Preface

The enrichment work attempts to explore the students mastering structural

patterns forms, function and use to convey the meaning of language. The content
of this modul most emphasis on the working tasks given in units. This modul has
provided exercise material in the forms of language and exercises that could be
contexted to others forms of patterns.

a. The students must have studied structure 1, structure 2 and structure 3; so

some of the materials in the tasks are the items learnt before.
b. The students have to analyze the example given before, the task illustrates
in various types of its structural pattern.
c. It is aimed to develop student‘s competence for the use of specific
language function.
d. The students have to identify the trouble spots of structures (the terms of
level of difficulty) while learning the language.
e. The material that is in the level of difficulty might be given in more than a
single period of time in class activity.
f. The students are encouraged to develop their grammatical structure by
speculating the meaning of the different forms and functions.
g. Of the end of learning structure 4. The student is provided to be able to
finish parts of TOEFL test.
h. Refreshing is provided before the students getting the subject of structure
4.

The writer desires to express her cordial appreciation of the friendly advice and

helpful suggestion and to welcome to the readers that may find out the weakness

of the content of this writing in order to let this modul become appropriate to meet

the users need.

Jakarta, September 2012

 Unit 1
Unreal Situation
Explanation:
Special tenses with ―if‖ is used when we are talking about ―unreal‖ situation,
things that will probably not happen and present or future situation that we are
imagining.

a. If
If + past conditional, If + past perfect, perfect conditional,
conditional past if + past perfect conditional if + past perfect

If sentences with ―could‖ mean ―would be able to‖

If sentences with ―might‖ to mean would perhaps or would possibly.

Ex: What would you do if you lost your job?

If you had asked me I would have told you.

If I had another $ 30 I could fly to U.S (I would be able to go to U.S).

If you asked me nicely I might hand you a gift.

b. Wish

Wish + subject + past Wish + subject + past perfect

tense

Ex: I wish I spoke French.

I wish I was better looking

I wish I were better looking (formal)

I wish I had had $ 30.

c. „If only‟. It is to say that we would like things to be different. It is more

emphatic than ―wish form‖

 Ex: If only I was better looking
If only I were better looking (formal)

d. As if and as though. It is used when we express we use them to say ―unreal‖

ideas in formal style, but American English use ―like‖ (informal)

Ex: It looks like it is going to rain.

Notes:

1. In unreal conditionals we use if … we + to-infinitive to talk about imaginary

future situation.

 If the technology were to become available, we would be able to expand the

business.
 If he were to have a chance of success, he would need to move to London.
However, notice that we can‘t use this pattern with many verbs that describe a
state, including know, like, remember, understand:
 If I knew they were honest, I‘d gladly lend them the money. (not if I were to
know …)
We sometimes use this pattern to make a suggestion sound more polite:
 If you were to move over, we could all sit on the sofa.

2. We use if it was/were not for + noun to say that one situation is dependent on

another situation or on a person. When we talk about the past we use If it had

not been for + noun:

 If it wasn‟t/weren‟t for Vivian, the conference wouldn‘t be going ahead.

 If it hadn‟t been for my parents, I would never have gone to university.
In formal and literary language we can also use Were it not for … and Had it
not been for …
 Were it not for Vivian …
 Had it not been for my parents …
we often use but for + noun with a similar meaning:
 But for Jim‘s support, I wouldn‘t have got the job. (=if it hadn‘t been for Jim
…)

Exercise 1.

Choose from these verbs to complete the sentences, using each verb once

only. If possible, use the pattern were + to-infinitive. If this is not correct, use

the past simple form of the verb.

Catch fail like know win understand

1. If the police were to catch him, he‘d spend at least five years in prison.

2. If they ………………….. to reach their target, the order would be lost.

3. If I ……………………. how to contact Mike, I‘d get in touch with him today.

4. If I ………………….. how it worked, I‘d explain it to you.

5. If you ………………… his first film, I‘m sure you‘d enjoy this one, too.

Exercise 2.

Write new sentences with similar meanings. Begin with the word(s) given.

1. John lent me money. Otherwise, I would have gone out of business. Had it

not been for John lending me money I would have gone out of business.

2. Return the product to the shop if you have any complaints about it. Should …

3. There would be nowhere for them to stay if they arrived today. Were …

4. I wouldn‘t have finished this book without Suzanne‘s help. If it …

5. John is giving me a lift. Otherwise, I wouldn‘t be able to visit you. But for …
6. Megan and I both have e-mail. Without it, it would be difficult for us to keep

in touch. Were it …

Exercise 3.

Complete the news report about a protest against a new road. Put in the

correct form of the verbs. Sometimes you need will or would.

Yesterday protesters managed to hold up work on the Old bury by pass. Protest

leader Alison Compton defended the action by members of the Green Work

group. ‗If we don‘t protest, soon – there I‘ll be (there/be) no countryside left, ‗she

told reporters. The by pass is now well behind schedule, and if the protesters had

not held up the work so often, (1) ………. (it/open) two months ago. ‗if these

fields (2) ……….. (disappear), we‘ll never see them again, ‗said Ms. Compton.

‗Why can‘t we use public transport? If more people (3) …………..(travel) on

buses and trains, we wouldn‘t need new roads. If the motor car had never existed,

the world (4) ……………(be) a more pleasant place today.‘

But many people in Old bury want heir new by pass. ‗If (5) …………..(they/not

build) it soon, the traffic jams in the town will get worse, ‘said Asif Mohammed,

whose house is beside the busy A34. ‗We just can‘t leave as they are. If things

remained the same, people‘s health (6) ……………….. (suffer) even more from

all the pollution here. It‘s terrible. If we don‘t get the traffic out of the town, (7)

…………..(I/go) mad. If (8) …………….. (I/know) earlier how bad this problem

would get, (9) ………………….. (I/move) out years ago. But now it has become

impossible to sell this house because of the traffic. The government waited too
long if (10) ……………….. (they/do) something sooner, there would be less

traffic today. ‗And the protest is making the new road even more expensive. ‗If

this goes on, (11)……………(there/not/be) enough money left to finish the road,

‗says the Transport Minister.

Exercise 4.

Wish … Would

What might you say in these situations ? Begin I wish …

 To someone who never answers your emails.

I wish you’d answer my e-mails.

 To someone who makes rude remarks about you.

I wish you wouldn’t make rude remark about me.

1. To someone who won‘t hurry up.

………………………………………………………………………………......

2. To someone who never does the washing up.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. To someone who isn‘t telling you the whole story.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. To someone who blows cigarette smoke in your face.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5. To someone who won‘t tell you what he‘s thinking.

…………………………………………………………………………………..
Exercise 5.

Wish … the past perfect

Complete the sentences. Use these words: accepted, caught, found, played, saved,

stayed.

 I spent all my money. I wish now that I had saved it.

1. I missed the train. I really wish …………………………………………….......

2. Rita left the party early. Nick wishes …………………………………………..

3. Emma refused the offer. But her parents wish …………………………………

4. I looked everywhere for the key. I wish ……………………………………….

5. The injured player could only watch. He wishes ………………………………

Exercise 6.

Complete the conversation.

Claire : Oh, Henry. You‘re giving me another present. It‘s very sweet of

you, but I wish - you wouldn’t give me so many presents.

Henry : Claire, I‘ve been thinking. I shouldn‘t have asked you to marry me.

I wish now that (1) …………………………………………………

Claire : Now you‘re talking nonsense. I wish (2) …………………., Henry.

Henry : I‘m not a young man, am I ? Of course I wish (3) …………………

Claire : Why don‘t you listen ? If only (4) …………….. to me just this

once now.

Henry : Why couldn‘t we have met twenty years ago? I wish (5)

………….you then.

Claire : Henry, twenty years ago I was just starting school.

 Unit 2
The Function of Simple Past
And Present Perfect
Explanation:
a. Present Perfect used for a state which has gone on up to the present.
Present perfect suggest some kind of connection between what happened
in the past and the present time.
Ex: I have found the letter you were looking for. Here it is.
b. Simple Past used for a state in the past in a period which is finished.
Ex: I didn‘t find the letter you were looking for.
(It indicates has something happened at a specific time in the past)
When I was young, I used to drive bicycle fastly.
(It indicates that this situation existed for a period of time in the
past but not now)

Exercise 1.

Put in the present perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

 I’ve had (had) these shoes since my eighteenth birthday.

 I tidied (tidy) my desk, but now it‘s in a mess again.
1. The last time I ……………………………….. (go) to Brighton was in August.
2. I‘d like to meet a ghost, but I ………………… (never/see) one.
3. I‘ve finished my homework. I …………………….. (do) it before tea.
4. And the race is over! And Micky Simpson …………. (win) in a record time!.
5. I ……….. (work) for a computer company for a year. That was after collage.
6. What time ………………. (you/get) to work this morning?.
7. Martin …………………… (be) to Greece five times. he loves the place.
8. The President ……. (come) out of the building and is going to make a speech.
9. You won‘t believe this, but I‘ve got some tickets for the concert. – Oh, well
done. How ………………………………….. (you/get) them?
10. Of course I can ride a bike. But I ……………………(not/ride) one for years.
11. Marilyn Monroe ………………………. (be) in about thirty films.
12. …………. (you/ever/bake) your own bread? – No, but I might try it sometime.
13. Janet …………………. (be) very ill three years ago.
14. Rupert has left a message for you. He ……………………… (ring) last night.
15. …………………(you/see) the news today? – No, not yet. I‘ll watch it at ten.
16. We moved here in 1993. We …………………...…. (be) here a long time now.

Exercise 2.

Put in the correct tenses present perfect or past simple of the verbs in
brackets.

Write the sentences correctly.

 I like this CD. I‘ve been having it for ages.

I’ve had it for ages.
1. It was my first day back at work. I was on holiday.
2. I‘m quite tired now. I play badminton.
3. I had to sit down. I‘d been having a shock.
4. You need a rest. How much have you been working?
5. The robbery happened at midday. Lots of people walked along the street
outside.
6. My sister speaks good English. She is practicing her English since last
summer.
7. At last I have my qualification. I‘ve been passing my exam.
8. Michelle looked really sunburnt. She'd lie in the sun for too long.
9. We got to the coach stop at nine yesterday. But the croach has already gone.

Exercise 3.

Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verbs.

 A: Did you buy (you/buy) anything at the antiques sale yesterday?

B: No. I wanted (I/want) to buy some jewelry, but I’d left (I/have) my credit
card at home.
1. A: Are you still copying those addresses?
B: No, that‘s all of them …………………………….. (I/finish) now.
2. A: The train is never going to get there.
B: How long ……………………………………….. (we/wait) now?
3. A: Did you have a nice chat with Tessa?
B: No, not really. When ………………………… (we/drink) our coffee,
………………………. (she/hurry) off home.
4. A: it‘ terrible about that plane crash, isn‘t it?
B: Yes, awful. ………………………… (I/have) breakfast when
……………………………………………….. (I/hear) the news.
5. A: So you sing in a rock band, do you? How long …………. (you/do) that?
B: Oh, since I was sixteen ……………………………. (we/do) about a dozen
concert.
6. A: Do you know what Polly was so upset about yesterday?
B: No, I don‘t. but I‘m sure ……………………………. (she/cry). Her eyes
looked red.
A: Perhaps………………………………………….. (she/have). Some bad
news.
7. A: The shooting was very frightening. I suppose.
B: It certainly was. When we …………………………………….(hear) the
shot, we all ………………………………(throw) ourselves to the floor.

Exercise 4.
Underline the correct answer.
1. Alice felt very pleased with herself. She had found/found what she was
looking for.
2. ‗Where are we?‘ had asked/asked Martha.
3. By the time I got back to the bathroom, the bath had overflowed/overflowed.
4. She walked into the station only to find that the rain had left/left.
5. I was just about to leave when I had remembered/remembered my briefcase.
6. My sister told me that Joe had died/died.
7. He had looked/looked at this watch again and began o walk even faster.
8. In a surprise move, the Prime Minister had resigned/resigned last night.

Exercise 5.

Use these pairs of verbs to complete the sentences. Choose the past perfect
where possible, otherwise, use the past simple.

Turn/caught come/start eat/pick check/go type/give

collapse/phone.

1. After Michael ………. The letter, he …………………… it to Kay to sign.

2. When she ……………………….into the hall, everyone ……….. cheering.
3. When Jenny ………………. That the children were asleep, she ……… out to
the concert.
4. As soon as I …………… the ignition key, the engine ………………...… fire.
5. When Norma ………………….. , I ……………...………. For an ambulance.
6. After they …………………. All the food, they ……… up their bags and left.

Exercise 6.

Decide which word is correct.

 Could I have some more tea please?

a) Could b) Shall c) Will d) Would
1. Everyone‘s asleep. We ……………………………………...…. make a noise.
a. Couldn‘t b. mustn‘t c. needn‘t d. wouldn‘t
2. ……………………………………………... You like to go for a ride with us?
a. Do b. Should c. Will d. Would
3. I wonder if this is the right way. It …………………..………………… not be.
a. Can b. Could c. Might d. Must
4. I don‘t think I want to see this film. – Oh, I think you ………………. Enjoy it.
a. Can b. shall c. will d. would
5. I‘m quite happy to walk. You ……………………………...… drive me home.
a. Don‘t b. haven‘t c. mustn‘t d. needn‘t
6. ………………………………….…….. I show you the way? – Oh, thank you.
a. Do b. shall c. will d. would
7. It‘s late. I think we ………………………………………………….. better go.
a. Had b. have c. should d. would
8. We all tried to push the van, but it ………………………….…………. move.
a. Can‘t b. couldn‘t c. won‘t d. wouldn‘t
 Unit 3
Preposition and Meaning
Explanation:

Meaning makes little sense except in the context of communication. It is

using important task is to discover a way of specifying or describing meaning,
whether of isolated words or sentences, or of utterances in Context. Usually
assumed that linguistic expression can be assigned some sort of context –
independent semantic value, they are sentence meaning, statement meaning, and
utterance meaning. The principle of compositionality used how meaning are can
bined.

Exercise 1.

Preposition.
This is a sports commentary at the Olympic Games. Put the correct
prepositions for the meaningful sentences.
So Australia‘s Steve Brearley wins the gold medal ahead of Germany‘s
Klaus Schliemann and Ivan Dorosky of Bulgaria. They‘re just congratulation
Brearley - on his victory. His speed over the first kilometer split runners (1)
………… two groups, and in the end it was a race between the three leaders.
Brearley prevented Schliemann (2) ………. overtaking him in the sprint finish.
I‘ve always regarded Brearley (3) ……….a great athlete, and look how well he‘s
done today. I would even compare him (4) ……….. the great Email Kristo
himself. There‘s no doubt now that Brearley will be invited (5) ……………...
Oslo for the next World Championships. So the Australian runner adds another
medal (6) …………… his collection. And Australia are doing really well in the
medals table, in fact, they share second place (7) ………………. the United States
Exercise 2.
Phrasal verbs.
Work out the meaning of these phrasal verbs and put them in right
sentences: come back, come in, cut out, fall over, get on, give away, go away, let
in, lie down, pay back, stay in, take back (Use dictionary if you need to)
 Hello. Nice to see you. Come back in and sit down.
 I didn‘t have a key, but luckily someone was there to let me in.
1. Can‘t we go out somewhere? I don‘t want to …………………….. all evening.
2. Could you lend me ten pounds? I‘ll ……………… you …...……… on Friday.
1. The pavement is very icy. Be careful you don‘t ……………………………….
2. I was feeling so tired I had to ………………….……… on the bed for a while.
3. There was an article in the newspaper that I wanted to ……………. And keep.
4. Mark‘s gone out, and I don‘t know when he‘s going to ……………………….
5. The driver unlocked the coach so that the passengers were able to ……………
6. I‘ll have to ……………… these books ……………...……….. to the library.
7. Your brother was being a nuisance, so I told him to …………………………..
8. In order to get publicity, the company decided to ……………………… some
of the new sweets free to children.

Exercise 3.

Complete the news article about Zedco. Put in these words: fallen, behind,
fell through, fight off, laying off, put forward, sort out, step down, taking over
or taken on. To complete the essay below.

Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas has - put forward a new plan designed to
(1) …………… the company‘s problems. It is only twelve moths since Zedco
tried to strengthen its position by (2) ……………………. Alpha Plastics. But the
deal (3) …………………………….., and Alpha managed to (4)
…………………………… Zedco‘s attempts to take control. Since then Zedco
has performed poorly and has (5) …………………………….. in the race for
market share. Managing Director James Iron side has had to (6) …………………,
and Barry Douglas has (7) ……………………………. the task of rescuing the
company. There are fears that the new plan will mean (8) ………………………
staff in order to reduce expenditure.

Exercise 4.

Put in the correct adverb.

 Melanie: Everything is so expensive. Prices seem to be going up all the time.

David: Yes, and the government is supposed to be bringing inflation
down.
1. Laura: You shouldn‘t leave the television …………………….. all night.
Trevor: Sorry, I forgot. I usually turn it …………………………………..
2. Vicky: I‘ve written the wrong word here.
Rachel: Well, rub it ……………………..
Vicky: I can‘t. it‘s in biro. I‘ll have to write the whole thing ……………
again.
3. Sarah: They‘re going to pull …………………. this beautiful old building.
Mark: I know. Some protesters were handing ………....... leaflets about it.
4. Emma: Hold ……………… a minute. I thought I heard someone call ……
Matthew: I think you must have imagined it.

Exercise 5
Read the story an write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
This true story is about a policeman in New York City who had a girlfriend he
cared – for very much. I don‘t know if you regard New York City (1)
……………. a dangerous place, but the hero of our story certainly did, and he
warned his girlfriend (2) ……………… the danger of walking the streets alone
and the need to (3) ………….. out for muggers. But he also believed (4)
……………… being prepared for the worst, he bought a can of gas that would
protect his girlfriend (5) …………………… muggers. It certainly seemed worth
spending a few dollars (6) ………………… the idea is that you point the thing (7)
……………….. your attacker and spray him with the gas, which knocks him (8)
…………………. On the day he bought the gas, the policeman and his girlfriend
had arranged to go (9) ………………. for the evening. So he was looking (10)
……………………… to giving her the can later on. When he got home from
work, he had a bath and then sprayed some deodorant on himself. He knew
nothing more until he (11) ……………….. up in hospital the next day. He picked
(12) …………………………….. the wrong can and sprayed himself with the gas.
 Unit 4
“Be used to”, “Used to” and
“Redundancy”
Explanation:
a. ―Be used to‖ expresses something that you are accustomed to; are familiar
with and accept as normal

Ex: I am used to driving on the left (It means that it is not a problem for
me to drive on the left of the road)
b. "Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped
in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it
is not usually done now

Ex: I used to start work at 9 o'clock (now I don‘t start work at 9

o‘clock)
Exercise 1.

Used to do.

Mrs. Bell a hundred years old. She‘s the oldest person in the village. A radio
reporter is interviewing. Put in used to with the verb.

Mrs. Bell: I‘ve always lived in the village, but not always in his house.

Reporter: Where – did you use to live (you/live)?

Mrs. Bell: When I was a girl, we lived at Apple Tree Farm. (1)
………………. (we/like) it there.

Reporter: But life was hard, wasn‘t it?

Mrs. Bell: Oh, yes. Things (2) ……….. (be) different from the way they are
now, in those days (3) ……………… (we/not/have) electricity.

Reporter: And (4) …………………………… (you/help) with the farm

work?
Mrs. Bell: Yes, (5) …………………………….. (i/look) after the hens.

Exercise 2.

Used to do and be used to doing

Put in a to-infinitive or to + ing-form. Use the verbs in brackets.

 When I was a child, I used to dream (dream) of being an astronaut.

 I‘m terribly nervous. I‘m not used to speaking (speak) to a large audience.
1. It took us ages to get used ………….…………… (live) in a block of flats.
2. Lots of trains used ………………………. (stop) here, but not many do now.
3. Didn‘t Nick use ………………………………….. (work) on a building site?
4. There didn‘t use …………………… (be) so many soap operas on television.
5. I‘ll have an orange juice, please. I‘m not used ……………… (drink) alcohol.
6. David doesn‘t seem to mind being in hospital. I suppose he‘s got used
………….. (be) there.
7. When Laura was at collage, she used …………………. (have) a picture of
Elvis Presley on her bedroom wall.

Exercise 3.

Complete the sentences with be used to, affirmative or negative.

1. Juan is from Mexico. He is used to hot weather. He isn‘t used to cold weather.
2. Alice was born and raised in Chicago. She ………………….. living in a big
city.
3. My hometown is New York City, but this year I‘m going to school in a town
with a population of 10.000. I ……………….. living in a small town. I
………………………………………… living in a big city.
4. We do a lot of exercises in class. We ………...……………… doing exercises.
Exercise 4.

Complete the sentences with be accustomed to, affirmative or negative.

Notice: accustomed is spelled with two ―c‘s‖ and one ―m‖.

1. Spiro is from Greece. He ………………….. eating Greek food, but he

…………….. eating American food.
2. I always get up around 6:00 A.M. I ………. getting up early. I
……………….. I sleeping late.
3. Our teacher always give us a lot of homework. We …………… having a lot
of homework every day.
4. We rarely take multiple choice tests. We …………… Taking that kind of test.

Exercise 5.
Example: What time are you accustomed to getting up?
Response: I‘m accustomed to getting up (at 7:30).
1. What time are you accustomed to getting up?
2. What time are you used to going to bed?
3. Are you accustomed to living in (name this city)?
4. Are you accustomed to living in a big city?
5. Are you used to speaking English every day?
6. Who lives with a roommate? Are you accustomed to that?
7. Who lives alone? Are you accustomed to that?
8. What are you accustomed to eating for breakfast?
9. Our weather right now is hot/cold/humid/cold and wet/etc. are you used to this
kind of weather?
10. How are you used to getting to school every day?
11. Where are you accustomed to eating lunch?
12. What time are you accustomed to eating dinner?
13. What kinds of food are you accustomed to eating?
14. Who live in a dorm? Are you used to the noise in a dorm?
15. Are you used to speaking English everyday, or does it seem strange to you?
 c. Redundancy.
A sentence in which some information is unnecessarily repeated is called
redundant. Given here are some word combinations that are always redundant,
and thus should NEVER be used.

Advance forward advance, proceed, and progress all mean ―to move in a

Proceed forward forward direction ―,thus, the word forward is not

necessary.

Progress forward

Return back return and revert mean ―to go back or send back‖ so
back is

Revert back not necessary

Sufficient enough these words are identical; one or the other should be used

Compete together compete means ―to take part in a contest against others‖

Reason … because these words indicate the same thing; the correct pattern is
reason … that

Join together join means ―to bring together‖, ―to put together‖ or ―to
become a part or member of‖, ―to take place among‖

Repeat again repeat means ―to say again ― (re-usually means ―again‖)

New innovations innovations means ―a new idea‖

Matinee performance matinee means ―a performance in the afternoon‖

Same identical these words are identical

Two twins twins means ―two brothers or sisters‖

The time when the time and when indicate the same thing; one or the
other should be used

The place where the place and where indicate the same thing; one or the
other should be used
Exercise 1.

Cross out the redundant word in each of the following sentences. Example:

 The carpenter joined the two beams together with long nails. (Together is the
redundant word).
1. After Jill had shown Tim how to insert the paper once, she repeated the
operation again.
2. The twins have the same identical birthmarks on their backs.
3. I think we have sufficient enough information to write the report.
4. When the roads became to slippery, we decided to return back to the cabin and
wait for the storm to subside.
5. Nobody could get out of work early enough to attend the matinee
performance.
6. The mountain climbers proceeded forward on their long trek up the side of the
mountain.
7. Rita and her sister competed together in the musical talent show.
8. I think that we should come up with a new innovation for doing this job.
9. The minister joined the bride and groom together in holy wedlock.
10. My cousin love to play with the two twins from across the street.

Exercise 2.
Write 10 sentences by using the words mentioned in the box above.
 Unit 5
Passive and Causative
Explanation:
Causative using ‗get‘ or ‗have‘ have the same meaning but ‗get‘ is more informal
than ‗have‘ : with meaning ‗experience‘ ‗something‘ often something unpleasant.
Ex: I had all my money stolen
My car had is muror pulled off. Unpleasant
Where did you get your hair cut you asked someone
I must get my hair cut expressing about to cut you hair persuading
somebody to cut his hair.

Exercise 1.

Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

During periods of terrorist activity by the IRA, people in Britain are always –
being warned to look out for bombs. Any bag or parcel without an owner (1)
……………….. seen as a risk to the public. Some time ago a cardboard box was
found at the entrance to Bristol Zoo one day. It was noticed (2) …………….. a
might (3) …………………. Killed. So army bomb expert (4) …………………….
called in, and the box was safety blown up in a controlled explosion. Soon
afterwards (5) ………………….. was reported that the box had (6)
……………… left there by a boy wanting to find a new home for his pet rat. He
was tired of the rat, he explained, but he was unwilling to (7) …………………. it
put to sleep by a vet, so he left it in a box outside the zoo. The director of the zoo
is thought (8) ……………………… be unenthusiastic about looking after
people‘s unwanted pets. No one knows what the rat thought about (9)
…………… blown up.
Exercise 2.

Causative verbs.

Use the correct form of the verb in parentheses in each of the following sentences.

1. The teacher made Juan

…………………………..………. (leave) the room.
2. Toshiko had her car
……………………………………(repair) by a mechanic.
3. Ellen got Marvin
………………………………….............. type) her paper.
4. I made Jane
……………………………… (call) her friend on the telephone.
5. We got our house
……………………………..…………. (paint) last week.
6. Dr. Byrd is having the students
……………………….(write) a composition.
7. The policeman made the suspect
……………………… (lie) on the ground.
8. Mark got his transcripts
……………………………. (send) to the university.
9. Maria is getting her hair
……………………………..……. (cut) tomorrow.
10. We will have to get the Dean
…………….………………. (sign) this from.
11. The teacher let Al
……………………………………. (leave) the classroom.
12. Maria got Ed
…………………..……………………… (wash) the pipettes.
13. She always has her car
……………………….. (fix) by the same mechanic.
14. Gene got his book
…………………………. (publish) by a subsidy publisher.
15. We have to help Janet
…………………………………..…. (find) her keys.

Exercise 3.

Zedco managers are writing a report saying how well the company looks
after its employees. Write sentences from the notes. Put the important
underlined information at the end of the sentence.

 Useful work skills / they are taught

to our staff.
Our staff are taught useful work skills.
 People with initiative / it is given to new employees.
Opportunities are given to people with initiative.

1. Special training / it is given to new employees.

…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Staff who perform well / they are given extra payments.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Company shares / they are offered to most employees.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Six weeks‘ holiday / this is allowed to all Zedco staff.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Women who leave to have children / they are paid a full salary.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 4.
Read about each situation and write sentences with have something done.
 Melanie is paying the man who has repaired her bicycle.
 Melanie has had her bicycle repaired.
1. David went to the hospital. A nurse bandaged his arm.
………………………………………………………………………………......
2. Daniel is going to the dentist. She‘s going to fill his tooth.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Laura is walking around town while her photos are being developed.
………………………………………………………………………..................

Exercise 5a.

Get something done.

Complete the questions using get.

Mike: Where did you get your bicycle repaired. Melanie?

1. Harriet: Why ………………………………………..?

2. Emma: Where ………………………………………?
3. Sarah: …………………………………………………?

Exercise 5b.

Have meaning „experience‟

Say what happened to these people.

 Claire (whose luggage was searched in customs)

Claire had her luggage searched in customs.
1. Tom (whose car was stolen from outside his house.
2. Rita (whose rent was increased by ten per cent).
3. David (whose electricity has been cut off).
4. The jokey (whose car was modified).
5. Dina was tired for walking all day long. It rained just now. So she asked the
driver to wash her car- rewrite this information using ‗get‘.
Exercise 6.

Put in an active or passive to-infinitive or ing-form.

Jessica: Are you going to be busy today?

Andrew: Well, I‘ve got a few things – to do (do).

I‘ve got an essay (1) ……… (write. And this room ought (2)
…………. (tidy) up a bit.

This carpet needs (3) ……….. (hover).

Jessica: I‘ve got some jobs (4) …………… (do), too.

Most of my clothes need (5) ………………….. (iron).

And I‘ve got my project (6) …………………. (finish) off.

I‘m worried about (7) ……………………… (miss) the deadline.

It has (8) ………………………….. (hand) in tomorrow.

I don‘t want (9) …………………………. (be) late with it.

Andrew: I don‘t remember (10) …………(tell) when the project was due in.

Jessica: Why? Haven‘t you done it yet?

Andrew: Oh, yes. I handed it in ages ago.

 Unit 6
Determiners
Explanation:
A determiner is a word, phrase or affix that occurs together with a noun
or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase
in the context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring
to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant
element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular
number or quantity, etc. Common kinds of determiners include definite and
indefinite articles (like the English the and a[n]), demonstratives (like this and
that), possessive determiners (like my and their), and quantifiers (like many,
few and several).
We can use ‗the‘ with a singular countable noun to talk about the general
features or characteristic of a class of things or people rather than one specific
thing or person.

a. Compare the use of the and a/an in these sentences:

Talking about a general class Talking about an unspecified example
The novel is the most popular form of Reading a novel is a good way to relax.
fiction writing. (or Novels are...) (or Reading novels is…)
The customers has a right to know When the phone rang, I was busy serving
where products are made. (or Customers a customers.
have…)

b. Study the use of the and a/an in these sentences:

The statement is The A computers has

Computers in
about computers computers has revolutionized
general have
in general revolutionized publishing. X
done this, not an
publishing. √
individual
The computers is an important computer
research tool.√ This is true of both the A computers is an
important research
General class and the tool.√
Individual item

We often use zero article (without article) with the names of holidays, special
times of the year, or with the names of months and days of the week:
c. Easter Ramadan New Year‟s Day September Monday
But compare:
 1. I‘ll see you on 3. They arrived on a 4. They arrived on the
Saturday Saturday as far as I Saturday after my
2. We met on Saturday. can remember. birthday party.
= next Saturday/ last = we are only interested in = a particular Saturday,
Saturday the day of the week, not specifying which one.
which particular Saturday
With winter, summer, spring, autumn, and New Year (meaning the holiday
period), we can often use either the or zero article:

Exercise 1.

Put a/an, the or zero article (-), whichever is most likely, in the spaces in these
sentences. In some cases, you can use either the or zero article (write the /-). (A)

1. a. She starts work on …. Monday next week.

b. I last saw her in town earlier in the year. I‘m sure it was … Monday,
because that‘s when I go shopping, but I can‘t remember the exact date.
c. They phoned on … Monday before the accident.
2. a. I remember when Frank was last here. It was … Christmas I got
my new bike.
b. It was … Christmas to remember.
c. We‘re returning after … Christmas.
3. a. The race is always held in … June.
b. We last saw Dave … June your mother was staying with us.
c. Even though it was March, the weather reminded me of … hot June day.
4. a. With the wedding and the new job, it was … summer she would always
remember.
b. There was a long drought in South Africa in … summer of 1993.
c. I‘ hoping to visit Italy in … summer.
5. a. We had a really good time over … New Year.
b. Have … happy New Year!
c. I‘ll contact you in … New Year.

Exercise 2.

Where necessary, correct the article in this extract from a letter.

Dear Jo,

Thanks for your letter. Sounds like you had a good Christmas. Ours was pretty
good, too. Joan arrived jut after the breakfast and we went for a long walk in a
morning. By around the midday we were starving, but by the time we got home
Mark had cooked us the wonderful dinner turkey, Christmas pudding, and all the
trimmings. We just sat in front of the TV during the afternoon watching old films.
Joan went home in early evening as she doesn‘t like driving at the night. We hope
to see her again in New Year. Then, around midnight when we were just going to
bed, Louise phoned from Australia to say ‗hello‘. She says she‘s hoping to come
to see us the next Christmas.

Exercise 3a.

If necessary, replace some with any or any with some.

1. Some bicycles parked in this area will be removed by the police. Any
bicycles ..
2. Of you have any old books that you don‘t want, could you bring them into
school.
3. The chemicals need to be handled with care as any give off poisonous
fumes.
4. Any of the money collected will go to helping children with heart disease.
5. She lives some distance away from the nearest town.
6. Any of his paintings, even the smallest, would today sell for thousands of
pounds.
7. Although he was born in Spain, any of his earlier poems were written in
French.
8. You‘ll like this new ice cream. Shall I save any for you?
9. Some large wild animals should be treated with care. They can all hurt
people if they are frightened.
10. I haven‘t been here for any years.
11. Can you get some milk when you‘re out shopping?
12. To get to town you can catch some of the busses that go along New
Street. It doesn‘t matter what number it is.
13. Some students who are late will not be allowed to take the exam.

Exercise 3b.
Complete these sentences with some- or any - + one/body/thing/where. If two
answers are possible, give them both. (A, B, & C)
1. While you‘re making dinner, I‘ll get on with …….. else.
2. He didn‘t want …… to do with the arrangements for the party.
3. Diane knew she was …………. In the park, but no exactly where.
4. He thought the bad weather was ……….. to do with all the satellite in
space.
5. Hardly ………. Turned up to the meeting.
6. We don‘t think there‘s ……….. wrong with her reading ability.
 7. I looked all over the house for her, but I couldn‘t find her ……….
8. She was a teacher from ………… near Frankfurt.
9. I couldn‘t think of ………. else to buy.
10. After the accident Paul didn‘t go ……… near a horse for two years.
11. I wish there had been ………… there with a camera.
12. Perhaps there‘s ………. Wrong with the car.
13. I‘ve borrowed John‘s binoculars. If ……. happens to them, he‘ll be really
angry.

Exercise 4.

Underline the words that are possible in these sentences. In each case, there is
more than one possible answer.

1. Surprisingly, there wasn‘t much discussion/debate/quarrel/row at the

meeting about the location of the new office.
2. The new factory provided jobs in a region where there was not much
job/work/jobs/employment.
3. Many questions/information/research/problems need to be considered
before a decision can be made.
4. Will you be taking much bags/baggage/luggage/suitcase on the trip?
5. Are there many equipment/resources/facilities/computers in your school?
6. I didn‘t have many information/details/facts/news to help me make my
decision.

Exercise 5.

Make corrections or improvements to these extracts from academic writing.

1. In recent years the relationship between diet and heart disease has received
a lot of attention in the scientific community. Lots of studies have found
that …
2. She was born in Poland, and wrote much of her early novels there. A lot of
her earlier work…
3. The last decade has witnessed improved living standards in many of Asian
countries. A lot has been done to change…
4. A lot of people have observed the concentration of butterflies in this area,
and a lot of suggestion have been put forward to explain the phenomenon.
Many research has found that …

Exercise 6.

Complete the sentences with (a) few (of), (a) little (of), the few, or the little.
 1. Although the play is set in Italy …… the characters are Italian.
2. Jim, Bill, Sue, and Gill were just ………. Those who came to say
goodbye.
3. I saw him first ………… after midnight.
4. Unfortunately, much of the early history of Zimbabwe is still unknown.
For example, we know …….. about the early patterns of settlement.
5. Because it was cheap, and we didn‘t have much money, ……. Us used to
go to the cinema every Saturday morning.
6. It will take …… time, but I‘m sure you‘ll learn the rules of cricket
eventually.
7. Stephen and ……… his friends were waiting for us in the park.
8. The play was poorly attended, but …….. people who came had a very
good evening.
9. Many question were asked, but ……… were answered.
10. The soldiers seemed to have ……… idea who they were fighting against
or why.
11. After the plane crashed in the desert, the survivors divided …… water
they had left.

Exercise 7.

Don and his family are from England, but have been living in New Zaeland for
the last year. Here are some parts of a letter be recently wrote to his sister. Fill in
the gaps with:

Some or some of any or any of much or much of many or many of

All or all of both or both of each or each of none or none of
(a) Few or (a) few of (a) little or (a) little of.
.

Wellington, December 1st.

Dear Helen
Greetings from New Zealand! Sorry I haven‘t written recently, but I haven‘t had.

(1) …………… time.

…. We‘ve done (2) ……….. travelling during our stay. We‘ve visited the South
Island twice, and also (3) ……….. the (4) ……….. … small island that make up
the country. (5) ……….. the west of the South Island is mountainous, but the east
is quite flat and full of sheep! I‘d never seen that (6) ………. In one place before.
The weather was good. When we went and we had very (7) ……………… rain
...… Before I came here, I didn‘t know that New Zealand had (8) ………..ski
slopes. But (9) ………. People here seem to spend most of their winter skiing.
(10)…………………… us had skied before, so we were pretty awful. Susan
learned quickly though, and after (11) ………….. falls she became quite confident
…………. (12) ………….. the children send their love. They‘ve grown a lot and I
suppose they‘ll look (13) ………… different to you when you see them again.
(14) …………………… Susan and Tim really like it here. They‘ve made (15)
…………….. very good. Friends, and (16) …………… them are planning to
come over to England soon ……….. You asked about the animals here. No, we
haven‘t seen (17) …………… snakes there are (18)………………. In New
Zealand! In fact, (19)………… the animals in New Zealand were originally from
here. (20) …………… were introduced from overseas (21) ………… them, like
the rabbit, from Europe …….. and yes, we really did see (22) ……………
whales. So you heard about the volcano! There are three times volcanoes on the
North Island. (23) …………….. them is still active. But I think we‘re quite safe in
Wellington ………….. (24) ……………. The people I work with are Maori.
Almost (25) ……………. them live on the North Island, with very (26)
…………….., apparently, on the South Island. (27) ……………….. the Maori
we‘ve met have spoken English, although I‘ve been told that just (28)
…………….. speak only the Maori language….. If you see (29) …………..our
friends in England, tell them we‘ll see them. (30) ………….soon. Although (31)
……………. Them said they would try to visit us, (32) ……………..them did.
Only Bob, Jenny and Paul came. We‘ll be really sorry to leave the (33)
…………………….. good friends we‘ve made here …… Things are going to get
even busier as we pack up to come home, and there‘ll be (34) ………………..
chance to write in the next couple of weeks. So this will probably be my last letter
before we see you again.
Love to (35) …………… the family, Don, Mary, Susan and Tim.
 Unit 7
Absolute Construction
Explanation:

Absolute constructions consist of a subject, a nonfinite verb, and (optional)

postmodifiers; In simpler terms, absolutes look like sentences that are missing a
part of the verb phrase. Absolute construction is a very good grammatical device
to easily convert two sentences into one. Absolute constructions may appear at
the beginning of a sentence (when referring to an earlier event), in the middle of a
sentence (between the subject and verb), or at the end of a sentence. They
frequently appear in a series or in conjunction with other modifying phrases and
clauses. They are generally set off from the sentence with a comma and if the verb
is ‗be‘ it may be omitted entirely.

Ex: - The train being late, we missed Arabian plane.

- The new class constructed by the contractor, the students of Unindra

were very glad.

- The new building having ended, part of the students moved to that place.

- Having been moved to the new place, they could be more active.

- She stood before him hopefully, will the letter of recommendation in her

hand. (without verb ‗held‘)

Exercise 1.

Offering, Offered, Being Offered.

The general forms express the same time as that of the main verb.

Example:

a. Tears were streaming down her face.

The child ran home to be comforted by her mother.
Tears streaming down her face, the child ran home to be comforted by her
mother.
b. Their plot was discovered
The conspirators had to flee for their lives.
Their plot (being) discovered, the conspirators had to flee for their lives.
c. The girl walked along gracefully.
The huge basket on her head did not seem to be heavy burden at all.
The girl walked along gracefully, the huge basket on her head not seemingly
to be a heavy burden at all.
1. The men began to pour out from the factory.
She watched to see which one was her husband.
………………………………………………………………………………......
2. His health was regained.
He was happy to return to work.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Their air-conditioner was not working properly again.
They decided to buy a new one.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. His eyes were finally opened to her hypocrisy.
He wondered how he could ever have been deceived by her wiles.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The rain began to make everyone uncomfortable.
They decided to continue their dinner indoors.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The judge dismissed the charge against the man.
There was no conclusive evidence that he had committed the felony.
……………..........................................................................................................
7. The labor dispute was finally settled.
The pilots began to fly the planes again.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. The hotel room was not yet ready.
He had to wait until the maid finished cleaning it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. The last guest was gone.
The exhausted host and hostess went to bed immediately.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. His eyes burned from the smog.
He felt he could not go out again that day.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 2.

Having offered, Having been offering, Having been offered.

The perfect forms refer to time completed before that of the main verb. If there is
no desire to stress the completion of one time before another, the general forms
may also be used.

Example :

a. The floods had made the highway impassable.

All cars were detoured to the side roads.
The floods having made the highway impassable, all cars were detoured to the
side roads.
b. His knife wounds had been treated by the doctor.
The young man was released from the hospital.
His knife wounds having been treated by the doctor, the young man was
released from the hospital.

1. The interest rate had been lowered.

More people began to take out loans from the bank.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Her car had stopped suddenly in the midst of heavy traffic.
She became frightened and did not know what to do.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
3. They had no money left for food.
The last of their money had been spent for the rent.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Their reservation had been made months in advance.
They were annoyed to find that the hotel had no record of it.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
5. His horse had I lost the race.
He saw his whole fortune vanish.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Classes had been canceled because of bad weather.
The children watched television all day long.
……………………............…………………………………………………......
7. He was able to leave on early train.
His meeting had ended sooner than was expected.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Traffic had been delayed because of an accident.
They missed the first half of the play.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. The children had not had dinner yet.
Their mother quickly began to prepare something for them.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. The lifeboats had been lowered.
The passengers got off the sinking ship.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 3.

Absolute Construction without Participles

Being is implied in such absolute construction. The chief word in the predicate of
the absolute may be: a noun (his book now a bestseller), an adjective (his book
now famous), an adverb (his long work finally over), a preposition phrases (his
book now on sale at all bookstores).
Change the italicized sentences to absolute constructions. Omit the verbs in the
absolutes.

Example:

a. The once busy factories are now completely idle.

Many people left the town to find work elsewhere.
The once busy factories are now completely idle, many people left the
town to find work elsewhere.
b. Her husband was out of work.
She decided to get a job herself.
Her husband was out of work, she decided to get a job herself.
1. His eyes were wide open in antonishment.
The young boy watched his physics teacher magnetize one object after
another.
2. The long hot summer was over.
They looked forward to some beautiful all day.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. The country was in a state of chaos because of the prolonged war.
Many homeless children wandered from village in search of food.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. Her youngest son was already a famous doctor.
She boasted about him to all her friends.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. Their rent was in arrears.
They were asked to move.
……………………………………………………………………………....
6. She had always dreamed of going to a ball looking like a princess.
Her hands and neck would be respendent with diamonds.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. The once powerful man was now a paper.
He lived by himself in a small furnished room.
…………………………………………………………………………........
8. His fortune was the largest in the world.
He could buy anything but happiness.
………………………………………………………………………………
9. The tourist saw a small boy approaching them.
His clothes were almost in rags; his face was pale and emaciated.
………………………………………………………………………………
 Unit 8
“SUBJECT” in Abstract Noun Phrases
Explanation:
a. ‗Subject‘ in abstract noun phrases is used in the same way as ‗subject‘ in
gerund phrases. Examples:
- He is responsible for ‘the management of the office’
(Implied ―subject‖ of management is he)
-The police were immediately noticed about ‘the disappearance of the
money’
(―Subject‖ in ‗of‘ phrase form)
- All his friends were astounded at ‘Mr. smith’s arrest for fraud’
(―Subject‖ in possessive form)
- ‗Problem solving‘ is to hire more men
(―Subject‖ in gerund phrase)
b. Replacing the word in one sentence with an abstract noun phrase made
from the other sentence. Some ―subject‖ referring to persons may be either
in ‗possessive form‘ or ‗of‘ phrase form. Example :
1. Bombs were exploding on all sides.
This made the inhabitants fear for their lives.
The explosion of bombs on all sides made the inhabitants fear for their
lives.
2. The senator argued in favor of the bill.
Many people were convinced by this.
Many people were convinced by the Senator‘s argument(s) in favor of the
bill. (also the argument(s) of the Senator)
Exercise 1.
1. He spoke against his opponent.
This was full of insulting epithets.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. Planes roared overhead.
For a long time we heard nothing but this.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. She loves to hear this.
The children laugh.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Smith retired at 60.
This surprised his friends.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. People possess firearms. (omit people)
This is a misdemeanor.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. He was upset by this.
His secretary resigned.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. Athletes from many countries participated.
This should make these sports even more interesting.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. The factory workers were complaining about the long hours.
We sympathized with this.
………………………………………………………………………………
9. He was suspicious of anything new.
This caused him to be very conservative.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. His parents are concerned about this.
The boy lacks interest in his school work.
………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2.

In an abstract noun phrase, an original direct object often takes of phrase form, or
less frequently, possessive form.

The execution of the prisoner will cause much public disapproval.

(compare with the gerund phrase – the executing of the prisoners)

Or The prisoners‘ execution will cause much public disapproval.

The possessive form is more usual with person-denoting ―objects‖, and is

obligatory for personal pronoun ―objects‖ – his murder, their arrest, our education.

Make an abstract noun phrase out of the words in parentheses. Use an of phrase
―object‖ an begin the phrase with this.

Example:

a. (employ, highly qualified workers) has greatly increased their production.

The employment of highly qualified workers has greatly increased their
production.
b. He hired an investment broker for (manage, his affairs).
He hired an investment broker for the management of his affairs.
1. Many people have condemned (employ, slave labor).
……………………………………………………………………………....
2. Many civil disorders resulted from (assassinate, President).
………………………………………………………………………………
3. (arrange, flower) was very beautiful.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. (punish, disobedient children) was very severe.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. They were arrested for (possess, marijuana).
………………………………………………………………………………
 6. (separate, Church and State) is a principle recognized by the American
Constitution.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. Soon after (destroy, old temple), a new one was built in the same place.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. Their teacher was explaining (pronounce, vowels, English).
………………………………………………………………………………
9. (solve, problem) is to hire more men.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. (apply, hot compresses) will reduce the swelling.
……………………………………………………………………………....

―OBJECTS” In Abstract Noun Phrases

Some original direct objects of finite verbs require prepositions other than of
when they follow the abstract noun derived from the verb.

For after demand, desire, pity, preference, request, respect, reverence, urge,
wish

To after address, answer, assistance, damage, injury, obedience, resemblance,

resistance

On after attack

In after trust

Sometimes either for or may precede a ―direct object‖ in an abstract noun

phrase her love for or her mother; his administration for or of
Shakespeare; his hatred for or of all women.

Exercise 3.

Change the words in parentheses into an abstract noun phrase. Use the
correct preposition before the original direct object.
Example:

a. (he, prefer, only daughter) is very obvious.

His preference for his only daughter is very obvious.
b. (he, resemble, father) is very striking.
His resemblance, to his father is very striking.

1. (damage, flooded area) was so great that the government is declaring it a

disaster area.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. (child, demand, constant attention) is a sign of great insecurity on her part.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. The landlord ignored (tenants, request, more heat).
………………………………………………………………………………
4. (he, answer, question) were not entirely satisfactory to the grand jury.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. (they, attack, enemy positions) was unsuccessful.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. (he, pity, all stray animals) led him to donate money for an animal shelter.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. He began to embezzle money for his clients in order to satisfy (he, desire,
more and more, luxuries).
……………………………………………………………………………....
8. The reporter is checking with the hospital on the nature of (injury, victim
of the car accident).
………………………………………………………………………………
9. (she, admire, that painter) almost borders on idolatry.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. Nothing can shake (he, trust, God).
………………………………………………………………………………

Special “Complements” of Nouns in Abstract Noun Phrases

Prepositional phrases, infinitives phrases or that noun clauses that normally follow
verbs or adjectives may also follow the nouns derived from such words.

Prepositional phrase He atoned for his sins becomes

His atonement for his sins

Infinitive phrase He decided to take a trip becomes

His decision to take a trip

That noun clauses He suggested that we see a lawyer

becomes\

His suggestion that we see a lawyer

Exercise 4.

Form an abstract noun phrase from the words in parentheses. Be sure to use
the proper “complement”.

Example:

a. (Mr. Jones, persist, his work) will one day bring its own reward.
Mr. Jones‘ persistence in his work will one day bring its own reward.
b. No one could understand (he, refuse, accept, award)
No one could understand his refused to accept the award.
c. (he, pretend, he, have, no money) is utterly ridiculous.
His pretense that he has no money is utterly ridiculous.
1. The foreign student was complimented on (he, was, familiar, English
language).
………………………………………………………………………………
2. (rebel, plotted, take over, political power) was thwarted by the
government.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. He has never broken (he, resolve, not, drink, liquor).
………………………………………………………………………………
4. (he, was, aware, Mrs. Brown, not like, he) made him uncomfortable in her
presence.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. (Columbus, assume, world, be, round) has been proved correct.
………………………………………………………………...……………
6. (child, demand, constant attention) is a sign of great insecurity on her part.
………………………………………………………………………………
 7. He began to embezzle money from his clients in order to satisfy (he,
desire, more and more, luxuries.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. The reporter is checking with the hospital on the nature of (injury, victim
of the car accident).
………………………………………………………………………………
9. (she, admire, that painter) almost borders on idolatry.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. Nothing can shake (he, trust, God).
………………………………………………………………………………

Infinitive vs. Gerund Subjects and Gerund Object

The greatest choice between the infinitive and the gerund is as subject. The
infinitive generally represents an act or state as a whole, whereas the gerund
represents an act or state in progress. This kind of choice is usually possible if the
main verb is present or future.

To learn (or learning) a new language is difficult.

For us to back out (or our backing out) of the agreement would create much
resentment.

If the main verb indicates a past single action, or if the verb is in the future voice,
the gerund is usually required.

Finding the answers presented a problem (past main verb).

Her stealing merchandise from the store will eventually be noticed. (passive main
verb)

Where possible, replace the verb in parentheses with both a gerund and an
infinitive.

Keep in mind that the infinitive is more restricted in its use as a subject than the
gerund is.

Example:
 a. (Locate) a suitable place for a meeting will take some time.
To locate (or Locating) a suitable [lace for a meeting will take some time.
b. (interrogate) by the police is quite an ordeal.
To be interrogate (or Being interrogated) by the police is quite an ordeal.
c. (he, put) on parole was recommended by the prison authorities.
His being put on parole was recommended by the prison authorities.

Exercise 5a.

1. (the committee, investigate) the matter now would only cause the
government embarrassment.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. (live) at home would save that student a lot of money.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. (inherit) money one doesn‘t expect is a pleasant surprise.
………………………………………………………………………………
4. (he, insult) the officer resulted in his arrest.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. (she, take) so long to dress always annoyed her husband.
………………………………………………………………………………
6. (entertain) the troops is the only thing the singer does now.
………………………………………………………………………………
7. (plant) a garden takes skill and patience.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. (save face) is more important in some cultures than in others.
………………………………………………………………………………
9. (type) that long report will be expensive.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. (rebuild) the cathedral that was bombed will cost a great deal of money.
………………………………………………………………………………

Some verbs may be followed by either infinitive phrase objects or gerund phrase
objects.
 Abhor disdain plan

Attempt dread propose

Cannot bear endure regret

(also interrog). Hesitate remember

Begin hate scare

Cease intend cannot stand (also interrog)

Continue love start

Decline neglect try

After regret, remember, the gerund often refresh to pat time, the infinitive to
future time.

I remember taking care (or having taken care) of that matter. (past time)

I must remember to take care of that matter. (future time)

Exercise 5b.

Use the infinitive or gerund form of the verb. If either form of verbal object
may be used, give both.

Example:

a. They will begin (harvest) the wheat today.

They will begin to harvest (or harvesting) the wheat today. (the infinitive
or the gerund may be used after begin).
b. We missed (see) you at the meeting.
We missed seeing you at the meeting. (Only the gerund object is used after
miss).
c. We arranged (meet) him at the station.
We arranged to meet him at the station. (Only the infinitive is used after
arrange).
1. I never cease (wonder) at the stupidity of the man.
………………………………………………………………………………....
2. The farmers risk (lose) their crops if it doesn‘t rain soon.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. A committee has already commenced (investigate) that terrible scandal.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. We enjoy (meet) you last night.
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. They will continue (work) seven days a week until the building is finished.
………………………………………………………………………………….
6. I dread (see) the look on his face when he is told that his child has been
injured.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. I expect (finish) the work next week.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. We must never neglect (do) our duty.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
9. We intend (leave) for Mexico.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. He started (have) trouble with his skin a year ago.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
 Unit 9
Dangling Modifiers
Explanation:
Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description. In clear,
logical sentences, you will often find modifiers right next to—either in front of or
behind—the target words they logically describe. Dangling modifiers are errors.
Their poor construction confuses readers.
Example: 1. Hungry, the leftover pizza was devoured.
Hungry is a single-word adjective. Notice that there is no one in the
sentence for this modifier to describe.
2. With a sigh of disappoint ment, the expensive dress was
returned to the rack.
With a sigh of disappointment is a string of prepositional phrases.
If you look carefully, you do not find anyone in the sentence capable
of feeling disappointed. Neither dress nor rack has emotions!
3. Having been edited by editor, the publisher started to publish
Having edited the books, they were published.
(after the editor had edited the book, the publisher . . .)
4. Before entering the classroom, the whiteboard was cleaned.
(before the students entered the classroom, ….. )
5. After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
(after jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark)
6. Do compare:
The boring professor put the students to sleep
The boring lecture put the students to sleep
The bored students were went to sleep during the boring lecture.
Exercise 1.

Combine the two sentences in the form of Dangling Sentence

1. (a) By exploring this problem thoroughly, a solution will hopefully be

found.
(b) By exploring this problem thoroughly, I hope to find solution.
d. …………………………………………………………………………..
2. (a) By being overtaxed, the government of California go added property
them into rebellion.
(b). By overtaking property owners, the government of California go
added them into rebellion.
e. ………………………………………………………………………......
3. (a). While walking to my chemistry final, a dog nipped my leg.
(b). While I was walking to my chemistry, a dog nipped my leg.
f. …………………………………………………………………………
4. (a). In studying the starts, we must calculate the time which their light
takes to reach us.
(b). In studying the starts, the time which their light takes to reach us must
be calculated.
g. …………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 2.

Read each of the following sentences that include a dangling modifier. Either
supply a headword as best you can, or reconstruct the whole sentence. If a
sentence is correct as it stands, write correct.

 After considering the offer carefully, it was refused.

Revised: After considering the offer carefully, I refused it.
1. Peering into the fog only dim blue light shone in the distance.
2. Dancing to an old Beatles record, the thought of John Lennon‘s death
suddenly ran through my mind.
3. The canoe tipped over while stepping into it.
4. After skipping lunch, I ate a big dinner.
5. Making our way slowly along the winding and bumpy road, a place to eat was
finally found.
6. Insisting on her right to be heard, the microphone was seized.
7. Based on the growing number of women in all fields, women have more
opportunities than ever before.
8. Looking first of all at the pilot, it seems contrived.

Exercise 3.

Combine the sentences in each of the following pairs by using the italicized
words in one sentence as a modifier in the other.

 I was painting our house last summer

 I fell of a ladder and broken my arm.

Combined: While painting our house last summer, I fell off a ladder and broken
my arm.

1. I was chopping wood last summer.

I cut my foot.
2. Harriet was eager to see the sun rise.
She got up at 5:03 A.M.
3. The boats were loaded with refugees.
The refugees had been driven out to sea by the Malaysian.
4. The child stood mute.
The child was too frightened to utter a sound.
5. The plane dropped.
Its engines were failing.

Exercise 4.
Each of the following is a phrase that can serve as a modifier. Write a
suitable base sentence for each modifier, and attach the modifier to it.

 Upon hearing the news.

 Upon hearing the news, he let out a whoop.
1. After waiting at the hot, dusty, deserted gas station for an hour and a half.
2. Sounding the hours with solemn tones.
3. Ignoring the No Parking sign.
4. Bringing him down with a flying tackle.
5. Trying to change the tire with nothing but a jack and a pair of pliers.
 Unit 10
Parallel Construction

A. Parallel Construction.
When you have two or more items in a list, a series, a contrast, a choice, a
statement of equivalence, a formal definition, a statement of evaluation, or
a comparison, put all of the items into the same grammatical forms:
1. List
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. [four nouns]
 Winston Churchill
2. Series
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall
pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any
friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
[five verb-object combinations]
 John F. Kennedy
3. Contrast
On all these shores there are echoes of past and future: of the flow of
time, obliterating yet containing all that has gone before. [two
participles]
 Rachael Carlson
4. Series plus contrast
Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. [four nouns]
 Henry David
Thoreau
5. Choice
We must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly, we shall all hang
separately.[two clauses]
 Benjamin Franklin
 6. Statement of equivalence
An empty house is a lonely place. [two noun phrases]
What I want to do may not be what I can do. [two noun clauses]
7. Classification/definition
Robotics is the study of robots designed to work like human beings. [a
noun and a noun phrase]
8. Statement of evaluation
The first violinist is the most important member of a symphony
orchestra. [two noun phrase]
9. Comparison
A living dog is better than a dead lion. [two noun phrases]
 Ecclesiastes
Crawling down a mountain is sometimes harder than climbing up. [two
participle phrases]

Exercise 1.
Each of the following sentences contains a parallel construction. Write
down the parallel elements.
 Crawling down a mountain is sometimes harder than climbing up.
h. Crawling down, climbing up.
1. For me, slipping on a piece of ice is as easy as failing off a log.
i. ………………………………………………………………………......
2. The more I read about tax reform, the less I understand about it.
j. …………………………………………………………………………
3. The new method a photographing copies is less expensive than the old
one.
k. …………………………………………………………………………..
4. We must either get control of inflation or lose control of the economy.
l. …………………………………………………………………………..
5. They were weak in numbers but strong in pride.
m. …………………………………………………………………………..
 6. What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.
 Samuel Johnson
n. …………………………………………………………………………
7. We must walk consciously only part way toward our goal, and then leap in
the dark to our success.
 Emerson
o. …………………………………………………………………………
8. The cosmic ulcer not from great concerns but from little irritations.
 Steinbeck
p. …………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 2.

Each of the following consist of two sentences, one with correct parallel
construction and the other with faulty parallelism. Write down the letter of the
sentence with correct parallel construction.

1. (a) Skateboarding is both exciting and there is danger in it too.

(b). Skateboarding is both exciting and dangerous.
q. …………………………………………………………………………..
2. (a) The detective stories of Max Brand are not so hard-boiled as Mickey
Spillane.
(b). the detective stories of Max Brand are not so hard-boiled as those of
Mickey Spillane.
r. …………………………………………………………………………..
3. (a) The sentence is difficult to understand not because the vocabulary is
technical but because the syntax is faulty.
(b). The sentence is difficult to understand not because of the technical
vocabulary but because the syntax is faulty.
s. …………………………………………………………………………
4. (a) The actor was not only stunned by the noise of booing but also by the
sight of flying tomatoes.
 (b). The actor was stunned not only by the noise of booing but also by the
sight of flying tomatoes.
t. …………………………………………………………………………
5. (a) Marian could not decide whether she could start collage right after high
school or to get a job first.
(b). Marian could not decide whether to start collage right after high
school or to get a job first.
u. …………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3a.

Correcting Faulty Parallelism.

Revise each of the following sentences that is married by faulty parallelism. If a

sentence is correct as it stands, write Correct.

 You can improve your performance if you master the fundamentals and by
training diligently.
Revised: You can improve your performance by mastering the
fundamentals and by training diligently.
1. The captain ordered his men to dig foxholes, to post sentries, and their
weapons were to be cleaned before dark.
2. Smoking cigarettes can be as dangerous as to play Russian roulette.
3. Some writers care only about wealth and becoming famous.
4. The more David says about pleasures of popcorn, the more I want to stuff
his mouth with bubble gum.
Rooming with Fred was like if you shared a telephone both with a
hippopotamus.

Exercise 3b.

Sentence combining.

Combine the sentences in each of the following sets by means of coordination and
parallel construction. Change the wording where necessary.
  The old Chevy pickup had three major defects.
 The brakes were bad
 There was a crack in the windshield
 Sometimes the starter failed to work

Combined: The old Chevy pickup had three major defects: bad brakes, a cracked
windshield, and an unreliable starter.


3. Professor Harvey made two main points.
4. He said that modern painting is essentially personal.
5. He saw impersonality as the essence of modern architecture.

6. In the summer I especially like three things.
7. I like to swim
8. I like to read science fiction
9. I like lying in the sun

10. Not only may the study of literature help you to understand other people.
11. You may also be helped to understand yourself

12. Most writers hate neglect
13. They love to be acclaimed.

14. Summer was at an end.
15. Another school year began.
Exercise 4a.

Using correlative in Parallel Construction.

Rewrite the following sentences by adding the correlative given within

parentheses and, where necessary, changing the wording.

 The winner was lucky; on the other hand, he might have been clever.
(either .. or)
With Correlatives: either the winner was lucky, or he was clever. [or]
 The winner was either lucky or clever.
1. Sterling Rose is rich and powerful. (both … and)
v. …………………………………………………………………………..
2. My wallet was not on top of the bureau, and it was not in my tan slacks.
(neither … nor)
w. …………………………………………………………………………..
3. Blake likes the idea of working in Japan, and he wants to move there at
once. (not only … but also)
x. …………………………………………………………………………..
4. We haven‘t decided what to do; we may stay put, or we may move to a
larger apartment near the university. (whether … or)
y. …………………………………………………………………………..
5. The new explosive is not dangerous to use, and its not difficult to make.
(neither … nor)
z. …………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 4b.

Combine the sentences in each of the following sets into a single compound
sentence, using compound phrases if necessary. Be careful to join all items in
your compounds correctly, and use parallel construction where possible.

 Black people in American have been neglected for years.

 Black people in American have been underestimated for years.
  Their recent accomplishments in a variety of fields have made ―black
power‖ a reality.
 Their recent accomplishments in a variety of fields have made black pride
possible.
Combined: Black people in American have been neglected and
underestimated for years, but their recent accomplishments in a variety of
fields have made ―black power‖ real and black pride possible.
1. - The hero in early cowboy movies was modest.
16. He was reticent.
17. He was shy with pretty women.
18. He rode hard
19. He shot straight
20. He survived a hundred dangers.
21. He always overcame the villain.
…………………………………………………………………………
2. - Much of the land was arid.
22. Much of the land was filled with rocks.
23. There was barrenness.
24. The Moabites loved their homeland.
25. The Moabites fought to keep their homeland.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. - People in the Northeast can spend more money on gasoline
26. They can spend more money on heating oil.
27. They have alternatives.
…………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 5.

Change the following sentences so that they are parallel.

1. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked.
2. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment for future generations by
protecting the ozone layer, purifying the air, and have replanted the trees
that have been cut down.
3. The chief of police demanded from his assistants and orderly
investigation, a well written report, and that they work hard.
4. Marcia is a scholar, an athlete, and artistic.
5. Slowly and with care, the museum director removed the Ming vase from
the shelf and placed it on the display pedestal.
6. The farmer plows the fields, plants the seeds, and will harvest the crop.
7. Abraham Lincoln was a good president and was self-educated, hard-
working, and always told the truth.
8. Children love playing in the mud, running through puddles, and they get
very dirty.
9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and to mount beautiful butterflies are
Derrick‘s hobbies.
10. Despite America‘s affluence, many people are without jobs, on welfare,
and have a lot of debts.
Additional Topic:

Stylistic Structure

A. Choose a suitable word to form the meaning of full information.

1. George would certainly have attended the proceedings ……………………
a. If he didn‘t get a flat tire
b. If the flat tire hadn‘t happened
c. Had he not hadn‘t happened
d. Had the tire not flattened itself
2. …………………….. received law degrees as today.
a. Never so many women here
b. Never have so many women
c. The women aren‘t ever
d. Women who have never
3. The students liked that professor‘s course because ………………
a. There was few if any homework
b. Not a lot of homework
c. Of there wasn‘t a great amount of homework
d. There was little or no homework
4. George …………………….. he could improve his test scores, but he did
not have enough time to study.
a. Knew to
b. Knew how
c. Knew how that
d. Knew how to
5. …………………………… he would have come to class.
a. if Mike is able to finish his homework
b. Would Mike be able to finish his homework
 c. If Mike could finish his homework
d. If Mike had been able to finish his homework
6. Lee contributed fifty dollars, but he wishes he could contribute …………
a. One other fifty dollars
b. The same amount also
c. Another fifty
d. More fifty dollars
7. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was
aware ………………… she had gone.
a. Were that
b. Of where
c. Of the place where
d. The place
8. Fred‘s yearly income since he changed professions has…………………
a. Nearly tripled
b. Got almost three times bigger
c. Almost grown by three times
d. Just about gone up three times
9. Nancy hasn‘t begun working on her Ph.D. ………………………..
working on her master‘s
a. Still because she is yet
b. Yet as a result she is still
c. Yet because she is still
d. Still while she is already
10. The director of this organization must know ……………………….
a. Money management, selling and able to satisfy the stockholders
b. How to manage money, selling his product, and able to satisfy
stockholders
c. How to manage money, sell his product, and satisfy the stockholders
d. Money management, selling, the idea of being able to satisfy the
stockholders
B. Identity the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or
rewritten. Then, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. She wishes that we didn‘t send her the candy yesterday because she‘s on a
A B C D
diet.

2. They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am.
A B C D
3. Today was such beautiful day that I couldn‘t bring myself to complete all my
A B C
chores.
D.

4. While they were away at the beach, they allowed their neighbors use their

A B C D

barbeque grill.

5. The artist tried stimulate interest in painting by taking his students to the

A B C D

museums.

6. Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

A B C D

7. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming home.
A B C D
8. Before she moved here, Arlene had been president of the organization since
A B C D
four years.
9. Each of the nurses report to the operating room when his or her name is called.
A B C D
10. The athlete, together with his coach and several relatives, are traveling to the
A B C D
Olympics Games.
11. P
rofessor Duncan teaches both anthropology as well as sociology each fall.
A B C D
12. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he was here so that he
A B C
could help me repair my car.
D
13. I certainly appreciate him telling us about the delay in delivering the materials
A B C D
is because we had planned to begin work tomorrow.

14. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in such of a way that it was
A B C
easily understood.
D
15. Rudolph Nureyev has become one of the greatest dancer that the ballet world
A B C
has ever known.
D
16. He has less friends in his classes now than he had last year.
A B C D
17. The town we visited was a four-days journey from our hotel, so we took the
A B C
train instead of the bus.
D
18. The influence of the nation‘s literature, art, and science have captured
A B C
widespread attention.
D
19. The leader emphasized the need for justice and equality between his people.
A B C D

20. Many of the population in the rural areas is composed of manual laborers.
A B C D
21. Several people have apparent tried to change the man‘s mind, but he refuses to
A B C
listen.
D
22. Keith is one of the most intelligent boys of the science class.
A B C D
23. The girls were sorry to had missed the singers when they arrived at the airport.
A B C D
24. When Keith visited Alaska, he lived in a igloo in the winter months as well as
A B C D
in the spring.

25. The harder he tried, he worst he danced before the large audience.
A B C D
C. Indentify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or
rewritten. Then, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The official object to them wearing long dresses for the inaugural dance
A B C
at the country club.
D
2. Janet is finally used to cook on an electric stove after having a gas
A B
one for so long.
C D
3. He
knows to repair the carburetor without taking the whole car apart.
A B C D
4. Stuart stopped to write his letter because he had to leave for the hospital.
A B C D
5. She must retyping the report before she hands it in to the director of financing.
A B C D
6. How much times did Rick and Jennifer have to do the experiment before they
A B
obtained the results they had been expecting.
C D
7. Each of the students in the accounting class has to type their own research
A B C D
paper this semester.

8. Mrs. Steven, along with her cousin from New Mexico, are planning to attend
A B C D
the festivities.
9. They are going to have to leave soon, and so do we.
A B C D
10. All the students are looking forward spending their free time relaxing in the
A B C D
sun this summer.

11. Dresses, skirts, shoes, and children‘s clothing are advertised at great reduced
A B C D
prices this weekend.

12. Mary and her sister just bought two new winters coats at the clearance sale.
A B C D
13. A lunch of soup and sandwiches do not appeal to all of the students.
A B C D
14. Some of us have to study their lesson more carefully if we expect to pass this
A B C D
examination.

15. Mr. Peters used to think of his self as the only president of the company.
A B C D
16. The instructor advised the students for the procedures to follow in writing the
A B C D
term paper.

17. Although both of them are trying to get the scholarship, she has the highest
A B C D
grades.

18. The new technique calls for heat the mixture before applying it to the wood.
A B C D
19. The pilot and the crew divided the life preservers between the twenty
A B C
frantic passengers.
D
20. A five-thousand-dollars reward was offered for the capture of the escaped
A B C D
criminals.

21. The equipment in the office was badly in need of to be repaired.

A B C D
22. A liter is one of the metric measurements, aren‘t they?

A B C D

23. We thought he is planning to go on vacation after the first of the month.

A B C D
24. There are a large supply of pens and notebooks in the storeroom to the left of
A B C D
the library entrance.

25. The president refuses to accept either of the four new proposals made by the
A B C D
contractors.
 Bibliography

Clift. 1982. TOEFL: Preparation Guide. USA .

Eastwood, John. 2002. Oxford Grammar. Oxford University Press.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. Practice Hall.

Hewings, Martin. 2001. Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University

Press.

--------------------. 2001. Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University

Murphy: Buku-buku Grammar.

Swan, Michael. 2002. Basic English Usage. Oxford University Press.

W, Stannard Allen. 1987. Having English Structure. Longman.

 Refresh your mind by doing this exercise!

1. Ann Hogue said that relative clause are also called adjective clause.

A. Combine the sentence below

1. a. We have special weekend for Dufan.

b. Rose have recommended to us.

2. a. Alabama is the poorest country in US.

b. it is located close to Colombus.
3. a. The hurricane has now headed out to sea.
b. Ended three hours ago.
4. a. Caitlyns has left Ellerslie to live in Jakarta.
b. Her grandmother is Indonesian.

5. a. People often suffer from backache.

b. They involves standing for the day in the garden.

B. Restrictive or non restrictive clauses. Identify (by giving commas if the

adjective is restrictive or non restrictive)
1. - The gentleman is a famous scientist.

- Mr. Johnson is a famous scientist.

(he gave the lecture last Sunday)

2. - A novel tell‘s of one man attempt to capture this whale.

- Moby dick tell‘s of one man attempt to capture this whale.
(uses a while whale to represent evil)

3. - Purba‘s father believes that young people need a sense of discipline.

 - A man believes that young people need a sense of discipline.
(He is very strict with his children)

4. - The boy‘s mother has made a sacrifices for his happiness.

- Mrs. Ellen has made a sacrifices for his son‘s happiness.
(She loves him very much).
5. - Children lives in loneliness.
- Hellena lives in loneliness.
(The parents have passed away)

II. Adjective clauses as object of preposition.

1. Unindra employs many people.
I work for Unindra.

2. Mr. Supriatman has designed interesting moduls.

Everyone is talking about him.

3. He got in touch with the cleverest student.

We were interested in his performance.

4. One of the student got confuse with his English.

His mother was hospitalized. He learned hard for it.

5. Evolution is practice car.

I bought it two years ago. I asked for having this.

III. Define the following word by adding adjective clause to the class words
that has been given.
1. Rice-cooker.

2. Refrigerator.

3. Hair-tonic.

4. Coco-pandan.

5. Baby-powder.

IV. Complete the sentence with “ing” form or “having + past participle”.
1. ………………………………….. the modul, he had a holiday. (design)

2. …………………………….. at the party, Tom saw Jane sitting alone. (arrive)

3. ……………………………... her eyes, she got surprise. (open).

4. ……………….. to Indonesia, hand phone were not more expensive.(import)

5. ………………. Off his shoes, the children walk into the mosque. (take).

Adjective clauses or noun clauses

Put brackets [ ] around the dependent clause in each sentence. Identify the
dependent clause as an adjective clause or a noun clause. Study the example.
1. The hat [that you bought] is pretty. (adjective clause)
2. Alice said [that it was too expensive]. (noun clause)
3. Mr. Anderson knows who told you the news.
4. All the men who attended the class were doctors.
5. I enjoyed the novel which you lent to me last week.

6. I can‘t remember what you told me about it.

7. Do you know the man who is walking with Mr. Brown?
8. We didn‘t know who had suggested that plan to them.
9. I don‘t know the fellow that you mentioned last night.
10. I gave Martha the letters that I wanted her to mail.
11. I told Martha that she should mail them right away.

12. The postcard they sent us had been mailed early last week.
13. Have you seen the pictures Bill took several days ago?
14. Mr. kent‘s secretary said he had already left for Chicago.
15. The part of the lesson that‘s most difficult for me is this one.