The document discusses heat generators and boilers. It defines a heat generator as a device that converts fuel or electricity into heat, such as a boiler or radiant heater. There are different types of heat generators including boilers, solid fuel burners, CHP plants, electrical heaters, and gas heaters. Boilers are then discussed in more detail. There are two primary boiler designs - fire tube boilers where heat is within tubes in water, and water tube boilers where water is within tubes. Key boiler components are also outlined. Fire tube and water tube boilers each have advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses heat generators and boilers. It defines a heat generator as a device that converts fuel or electricity into heat, such as a boiler or radiant heater. There are different types of heat generators including boilers, solid fuel burners, CHP plants, electrical heaters, and gas heaters. Boilers are then discussed in more detail. There are two primary boiler designs - fire tube boilers where heat is within tubes in water, and water tube boilers where water is within tubes. Key boiler components are also outlined. Fire tube and water tube boilers each have advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses heat generators and boilers. It defines a heat generator as a device that converts fuel or electricity into heat, such as a boiler or radiant heater. There are different types of heat generators including boilers, solid fuel burners, CHP plants, electrical heaters, and gas heaters. Boilers are then discussed in more detail. There are two primary boiler designs - fire tube boilers where heat is within tubes in water, and water tube boilers where water is within tubes. Key boiler components are also outlined. Fire tube and water tube boilers each have advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
The document discusses heat generators and boilers. It defines a heat generator as a device that converts fuel or electricity into heat, such as a boiler or radiant heater. There are different types of heat generators including boilers, solid fuel burners, CHP plants, electrical heaters, and gas heaters. Boilers are then discussed in more detail. There are two primary boiler designs - fire tube boilers where heat is within tubes in water, and water tube boilers where water is within tubes. Key boiler components are also outlined. Fire tube and water tube boilers each have advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
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Heat Generator
the term ‘heat generator’ refers to a device for converting fuel or electricity into heat – e.g.
a boiler or radiant heater. Heat sources and fuels can be used to generate heat by: • Boilers. • Solid fuel burners. • Combined heat and power (CHP) plant. • Electrical heaters. • Gas heaters. • Heat pumps. Heat Sources Examples of fuels and heat sources include: • Solid fuel – timber, coal, peat, biomass. • Liquid – oil, liquid petroleum gas (LPG). • Gas - natural gas, biogas. • Electricity - grid, wind turbines, hydroelectricity, photovoltaics. • Water – solar thermal, geothermal, ground source, water source. Heat transfer Radiation - Radiation is a heat transfer mechanism, along with conduction, convection, phase change and mass transfer. All bodies which are hotter than 0°K emit thermal radiation. They also absorb thermal radiation emitted by their surroundings. The difference in the total amount of radiation emitted and absorbed by a body at any given moment may result in a net heat transfer which will produce a change in the temperature of that body. Convection is the movement of a fluid, such as air. It is a combination of advection and diffusion: • Advection is the large-scale motion of a fluid in currents. • Diffusion is the small-scale movement of particles of fluid from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Conduction - s the diffusion of internal heat within a static (rather than fluid) body as a result of a temperature difference across it. Heat will tend to diffuse from higher temperature parts of a body to lower temperature parts. Boiler A boiler is a piece of technical apparatus in which fuels are oxidised to generate thermal energy, which is transferred to water or steam. Boilers are typically used to heat water to feed heating systems or to supply hot water, or both. The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Boilers come in two primary designs: fire tube and water tube. In a fire tube boiler, the boiler gases and heat are within the tubes in the boiler; while in water tube boilers, boiler feed water is within the tubes and drums of the boiler. Water tube boilers primarily are used to generate steam, while fire tube boilers are used for both steam and hot water.
Main Boiler Components
• Burner – the burner is the area where the air mixes with your fuel source and combusts. • Combustion chamber/firebox – this is the chamber where the combustion from the burner heats the heat exchanger; this chamber can reach temperatures of several hundred degrees. • Heat exchanger – the heat exchanger allows the heat from the combustion chamber to heat the water in the boiler’s tank. • Aquastats – these components sense the temperature of the water in your boiler and tell the burner when to start and stop. • Expansion tank – the expansion tank is a small tank off the main boiler that helps protect your system from excessive pressure. • Backflow valve – a backflow valve is a safety device that allows water to flow in a single direction only. • Circulator pump – a circulator pump is used with boilers that use hot water to heat; the circulator pump pushes the hot water through your system, allowing it to circulate to the various outlets. • Supply lines – supply lines are the pipes that deliver the heated water or steam to the distribution points. • Return lines – when the water cools, or the steam cools and changes states back to water, the return lines bring this water back to the boiler for re-heating. Fire tube boiler
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through one or (many) more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water and ultimately creating steam This is the type of boiler used in nearly all steam locomotives. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be kept permanently surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temperature of the heating surface below the boiling point. Fire-tube boilers have the advantage of being easy to install and operate. They are widely used in small installations to heat buildings and to provide power for factory processes. Fire-tube boilers are also used in steam locomotives. Hot flue gases flow inside tubes that are submerged in water within a shell. • Pressures up to about 10 bar • Produce up to 14 tonnes of steam/hr Advantages: • compact construction • efficient, straight tube design • lower total cost of ownership • easier access and maintenance • good load surge handling @ pressure • simple operation Disadvantages: • Drums exposed to heat, increasing the risk of explosion • Large water volume, resulting in poor circulation • Limited steam pressure and evaporation Water tube boiler
In this type, tubes filled with water are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations. Often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the upper ones steam and water; in other cases, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type generally gives high steam production rates, but less storage capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall. These boilers are commonly constructed in place, roughly square in shape, and can be multiple stories tall. Water tube boilers can generate saturated or superheated steam, which is useful for applications such as steam turbine power generation. In addition, these boilers are commonly used in process industries, including chemicals , refining, and pulp and paper manufacturing. Water tube boilers are safer by design and generally considered to last much longer than the firetube boiler. Advantages: • Rapid heat transmission • Fast reaction to steam demand • High efficiency • Safer than firetube boilers Disadvantages: • More control than fire tube boilers • Higher initial cost • More complicated to operate Selecting the Heat Source In many cases, the type of heat source is predetermined by what is available in the plant and the cost of utilities. However, if more than one heat source can be used, there are questions to consider to narrow the choice. Consider the following questions. • What heat source (fuel) is available? Typical choices include natural gas, liquefied petroleum (propane or butane) gas, diesel and electricity. • What is the cost of each fuel per million BTUs? Electric is the most expensive many parts of the country. Boilers are most commonly fuelled by: • Mains gas • Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). • Wood. • Coal. • Oil. • Electricity. There are a very wide range of boilers available depending on; size, fuel type, efficiency and application, and ranging from compact units used for domestic heating, to very large boilers used for industrial processes.
Common boiler fomulas
Boiler Efficiency It is calculated by dividing the boiler output (in BTUs) by the boiler input (in BTUs) and multiplying by 100. The actual input and output of the boiler are determined through instrumentation and the resulting data is used in calculations that determine the fuel-to- steam efficiency. Boiler Horse power Once the total amount of steam is known, it is very simple to determine boiler power. Simply divide the total amount of steam required by either 15.9 kg/boiler hp or 35 lbs/boiler hp Boiler fuel consumption The formula for calculating the hourly gas consumption of a 10 ton gas boiler is: Gas consumption of gas boiler (hourly) = gas boiler power * time / fuel calorific value / gas boiler heat value utilization.
Boiler Steam production
Use btu/hr (British thermal units/hour) heat input rate to calculate boiler steam flow. It takes 970.28 btu/hr to produce 1 pound of steam at the above conditions. If 50 million btu/hr are being applied to the boiler, divide by the 970.28-btu/lb to yield 51,531-lb/hr steam flow.
The Complete HVAC BIBLE for Beginners: The Most Practical & Updated Guide to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems | Installation, Troubleshooting and Repair | Residential & Commercial
The Complete HVAC BIBLE for Beginners: The Most Practical & Updated Guide to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems | Installation, Troubleshooting and Repair | Residential & Commercial
