the unfortunate
majority of men bound to toil is so dazzled by the pomp with which these 'scientific truths' are presented, that
under this new influence it accepts these scientific stupidities for holy truth, just as it formerly accepted the
pseudo-religious justifications; and it continues to submit to the present holders of power who are just as hard-
hearted but rather more numerous than before.

Q.5 Which of the following is true according to the passage?

a In former times, the chief method of justifying the use of violence was by claiming a divine right for the rulers.
b In former times, rulers decided what is moral or immoral.
c In former times, the chief method of justifying morality was by adhering to the religious authority.
d In former times, science had no role to play in people's decisions.

Q6. The author is likely to agree with which of the following statements?
a People realize the senselessness and immorality of subordinating their wills to those of other people just like themselves.
b People unconsciously subordinate their wills to those of other people just like themselves.
c People have subordinated their wills to the scientific superstition just as they had once done to the religious one.
d People do not question anything that comes from either religion or science.

Q.7 Which of the following describes the tone of the author of the passage?
a Indignant
b Critical
c Cynical
d Sardonic

Q.8 Which of the following can be seen as an example of coercion?

A. Father says to his child, "You'll get a thick ear if you do that again."
B. The mother, her eyes brimming over with tears, takes the child in her arms and murmurs lovingly, "Now, darling, is it
kind to do that to Mummy?"
C. Police to an accused, "Do this, that and the other or you will go to prison."
a A and C
b B and C
c A and B
d All of the above