See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/338712378

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING

Research · January 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 1,943

1 author:

Tira Nur Fitria

Institut Teknologi Bisnis AAS Surakarta (ex. STIE AAS Surakarta)
48 PUBLICATIONS   46 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

TRANSLATION View project

CONVERSATION IN “FORMAL SITUATION” (MAN & WOMAN) OF THE SEVENTH SEMESTER STUDENTS FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND LANGUAGE View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Tira Nur Fitria on 21 January 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 SOCIOLINGUISTIC
“CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING”

This paper is arranged to fulfill the mid task of Linguistic Theories

Arranged by:

TIRA NUR FITRIA S200140027

ENGLISH STUDY

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2014
0
 SOCIOLINGUISTIC (CODE: CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING)

Tira Nur Fitria

English Study of Post Graduate Program, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Jl. A.Yani Pabelan Kartasura Tromol Pos 1 Surakarta 57102
Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to know the study of sociolinguistic in linguistics.

Sociolinguistic is study that is concerned in the relationship between language and
society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and of
how languages function in communication. In language, there is a code. A code is a
system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When people want to
talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. Related
of it, this paper is written based on two points of code namely code switching and
code mixing as a means of language variation in sociolinguistic, and it is used in
daily activities. Person sometimes mix or swith their language when they
communicate to the others both in bilingualism and multilingualism. Bilingual
(bilingualism) is a person who use two languages, while multilingual
(multilingualism) is a person who use more than a language. In other words, there is
a situasion where speaker deliberately change a code being used, namely code
switching from one language to another language, or the situation where the people
mix two languages when they speak or communicate with the other.

Keywords: Bilingual, Multilingual, Code, Code Switching, Code Mixing

A. INTRODUCTION
Society impinges on language, and language impinges on the society. Hence,
there must be a relationship existing between language and society. The
interdependency of these two entities, language and society led to the study of
sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship
between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the
structure of language and of how languages function in communication. It is the
study of all aspects of linguistics applied towards the connections between
language and society, and the way we use it in different language situations.

Language is seen as a unifying force and a common ground among various

people through which effective communication is carried out. Language has an
important part in human life and has several usages for human as a mean of
communication and interaction in community life. It means that language is a
1
key of communication in connecting the people, without a good language we
would be unable to express our thoughts, ideas, feeling and we would not be
able to share our knowledge. Based on that statement above, we can indicate that
it is impossible for the people to live together without communication.

Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or

community they belong to. To avoid the other community or people interfering
their communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the
language that not everybody knows/masters. A code is a system that is used by
people to communicate with each other. When people want to talk each other,
they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. It is a symbol that
is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or
register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes of
communication. The people usually choose different codes in different situation.
They may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier
discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. When talking
about work or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that
related to those fields rather than the language used in daily language
communication at home.

Put simply, when choose code, they sometimes mix or swith their language
when they communicate to the others. We can see in bilingualism and
multilingualism. Bilingualism is use two languages (for example using
Indonesian and Javanese). However, defining bilingualism is problematic since
individuals with varying bilingual characteristics may be classified as bilingual.
While, a person called themselves as a bilingualism when they used more than
two language (for example using Indonesian, Javanese and English) in their
communication. Both in bilingual or multilingual, sometimes they mix or swith
their language.

As for code mixing, it occurs when the people incorporate small units
(words or short phrases) from one language to another one. It is often
unintentional and is often in word level. People can see that in code mixing, you
do not alternate the whole sentence, but people only use one word or two. This
2
 often happen unintentionally, sometimes the people have a bunch of lexicons
that get jumbled inyour brain, and person often use more than one language, but
we do not realize it.

Based on the explanation about, the purpose of this paper is to find out the
definition of code both code mixing and code switching from many experts, the
kinds and the example of both code mixing and code switching which is used by
the people in their daily activities and conversation, also discuss about the reason
both bilingual or multilingual switch or mix their langauge. This paper also
presents the research goals and concludes with some concepts and definitions
related to research focus. This paper is to know how far we understand about
code switching and code mixing and the differences between them. Here, this
paper also discusses concept of the study with some significance of this study for
the next research.

B. CONCEPT
There are some concepts that consists of definitions, kinds or types, example,
and the other explanation that related to the topic of paper, they are as following:

1. CODE
In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in
different situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it
makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are
speaking. It is likes system that is used by people to communicate with each
other. When people want to talk each other, they have to choose a particular
code to express their feeling. It is a symbol of nationalism that is used by people
to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or register, or
accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes of
communication.
In Sociolinguistics, code refers to a language or a variety of language.
The term is useful because it is neutral. This term is mainly used as a neutral
label for any system of communication involving language and which avoids
the sociolinguist having to commit himself to such terms as dialects, language
or variety, which have special status in his theories. What is interesting is the
3
 factors that govern the choice of a particular code on a particular occasion. Why
do people choose to use one code rather than another, what brings about shifts
from one code to another, and why do they occasionally prefer to use a code
formed from two other codes by mixing the two ?
Wardaugh (1986:87) also maintains that a code can be defined as “a
system used for communication between two or more parties used on any
occasions.” When two or more people communicate with each other in
speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code.
Therefore, people are usually required to select a particular code whenever
they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to
another or to mix codes, sometimes in very short utterances and it means to. A
code is a system that is used by people to communicate. When people want to
talk to each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling.
The code is a particular language, dialect, style, register or variety.
According to Crystal (1980:66), code is a set of conventions for converting
one signaling system into another. In other words, a code is a system of rules
that allow us to give in formation in symbolic form. Human language is also a
code; consists of words that represent ideas, events, and objects. When it put
together in certain circumstances, it will help us to communicate.
The term code refers to speech varieties or dialects in a language or even
languages. This is widely used in the field of linguistics, and it is studied always
in a social context. Further, it is a signal used by the speaker to convey some
message. The term 'code switching' means switching from one language variety
to another when the situation demands (Richards Jack et al: 1985:43).
From those opinions of the code given by many linguists above, we
can make conclusion that a code can be said as a language. The code is a
form of the language variation that is used by a society to make communication
with other people.

C. CODE- SWITCHING

1. Definition of Code Switching

4
 Many experts of linguistic give definitions of cases code – switching.
It is give clarity needed to understand to us about concept of meaning
code- switching. They are as following:

Wardaugh (1986: 100) says, a code switching is a conversational

strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, to
evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligation.
And the metaphorical code – switching happens when there is a change in
the perception, or the purpose, or the topic of the conversation. In
reference, with the factors, this type of switching involves the Ends, the
Act Sequences, or the Key, but not the situation.

Hymess (1875) also define code- switching has become a common

term for alternate use of two or more language, or varieties of language,
or even speech style. He mentions that code- switching is the use of more
than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act.

According to Victoria and Rodman (1998), code switching is a term

in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in
conversation. Code-switching can be distinguished from other language
contact phenomena such as loan translation (calques), borrowing, pidgins
and creoles, and transfer or interference.

According to Myres and Scotton (2006), the most general definition

of code switching is this: the use of two language varieties in the same
conversation. Code-switching can be distinguished from other language
contact phenomena such as loan translation (calques), borrowing, pidgins
and creoles, and transfer or interference. In this respect, he notes that not
only contextual factors play a role in the code choice, but factors such as
social identity andeducational background also affect the speaker’s choice
of code.

Fischer (1972: 85) suggests that code switching or inter-sentential

code-alternation occurs when a bilingual speaker uses more than one

5
 language in a single utterance above the clause level to appropriately
convey his/her intents. That language or code choice in communities
where bilingualism or multilingualism is the norm should be analyzed in
the context where the speech is produced. Ahmad (2009:49) also state
that code mixing also called intra-sentential code switching or intra-
sentential code-alternation occurs when speakers use two or more
languages below clause level within one social situation. Patterns of code
switching are found to be different from one another because of several
distinct processes such as ‘insertion’, ‘alternation’ and ‘congruent
lexicalization’. It suggested that language or code choice in communities
where bilingualism or multilingualism is the norm should be analyzed in
the context where the speech is produced. While Arifin (2011-220) notes
that three contextual factors should be taken into account: 1) the
relationship amongst speakers; 2) the setting where the talk takes place
and; 3) the topic being discussed.

From the definitions above, it is learned that code- switching is found

more with bilingual or multilingual speakers. Code- switching should be
found in a single conversation. In other words, there is a situasion where
speaker deliberately change a code being used, namely by switching from
one to another.

2. Kind and Example of Code Switching

Since English has gained the status as the world lingua franca,
there are lots of bilingual or multilingual speakers who do code –
switching from their native language or mother tongue to English. Yusuf
(2009:6) The frist example of code- switching below involves ‘ showing
language expertise ‘ factor which is possibly combined with the factor of
‘ raising status ‘. The other examples are interpreted to be likely to entail
other factors as well in addition to those factors.

- An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English, for the

example ;

6
 Jangan lupa ya, it’s really hot and absolutely gorgeous. Kamu pasti
puas.

David (2008-75) states that cases of code- switching as above

can be classified in accordance with two different classification we
called here, they are grammatical and contextual classification. The
grammatical classification of code- switching is based on where in the
sentence or utterance the switching appears while the contextual
classification of code-switching is based on the reason why a bilingual
switches.

The grammatical classification result in three types of code-

switching, namely tag-code-switching, inter-sentential code- switching,
and intra-sentential code-switching.

1. Tag code- switching. A tag code-switching happens when a bilingual

inserts short expressions (tag) from different language at the end of
his/her utterances. For example:

- An Indonesian bilingual switches from English to Indonesian.

It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak?

2. Inter-sentential code-switching. An inter- senstential code-

switching happens when there is a complete sentence in a foreign
language uttered between two sentences in a base language.

- An Indonesian bilingual switches from Indonesian to English.

Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies but goodies, they say. Tapi
masih enak kok didengerin.

3. Intra- sentential code-switching. An intra-sentential switching is

found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of a foreign language is found
within the sentence in a base language. There are some example ;

- An English bilingual switches from English to French, for example;

7
 The hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelievably majestic.

Unlike the grammatical classification, which is based on the

position of the different code found in the utterances, the contextual
classification is based on the reason why people switch. The
classification divides two types of code- switching, namely the
situational and methaporical code- switching.

Where a situational or contextual code – switching appears when

there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from
one code to the other. In regard to the factors of choosing a code
suggested by Hymes (1986:167), the changing situations involved could
be the settings, the participants, or the Norms of interaction. Code
switching is the inevitable consequence of bilingualism and
multilingualism. Anyone who can speak more than one language
chooses the language according to the circumstances in which the
language will be comprehensible to the person addressed. A bilingual
speaker tends to switch rapidly from one language to another, in a certain
condition and for certainreason. It occurs when environment forces the
speaker to switch his language into another that he has mastered well.

C. CODE- MIXING

a. Definition of Code Mixing

The other phenomenon closely related to code switching is code

mixing. Many experts of linguistic give definitions of cases code – mixing. It
is give clarity needed to understand to us about concept of meaning code-
mixing. They are as following

Wardhaugh (1986: 103) states that code mixing occurs when

conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from
one language to the other in the course of a single utterance It means that the
conversants just change some of the elements in their utterance. Code mixing

8
 takes place without a change of topic and can involve various levels of
language, e.g., morphology and lexical items.

The concept of code – mixing is used to refer to a more general form of

language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the other form
of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. This definition is found in the
following excerpt. Muysken (2000:109) define that the term code-mixing to
refer to all cases where lexical item and grammatical features from two
languages appear in one sentence. And he also defines in code- mixing pieces
of one language are used while a speaker is basically using another language.

While Gumperz (1982) define in code- mixing pieces of one language

are used while a speaker is basically using another language.The concept of
code – mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that
may include cases of code-switching and the other form of contacts which
emphasizes the lexical items. It is a mix of code that occurs when conversant
uses both languages together to the extent they change from one language to
other in the course of single utterance.

According to Suwito (1998:23), in code mixing, we can see the

borrowing elements of sentence from one language to other language. The
writer uses two language or more language to state their thought, instruction,
message, and experiment in order to that readers can receive what the writer
has expresses. The concept of code mixing is used to refer to a more general
from of language contact that may include cases of code switching and the
other form of contact which emphasizes the lexical items. David (2009:75)
adds that different from the above standpoint, code mixing is going to be
distinguished here from code switching. With an emphasis on the different
grammatical items involved as well as the association with situation and topic
found in the case, the questions below suggest a theoretical different between
code mixing and code switching (Getha 2010, p.232)

In relation to the language and social groups, code mixing is a

phenomenon of bilingual or multilingual society. Bilingual or multilingual
9
speakers as involved persons in using two or more languages are involved with
two or more cultures, and of course, it is not separated from the result of the
language use. The using of two or more languages, personal or social group,
commonly named bilingualism or multilingualism. The result can be
mentioned as “chaos” of the language system.

Additionally, in code mixing situation, to keep the speaker’s prestige can

be mentioned, because there are no proper words to express the speaker’s
mean. Code-mixing involves the use of an Language 1 word in an Language 2
utterance- a common occurrence in bilingual or immigrant communities. In
relation to the language and social groups, code mixing is a phenomenon of
bilingual or multilingual society. Bilingual or multilingual speakers as involved
persons in using two or more languages are involved with two or more
cultures, and of course, it is not separated from the result of the language use.
The using of two or more languages, personal or social group, commonly
named bilingualism or multilingualism. The result can be mentioned as
“chaos” of the language system.

While according to Nababan (1984) code mixing happens when people

mix two languages (or more) languages in such speech act or discourse without
any force to do mixing codes. It is as the process whereby speakers indulge in
code switching between languages of such rapidity and density, even within
sentences and phrases that are not possible to say at any given time which
language they are speaking.

There are some factors, that cause people do code mixing according to
Kim (2006:43). Some of them are:

1. Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than
one language is a basic factor of code mixing. Most of the world’s population
is bilingual or multilingual.

2. Speaker and partner speaking . Communication is the process of expressing

ideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner speaking

10
to communicate and code mixing could appear if both use and understand it
well.

3. Social community. An individual lives and cooperates in one community

either in monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities are
bilingual that use two languages in their interactions. In this case, an individual
will be influenced by social community directly.

4. Situation. Usually code mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This

situation is closer with daily conversation and for writers is also describe as
their habitual communication.

5. Vocabulary. There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of

vocabulary in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or
expression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from one
to another language and it can be combined together.

6. Prestige. Globalization era has lad people must able to speak more than one
language, especially English. For many young people code mixing becomes
awn style which is hoped to be modern and educational one. They mix
language because of prestige.

Bilingual speakers may utilize code mixing as a marker in group

identity in various intra-group bilingual communities. It may occur because
speakers want to show their solidarity and familiarity each other. And in
principle, code mixing is the mixing from one language into the structure of
other language such as word, phrase, clause, and even sentence from a
cooperative activity where the participants in order to infer what is intended. In
this case code mixing involves components of language such as word, phrase,
clause, and even sentence in the same utterance.

b. Kind and Example of Code Mixing

According to Siregar (1996:50), code mixing divided into two kinds,

intra-sentential mixing and extra-sentential mixing.

1. Intra-sentential mixing
11
 Intra-sentential mixing may range from the alternation of single
words or phrases to clauses within a single sentence or utterance. Below
some examples of code mixing in English- Indonesia:

 Aku benar-benar busy hari ini. (Busy as code mixing of word in the
sentence)

 Semalam, maaf aku enggak bisa datang ke pestamu, because I have many
duties. (because I have many duties as code mixing of clause)

 Tinggal follows up di dalam nanti. (Follow up as code mixing of phrase in

the sentence).

The sentence codes mixing in this study are in the following form:

1. Declarative. In declarative, the subject and predicate have normal word

order. The sentence ends with period in writing and drop in pitch in
speech. For Example: “I want to sleep now. Capek gara-gara tadi pagi.”

2. Interrogative Interrogative includes yes/no question, WH (What, when,

why, where, when) question, and subject question. For Example: “Yan,
baju yang kamu pilih ap? Green or blue?”

3. Imperative. Imperative sentence usually contain the imperative of a verb.

“The imperativeis used in request which according to circumstances may
range from brusque commands to humble entreaties, the tone generally
serving as key to the exact meaning. For Example: “Hurry up!! Aku mau
pake motornya”

Based on the example above, it can be seen that those are code mixing
sentences with single word, single clause, and single phrase.

2. Extra-sentential mixing

Normally extra-sentential mixing occurs between sentences. Because it

occurs at sentence boundaries, it requires less complex syntactic interaction
between two languages involved in code mixing. Code mixing divided in two
kinds; such as Inner Code Mixing is that stemming from original language
12
 with all variation and Outer Code Mixing is that stemming from foreign
language.

Code mixing has some form; 1) word insertion (in fixation), 2) phrase
insertion, 3) clause insertion, 4) expression/ idiom insertion, and 5) baster
insertion (combining of original and foreign language). Muysken explained
more that code mixing is typically divided into three main types – insertion
(word or phrase), alternation (clause) and congruent lexicalization (dialect)-
and the most common occurrence of code mixing variants in society is
insertional code mixing. He suggests that there are three main patterns of
intra-sentential code mixing which may be found in bilingual speech
community – insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. In another
hand, the types of code mixing are:

a. Insertion of material (lexical items or entire constituents) from one language

into a structure of the other language. Insertion is the constraint in the terms
of structural properties of some base or matrix structure. The process of code
mixing is conceived as something skin to borrowing and insertion of an alien
lexical or phrasal category into a given structure. The difference is simply the
size and type of element inserted – noun, adjective, verb, and the like.

For example: “Jangan suka nge-claim orang lainlah." (note that "claim" is the
English word inserted in the Indonesian utterance).

b. Alternation between structures from languages. Alternation is the constraint

of mixing in terms of compatibility or equivalence of the languages involved
at the mix point, and clause. For example in dialogue:
Teacher : What’s your activities at home?
Kasih : Activities, e… saya sekarang kan kost pak. Disana gak comfort
gitu. Notime for study, soalnya pulang sekolah gak bisa
istirahat. Banyak kerjaan. Mau tiduran aja ga bisa. Segen
sama yang punya rumah.
Teacher : Everyday?
Kasih : Iya, everyday. Malemnya when I sleepy ya ga bisa belajar.
Planning-nya sih mau pindah gitu. Mungkin next month, sir.
13
 c. Congruent lexicalization of material from different lexical inventories into
a shared grammatical structure. It is also the influence of dialect within
language use.
Example in Netherlands language.
Gee mi een kiss (Give me a kiss)
Congruent lexicalization, is most often present in mixing between dialects
and between languages, which are close to each other in structure.

With the scope as found in the quotation, code-mixing can be used to

identify almost any linguistic mixed forms resulting from language contacts.
Within this, there are three forms of language contacts defined, namely
alternaton, which is roughly similar with code- switching, insertion, which
ferers to the use of lexical items or entire constituents from a foreign language.

4. REASON TO SWITCH OR MIX THE LANGUAGES

The people surely also have reasons why he or she switches their
native language into English. Saville-Troike (1986: 69) states that reasons for
bilinguals or multilinguals to switch or mix their languages. They are:
1) To soften or strengthen request or command
For Indonesian people, mixing and switching bahasa Indonesia into
English can also soften a request because English is not their native tongue so
it does not sound as direct as bahasa Indonesia. However, code mixing and
code switching can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel
more powerful than the listener because he/she can use a language that not
everybody can.
2) Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilinguals to switch or mix their languages
is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages. When an English-
Indonesian bilingual has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it
easier to say it in bahasa Indonesia. And vice versa, when he/she has a word
that is lacking in bahasa Indonesia, he/she will use the English term. If it
putted Indonesian, the meaning will be hazy/ vague, and sometime it would

14
not practice. For example, in Indonesia, the technical topics are firmly
associated English and the topic itself can trigger a switch or mix to/with
English.
3. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience
Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or
community they belong to. To avoid the other community or people
interfering their communication, they may try to exclude those people by
using the language that not everybody knows.

Here are the reasons for bilinguals or multilingual to switch or mix their
languages according to Hoffman (1991:116):
1. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one
language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and
more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is
not their everyday language.
2. Quoting somebody else
People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of
some well-known figures. In Indonesian, those well-known figures are
mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then, because many of
the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous
expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.
3. Being emphatic about something
Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not
his native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something,
he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his
second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, there are
some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their
second language rather than in their first language.
4. Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)

15
 Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or
multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence
connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.
5. Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be
understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the
languages that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said
repeatedly).
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code
switching and code mixing occur. It means to make the content of his/her
speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer.
7. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group
identity. As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication
of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different
from other groups. In other words, the way of communication of one
community is different from the people who are out of the community
(Barnett, 1994: 7).

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING

From the explanation above, the difference between code mixing and
code switching can be inferred. First, in code mixing, bilingual speakers seem
to apply some foreign words or phrases ( pieces of one language smaller than
clause) while the other language (code) functions as the base. Second
bilingual speakers are said to code mixing ( but not switch from one to
another ) when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation .
Fasold (1996:192) explains one criterion to different code switching
and code mixing. One creation that is sometimes offered to distinguish
switching from mixing is that the grammar of the clause determines the
language. By this criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase from another
language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical

16
 structure of one language and the next is constructed according to the
grammar of another. create a code.
Code switching and code mixing living in a bilingual (or multilingual)
community forces people to be able to speak in at least two different
languages. We will take Javanese as a case in point. Javanese people can
speak Javanese, their mother tongue, and Indonesian as their secondary or
national language at a minimum. It is possible to find them speaking foreign
languages too. As people have to speak different languages (or follow
different speech levels; i.e. ngoko or krama in Javanese language) for
different reasons, the so-called linguistic phenomena of code switching (you
call it "alih kode" and code mixing (campur kode) will inevitably occur.
When you alternate between two (or more) languages during your speech
with another bilingual person, that means you have code-switched.
Now we can see the difference between code switching and code
mixing. When you change language intentionally and you do it because of
specific purposes (e.g. the presence of third person that does not share the
same language, or the change of topic or situation), in other word the switch
is functional, that means you code-switch. When you insert a piece of word
other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or
intention when doing that, that means you code-mix.

CONCLUSION

At the beginning of this paper has been described about sociolinguistics,

the study of language and society, which is concerned with investigating the
relationship between language and society with the goal of a better
understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in
communication. In sociolinguistic, there is langauge variation include code.
Code refers to a language or a variety of language. It is a system that is used by
people to communicate with each other. When people want to talk each other,
they have to choose a particular code to express their is a symbol of nationalism
that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language for
different purposes of communication (both spoken or written). Code is divided

17
by two, namely code switching and code mixing. Code switching and code
mixing living in a bilingual (or multilingual) community forces people to be able
to speak or communicate in at least two different languages. Code switching is
switching the situation from one code to another. If a speaker firstly uses code A
(language) then she/he changes the code to code B (other language). While code
mixing is mixing two language or use both language together to in single
utterance.
Related to the topic and concept of paper, we can see that both code
switching and code mixing can be seen both in written and spoken / oral
language. In written language, can be found in newsletter, magazine, novel,
short story etc. While in spoken/ oral language, we can find in TV program,
radio, song, movie, teaching and learning process etc. In these activities, the
person as a billingual or multilingual and use two or more languages, for
example: Indonesian, English and regional language. Even, code switching and
code mixing many used in technology, for example in internet, in social
networking (facebook and Balckberry Messenger). From the explanation above,
the writer wants to investigate and anlysis of code switching and code mixing in
the different title both in oral and written language, for example:
1. An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in Social Networking
(Facebook Status and Comment or Blackberry Messenger (BBM))
2. An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in TV Program or
Movie

18
 REFERENCES

Ahmad, B.H. (2009). Teachers’ Code-Switching in Classroom Instructions for Low

English Proficient Learners. English Language Teaching Journal. Vol. 2,
No.2, pp. 49-55. www.ccsnet.org/journal.html. October 19th, 2014.

Ariffin, K & Husin, M S. (2011) Code-switching and Code-mixing of English and

Bahasa Malaysia in Content-Based Classrooms: Frequency and Attitudes.
Linguistic Journal. Vol. 5, pp. 220-247 @2011. http://www.linguistics-
journal.com_June-2011. October 19th 2014.

Crystal, D. (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.USA: Cambridge

University Press:

David C.S. (2008). Understanding mixed code and classroom code-switching: myths
and realities. New Horizons Journal. Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 75-87@Dec 2008.
http://www.newhorizonsineducation.com. October 19th 2014..

Fasold. R. 1996. The Sociolinguistic of Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher

Geetha, V & Kamatchi, B. (2010). Code Mixing and Code Switching in Tamil
Proverbs. Language in India Journal. Vol.10, No. 5, pp. 232-241, May
2010. www.languageinindia.com. October 19th 2014.
Gumperz, J.J. 1982. Discourse Strategies: Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics 1.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hymess, Dell. 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistic; The Ethnography of
Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Hoffman, C. 1991. An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York: Longman.
Kim, E. (2006). Reasons and Motivations for Code-Mixing and Code-Switching.
TESOL Journal. Vol.4, No.1, pp. 43-61 @2006. http://www.tesol-
journal.com. October 18th 2014.
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge:
Cambridge . University Press.
Myers Carol and Scotton. 2006. Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism.
York: Blackwell Publishers

Myers Scotton, Carol. 1993 Social Motivations of Codeswitching. Oxford: .

Clarendon.

Myers-Scotton, C., & Ury, W. (1977). "Bilingual Strategies: The Social Functions of
Codeswitching." Journal of the Sociology of Language. 13, pp. 5-20.

Nababan, PWJ. 1984, ”Sosiolinguistik”, PT Gramedia, Jakarta.

19
 Poplack, Shana (2004). "Code-Switching". In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K.J. Mattheier
and P. Trudgill. Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook of the Science
of Language and Society (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 589–96.

Richard,T.C. (et al.). 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman:

London.
Saville-Troike, M. 1986. The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction.
Oxford: Brazil Blackwell.

Sayahi, L. (2001). Code Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and

Identity, Modern Language Journal. Vol. 85, No.2, p.152 @2001.
http://www.modernlanguage-journal.com. October 19th 2014..
Sert, O. (2005). The Functions of Code Switching in ELT Classrooms. The Internet
TESL Journal. Vol. XI, No. 8, August 2005. http://iteslj.org/.
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sert-CodeSwitching.html. October 19th 2014.
Siregar. Bahren U. 1996. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour. USU:
Medan

Suwito, 1983 Sosiolinguistik: Teori dan Problema”.Henary Offset: Surakarta.

Then, D. C-O & Dr Su-Hie Ting. (2009). Demystifying the notion of teacher code-
switching for student comprehension. English as an International
Language Journal. Volume 5, pp. 182-197. (http://www.international-
language.com). October 18th 2014.
Victoria, Fromkin and Robert Rodman. 1983. An Introduction to Language. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston: New York

Wardaugh, Ronald. 1998. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Brasil

Blackwell.

Yusuf, Y.Q. (2009). A Pragmatics Analysis of a Teacher’s Code- Switching in a

Bilingual Classroom. The Linguistics Journal. Vol.4, issue 2, pp. 6-39
(http://www.linguistics-journal.com). October 19th 2014.

20

View publication stats