8. Application of electrolysis 9.

Voltaic cell/ Galvanic cell/ chemical cell 11 (b) To construct ECS based on the ability of a metal
a.Molten state: Extraction of aluminium A chemical cell consisting of two different metals immersed in an to displace another metal from its salt solution.
electrolyte and produces electric current.
Cryolite, Na3AlF6 is + - 1) Hypothesis:
added to lower the Carbon (cathode) 2) Porous pot & salt bridge A metal which is situated at a higher position in the ECS is able to
melting point of -To allow the movement displace a metal below it in the series from salf solution
aluminuim oxide 3) of ion
ECS
(bauxite)
Carbon (anode) 4) Daniell cell
Molten Aluminuim K
5) zinc and copper metals are used as the electrode and immersed Na
into its salt solution
Terminal Half equation Explaination Ca
6)
Anode 2O2- → O2 + 4e- Oxide ion are discharged to Mg
7) copper Magnesium Copper (II) Lead (II) Zinc
( +) form oxygen gas zinc metal
solution Al
nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate
Cathode Al 3+
+ 3e → Al Aluminium ions are 8) Zinc nitrate Zn
(- ) discharged to form aluminium Lead x √ x
Copper (II) nitrate Fe
metal 9) Zinc x √ √
copper x x x
Sn
10) Common type of voltaic cell Pb
b. Third factor: Purification Magnesium √ √ √
11) Dry cell, lead acid accumulator, mercury cell, alkaline cell and √ : metal is deposited/displacement occur H
nickel-cadmium cell. Cu
12) Ag
-Magnesium can displace copper, lead and zinc because
Impure metal Pure metal 13) 10 Electrochemical series magnesium is more electropositive than these metals in ECS
Silver nitrate solution -Arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to -Position of the metals in ECS are as follow:
Ele
donate electrons.
Magnseium, zinc, lead, copper ctro
Termina Observation / Inference pos
l Half equation/ 11.(a) To construct ECS based on potential difference between Electropositivity decrease itivi
Anode Impure metal become Silver atom donate
(+) thinner one electron and
two metals. ty
-In a test tube containing copper metal and silver nitrate solution:
Ag → Ag+ + e form silver ions. (a) Hypothesis: incr
Reaction Observation / Inference eas
Cathode Shiny grey solid Silver ions receive The further the distance between pair of metals in ECS, the higher the Half equation/
(-) deposited. one electron and Oxidation Cu → Cu2+ +2e Copper donate e
potential difference (voltage)
Ag+ + e → Ag form silver atom. Copper metal become electron and form
thinner copper (II) ions.
Reduction Ag+ + e → Ag Silver atom is
Metal X Metal Y Shiny grey solid form. formed.
c. Third factor: Electroplating Solution change from Copper (II) ions is
copper colourless to blue present.
Iron cup
Ionic equation : Cu + 2Ag+→ Cu2+ + 2Ag
Copper (II)
14) Pairs of 15) Positive 16) Potential
12. Similarities between electrolytic cell and voltaic cell
nitrate solution metal terminal difference (v)
 Consist of an electrolyte and two electrode
17) X, Y 18) Y 19) 2.7  Process donation electron occur at anode and process of
20) X, W 21) W 22) 0.7 acceptance electron at cathode
Termina Observation / Inference 23) Z, Y 24) Y 25) 0.5  oxidation occur at anode and reduction at cathode.
l Half equation 26)  Electron flow from anode to cathode
Anode Metal at anode Copper atom donate 27)
(+) become thinner two electron and form 0.7 V Differences
28) X 2.7 V
Cu → Cu 2+ + 2e copper (II) ions. 29) Electrolytic cell Aspect Voltaic cell
Cathode Brown solid Copper(II) ions receive 30) W Electrical to chemical Energy Chemical to electrical
(-) deposited. two electron and form 31) Anode ( + ) Terminal Anode ( - )
Cu 2+ + 2e → Cu copper atom. 32) Z 0.5 V Cathode ( - ) Cathode ( + )
Condition to have good quality plating: 33) Carbon or two same electrode Two different metals
 Metal object to be plated must be clean and free and free of 34) Y metals or two different
grease 35) metals
 Concentration of the ion of plating must be low 36) Arrangement of the metals in descending order in ECS : Battery : Vhinare :
 Electric current must be small, object turned steadily 37) X, W, Z, Y Battery anode + Voltaic higher in ECS
38) negative anode release e
 1. Electrolysis ECS
-process when electrolyte/compound is decompose/broken down into Chapter 6 : 7(b) Second Factor: Concentration of ion
its element when electric current passes through it.
Electrochemistry cation
Prepared by: Lau Choi Yin 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution K+
Element Na+
6. Electrolysis in molten state Ca2+
platinum Mg2+
Atom Molecule Molten covalent compound do not conduct electricity
Molten ionic compound conduct electricity Al3+
All metal, C, G18 H2 Cl2 Br2 I2 F2 O2 Zn2+
(atom is neutral) (molecule is neutral) Terminal Observation / Inference
Half equation/
Fe2+
(a) Acetamide/naphthalene (Non electrolyte) Heat
Anode Greenish yellow gas released. Chlorine gas is Sn2+
2. Electrolyte:
A chemical substance which conducts electricity in molten state or (+) Moist blue litmus paper turns released. Pb2+
aqueous solution and undergoes chemical changes. Observation Inference to red and then white. Chlorine show H+
bleaching properties Cu2+
3. Non electrolyte : A substance that cannot conduct electricity Bulb do not Acetamide and naphthalene is 2Cl - → Cl2 + 2e Ag +
either in the molten state or aqueous solution. light up covalent compound. No freely
moving ions Cathode Colourless gas bubbles Hydrogen gas is
4. Anion : a negative ion (-) released. released.
Cation : a + ion (b) Lead (II) bromide (electrolyte) Eas
Terminal observation / Inference 2H+ + 2e → H2 ier
Electrolysis Voltaic cell Half equation/ to
Electrod Graphite/Carbon/Platinum Metals Different Metals Bulb light up when Molten Lead (II) be
lead (II) bromide in bromide has freely disc
e
molten state moving ion. ahr
Factor 1 2 3 7 (c) Third Factor: Type of electrode
Anode Brown gas released Bromine gas formed ged
Dilute/0.001M >0.001M
(+) 2Br - → Br2 + 2e
Anode ECS Cl-/ Br -/ Metal Metal Anode
(+) I- dissovle dissovl (-)
Cathode Grey solid deposited Lead is formed.
e Copper
(-) Pb2+ + 2e → Pb Copper (II) sulphate
Cathode ECS ECS ECS ECS Cathode
Overall ionic equation: 2Br - + Pb2+→ Br2 + Br2 solution
(-) (+) Anion

5. 7. Electrolysis in aquoues solution

Terminal Observation / Inference F-
Observation Half equation Test Inference (a) First Factor: Position of ion
Half equation/ SO42-
Colourless 4OH- → Glowing Oxygen Anode Copper at anode Copper donate 2 electron NO3-
gas bubbles O2 + 2H2O + 4e- w.splinter (+) become thinner and form copper (II) ions. Cl-
Colourless 2H+ + 2e → H2 Lighted Hydrogen Dilute silver nitrate solution carbon
gas bubbles w. splinter
Br-
Cu → Cu 2+ + 2e
Greenish -
2Cl → Cl2 + 2e Moist red Chlorine I-
Cathode Electrode Copper (II) ions is
yellow gas litmus paper (-) Brown solid discharged. Copper (II)
OH-
turns red and Termina Observation / Inference deposited. ions receive electron and
white l Half equation/

Easier to be discahrged
form copper atom.
Yellow/brown 2l - → l2 + 2e Test with Iodine Anode Colourless gas bubbles Oxygen gas is Cu 2+ + 2e → Cu
solution starch (+) released. released.
solution, dark 4OH- → O2 + 2H2O + 4e- Hydroxide ion is Cathode Electrolyte At anode, rate of formation
blue (-) Blue colour remain of copper (II) ions is the
lower in the ECS.
precipitate unchanged/intensity same as the rate of
Cathode Shiny grey solid deposited. Silver metal is
of blue colour remain discharge of copper (II)
Yellow/brown 2Br - → Br2 + 2e Moist red bromine (-) Ag+ + e → Ag formed. Silver ion
unchanged. ions at cathode.
solution litmus paper is lower than
turns red and hydrogen ion in
Concentration of the
white the ECS .
copper (II) ions remain
Brown solid Cu 2+ + 2e → Cu - Copper
unchanged.
deposited metal Silver ion is
Shiny grey Ag+ + e → Ag - Silver metal selectively chosen
solid to be discharged.