University of Alberta

Estimation and Planning Methodology for Industrial Construction

Scaffolding

By

Chandan Kumar

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science
in
Construction Engineering and Management

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

© Chandan Kumar
Fall 2013
Edmonton, Alberta

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 For my father,
without you I wouldn‘t be the person I am now..
 ABSTRACT

Scaffolds are temporary structures that are built to support workers and materials

and facilitate direct work on construction sites. A considerable amount of man power

resources are consumed by industrial construction scaffolding, which makes effective

planning and estimation of the same very critical to the project. The present research

attempts to analyze affecting factors for different stages of estimation and concepts in

advance planning of industrial scaffolding, and presents useful observations and

recommendations. A simulation tool for predicting scaffold erection man-hour values for

individual equipment on site in an industrial project was developed in Simphony 4.0 and

is based on mapping the geometry of equipment and other factors to man-hours of

scaffold work. The stages and methodsof estimation, their uses and an efficient scaffold

flow process for industrial construction lays a solid foundation of new concepts and

analysis in industrial scaffolding research work.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to everybody who helped

me directly or indirectly over the course of my Masters in University of Alberta. First and

foremost I would like to sincerely thank my supervisors Dr. S. Abourizk and Dr. Y.

Mohamed for their unparalleled guidance and support professionally and personally. I

went through some difficult times and without their support, I wouldn‘t have been able to

successfully complete my Masters. I would also like show my gratitude towards Mr. U.

Hermann and Dr. H. Taghaddos for taking time of their busy schedules in helping me

with the research work.

I would like to thank Mr. Stephen Hague, Mrs. Maria Al-Hussein and Ms. Amy

Carter for all the guidance and knowledge in the course of my research work. I would

especially thank Mr. Stephen Hague for his programming expertise which was greatly

needed for someone like me who does not have a programming background.

I would like to express my gratefulness to my colleagues and friends for

providing me with immense support and help, in any problems I had, over my stay in

Edmonton. Without you guys, it would have been difficult to adjust and prosper in a

country and culture which was totally new to me.

Last but certainly not the least I thank God for giving me the courage to live

through all the good and bad days. I have faith in you.
Table of Contents

List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 - Introduction................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Industrial Construction .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Temporary Structures in Construction ...................................................................... 2
1.4 Scaffolding ................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Industrial Construction Scaffolding .......................................................................... 4
1.6 Scaffold Estimation ................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 6
1.8 Research Methodology.............................................................................................. 7
1.9 Thesis Organization................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 2 - Literature Review ......................................................... 9

2.1 Scaffolding ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1.1 Scaffolding Types ............................................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Construction Sequence of a Simple Scaffold System: ..................................... 17
2.2 Industrial Construction: ........................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Need for Planning and Estimation of Industrial Scaffolding: .......................... 19
2.3 Existing Estimating Procedures: ............................................................................. 26
2.4 Scaffold Data Maintenance ..................................................................................... 30
2.5 Codes and Standards ............................................................................................... 32
2.6 Parametric Estimation ............................................................................................. 33
2.7 Simphony 4.0 .......................................................................................................... 34
2.8 API .......................................................................................................................... 35
2.9 Mathematical Modeling Techniques - Linear Regression ...................................... 36
2.10 Gaps in Existing Literature ................................................................................... 37

Chapter 3 - Scaffold Estimation and Planning .............................. 39

 3.1 Need of Scaffold Estimation ................................................................................... 39
3.2 Levels of Estimation................................................................................................ 40
3.2.1 MACRO Estimate............................................................................................. 40
3.2.2 MICRO Estimate .............................................................................................. 43
3.3 Estimated Outputs ................................................................................................... 52
3.4 Scaffold Planning .................................................................................................... 53

Chapter 4 - Data Collection ........................................................... 59

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 59
4.2 Background - Navisworks API ............................................................................... 59
4.3 Why Navisworks and Need of API ......................................................................... 60
4.4 Navisworks API Functions ..................................................................................... 61
4.4.1 Input File Preparation ....................................................................................... 63
4.4.2 Output File ........................................................................................................ 66
4.5 Working Example – Navisworks API ..................................................................... 69
4.5.1 Navisworks File ................................................................................................ 69
4.5.2 Input File........................................................................................................... 70
4.5.3 Output ............................................................................................................... 70
4.6 Available Project Database ..................................................................................... 71

Chapter 5 - Data Analysis and Modeling ...................................... 75

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 75
5.2 Comparison of Scaffold Process Flow Models ....................................................... 75
5.3 Scaffold Database Design ....................................................................................... 80
5.4 Problems with available Scaffold database – Project 1........................................... 83
5.5 WEKA Analysis ...................................................................................................... 84
5.5.1 Preparation of data ............................................................................................ 84
5.5.2 Explorer Tab in Weka....................................................................................... 85
5.5.3 Training and Testing Data ................................................................................ 85
5.5.4 Outputs.............................................................................................................. 86
5.6 Trends in Existing Scaffold Database ..................................................................... 87
5.7 Extraction of Vessel Information ............................................................................ 91
 5.7.1 Vessel Data Mining Model ............................................................................... 94
5.8 Extraction of Module Information .......................................................................... 95
5.8.1 Module Data Mining Model ........................................................................... 100
5.9 Uncertainties in models ......................................................................................... 101
5.10 Comparison with Other Estimation Method ....................................................... 102
5.11 Scaffold Template - Introduction ........................................................................ 103
5.11.1 Scope ............................................................................................................ 103
5.11.2 Opening the Template .................................................................................. 104
5.11.3 Modeling Aspects ......................................................................................... 105
5.11.4 Inputs ............................................................................................................ 106
5.11.5 Outputs.......................................................................................................... 111

Chapter 6 - Conclusions and Recommendations ......................... 112

6.1 Summary of Work ................................................................................................. 112
6.2 Permanent Scaffold ............................................................................................... 113
6.3 Future Development in Industrial Scaffold Research ........................................... 113

Bibliography ................................................................................ 115

Appendix A - Navisworks API Code .......................................... 118
Appendix B - Sample Output ...................................................... 121
Appendix C - Error Analysis for Vessel Model .......................... 126
Appendix D - Error Analysis for Modules Model ...................... 128
Appendix E - Chapter 9, Technical Calculation and Estimator‘s
man-hour manual ......................................................................... 131
Appendix F - Sample Scaffold Form........................................... 134
List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Tube and clamp scaffolding in PCL Modular Yard, Nisku, Edmonton.......... 10

Figure 2-2 Tube and Clamp connections, PCL Modular Yard, Nisku, Edmonton ........... 11

Figure 2-3 Elements in tube and clamp scaffolding ......................................................... 11

Figure 2-4 Typical Framed configuration ......................................................................... 12

Figure 2-5 Different types of frames ................................................................................ 13

Figure 2-6 Mobile Scaffold .............................................................................................. 13

Figure 2-7 System Scaffold .............................................................................................. 14

Figure 2-8 Dance Floor Scaffold in PCL Modular yard ................................................... 15

Figure 2-9 Two point adjustable scaffold ......................................................................... 16

Figure 2-10 A scissor lift .................................................................................................. 17

Figure 2-11 Erection process of a simple system scaffold ............................................... 18

Figure 2-12 Scaffold in Industrial Site.............................................................................. 19

Figure 2-13 Risk Assessment Process using BIM ............................................................ 22

Figure 2-14 The role of formal representation of features and classification of temporary

structures for selecting temporary structures. ................................................................... 23

Figure 2-15 Estimate patent scaffolding ........................................................................... 28

Figure 2-16 Estimate Tubular scaffolding based on wall surface area ............................. 28

Figure 2-17 Man-Hour Calculation for Scaffold Erection and Dismantling .................... 29

Figure 2-18 Work Face Planning Scaffold Request ......................................................... 31

Figure 2-19 Ideal Scaffold Database................................................................................. 31

Figure 2-20 Special purpose simulation tool development model.................................... 35

Figure 3-1 Type of Structures ........................................................................................... 47

Figure 3-2 Working Principle - Scaffold Estimation tool................................................. 52

Figure 3-3 IDEF0 Modeling Box ...................................................................................... 54

Figure 3-4 Scaffold Process Flow Model – Company A .................................................. 56

Figure 3-5 Scaffold Process Flow Model – Company B .................................................. 58

Figure 4-1 Selection of Visual Basic Class Library template ........................................... 62

Figure 4-2 Working Flowchart of Navisworks API ......................................................... 63

Figure 4-3 Input File Preparation for Navisworks API .................................................... 64

Figure 4-4 Polylines in 2D Plot Plan ................................................................................ 65

Figure 4-5 Sample Input File for Navisworks API ........................................................... 66

Figure 4-6 A selected vessel from Navisworks File ......................................................... 68

Figure 4-7 Sample Output file .......................................................................................... 69

Figure 4-8 library.nwd ...................................................................................................... 70

Figure 4-9 Input file for sample problem .......................................................................... 70

Figure 4-10 Output from Navisworks API ....................................................................... 71

Figure 4-11 Sample from scaffold database ..................................................................... 73

Figure 4-12 Different datasets in the project .................................................................... 74

Figure 5-1 Modified Scaffold Process Flow Model ......................................................... 77

Figure 5-2 The Explorer interface in Weka ...................................................................... 85

Figure 5-3 Trade distribution in Project 1 w.r.t. Scaffold MHrs requirement .................. 88

Figure 5-4 Count of entries for each difference between scaffold required date and

scaffold request date ......................................................................................................... 89

Figure 5-5 Scaffold Man-hours of work vs. Scaffold Volume for Equipment in Project 1

........................................................................................................................................... 90

Figure 5-6 Sample extracted data from database .............................................................. 92

Figure 5-7 Vessels in the project ...................................................................................... 93

Figure 5-8 Scaffold Man-hours vs. Volume of work for Vessels ..................................... 93

Figure 5-9 Weka Model for Vessels ................................................................................. 94

Figure 5-10 Modules in the project ................................................................................... 97

Figure 5-11 Scaffold Man-hours vs. Volume of work for modules ................................. 98

Figure 5-12 Scaffold Man-hours vs. Weight of Equipment ............................................. 99

Figure 5-13 Percentage of hours consumed by individual equipment type over total value

for modules ..................................................................................................................... 100

Figure 5-14 Weka Model for Modules ........................................................................... 101

Figure 5-15 Comparison of results ................................................................................. 102

Figure 5-16 Sample Model ............................................................................................. 106

Figure 5-17 Sample Trade Input Window ...................................................................... 108

Figure 5-18 Sample MICRO Input window ................................................................... 111

Figure 5-19 Sample Output ............................................................................................. 111

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Codes and Standards......................................................................................... 32

Table 2-2 Factors Affecting Scaffold Estimation ............................................................. 33

Table 3-1 MACRO Estimation affecting factors .............................................................. 41

Table 3-2 MICRO Estimation Parameters ........................................................................ 44

Table 5-2 Modeling Elements ......................................................................................... 105

 Chapter 1 — Introduction
1.1 Background

Scaffolds are temporary elevated platforms built to facilitate the work of laborers and use

of materials, mostly at higher-than-ground-level elevations. Scaffolds are an integral part

of construction operations especially high-rise construction, in any field of construction.

While scaffolding is often considered to be of lesser importance within the overall project

requirements, it does account for a considerable amount of labor-hours. Understanding

scaffolding construction requirements necessitates extensive knowledge of all affecting

factors. These factors depend on the level of estimate to be prepared and the data

available at hand for performing the estimating process. However, not all factors share

the same level of importance in the estimating process.

1.2 Industrial Construction

Construction processes vary as per the scope of work and various other governing factors.

Industrial construction in general is quite different from residential or infrastructure

projects based on its needs, requirements and deliverables. Firstly, construction processes

for a power plant or a petroleum refinery etc.are not concentrated at a single location, as

is the case with constructing a stadium or high rise building. Moreover work areas do not

share the general elevation level for the whole project which implies that workers have to

work at different height levels with respect to ground level and need to adjust to specific

working conditions. Industrial plants are also normally constructed far off from main

cities; hence laborers have to work in comparatively harsh conditions, which could

1
decrease productivity. Also, material handling becomes more relevant to keep the project

progress smooth and avoid any delays due to late arrival of raw materials or transport

related problems. The construction activities for a general industrial project include trades

like civil, electrical, and mechanical, pipefitters, insulators etc.

1.3 Temporary Structures in Construction

―Temporary structures are those structures that are erected and used to aid in the

construction of a permanent project. They are used to facilitate the construction of

buildings, bridges, tunnels, and other above and below-ground facilities by

providing access, support, and protection for the facility under construction, as

well as to assure the safety of the workers and the public.‖ [1]

They are in most cases dismantled after they have been used, but circumstances might

occur where they are embedded into permanent structure[1]. The reasons could be factors

like costto take them out, or need for them in some future work. In addition to new

construction projects, temporary structures are also a major component in maintenance,

repair and inspection works[1]. Some of the different types of temporary works are –

1) Coffer dams

2) Tunnel supports

3) Scaffolding

4) Bridge deck supports, etc.

2
1.4 Scaffolding

Scaffolds are temporary structures built to facilitate the work of laborers, mostly at

higher-than-ground-level elevations. Some of the common definitions used for

Scaffolding are as follows:

 ―The word ‗Scaffolding‘ refers to any raised platform or ramp used for ingress

and egress for pedestrian movement and/or the passage of building materials.‖[2]

 ―Scaffold or scaffolding-any temporary elevated platform and its supporting

structure used for supporting workers, or workers, equipment, and materials.‖[3]

Scaffolding in one form or another has been used since ―humans moved from single

storey huts at ground level to taller structures‖[2]. While in most cases they are erected

temporarily, and then taken down once the work is finished, sometimes they are

incorporated as a part of the permanent structure. They become part of the permanent

structure if the same point of work is to be used regularly during the course of the project

or for maintenance works afterwards. Different materials have been used over the years

based on availability and general design requirements for the construction of scaffolds.

Scaffolding in any construction project can be broadly divided into three different

kinds[4] –

 Supported scaffolds

 Suspended scaffolds

 Miscellaneous scaffolding systems

The different types of scaffolds are explained in detail in Chapter 2 – Literature Review.

3
1.5 Industrial Construction Scaffolding

Industrial construction scaffolding operates mostly on an as-needed basis and is difficult

to plan well in advance. The type of scaffolding used in an industrial project would not

only depend on the availability of materials and type of job, but also on the agency

constructing the scaffolding. A particular work can be performed by different agencies in

different manner and might lead to different cost estimates. Some industrial contractors

have their own scaffolding division which provides the necessary labor force for all

scaffold related jobs; however, in most cases the materials are on a rental basis. For

others, scaffold jobs are sub-contracted to a company expert in this field. The material

may or may not be supplied to them depending on the scope of the contract. Based on

various discussions with industry experts it was determined that most scaffolding jobs in

industrial projects require supported scaffolds, or in some specific scenarios,

miscellaneous scaffolds like scissor lifts are used. Tube and clamp, all around, dance

floors etc. are some of the typical scaffolding systems used in industrial projects.

Another important feature of industrial construction scaffolding is the amount of

modifications a particular scaffold undergoes before it is taken down. A particular kind of

scaffold is constructed to suit the needs of one or more trades at a particular instant of the

project. There might be other trades that need the same scaffold, but may be at an

elevation higher or a few meters away in a horizontal direction. To take care of such

scenarios, the present scaffold is evaluated and suitable adjustments are made to support

the changing needs. This makes the planning of scaffolding even more challenging as it

has to foresee and take into account any further modifications that could be needed in the

same working location. Construction and dismantling of scaffolds are labor intensive
4
jobs, and as labor is the major cost component in any construction project, minimizing

the scope is beneficial in most situations. Dismantling and then constructing the same

scaffold again would increase the cost ofthe project significantly as well as affect the

project duration. An advanced scaffoldplan is important before the start of a particular job

to anticipate such conditions in advance.

1.6 Scaffold Estimation

The level of detail of scaffolding requirements at the start of a project or during the

estimation phase is at most times not totally clear, and hence, a systematic planning and

estimation technique seems difficult. However, a higher level of estimation process is

generated by most companies by meticulously analyzing existing data from past projects.

This research would formulate the process for estimation of scaffolding both at higher

level and on a detailed level. The factors influencing the estimate would vary in both

scenarios.

Based on various discussions with some industrial contractors, it was found that most

companies include scaffolding as a part of indirect expense and it is calculated as a factor

of direct work in that particular project. Using data from already completed projects,

companies have maintained some factors which are used for calculating scaffold

requirements for new projects. There are considerable amount of limitations associated

with such estimating procedures. First, they are not detailed enough for other

considerations like material estimation. Secondly there might be changes during the

course of the project which would make the estimate redundant. Also, the percentages

developed based on historical data do not consider all affecting factors to scaffold

estimation. Contributing factors to scaffold estimate include weather effects, material

5
storage locations, labor availability, the amount of congestion and type of work in a

particular area, etc. While scaffold type seems in a logical sense to determine the man-

hour requirements, in reality, as per a leading scaffolding expert, it does not. The material

available on site is constrained to specific varieties and the types of scaffolds used in

industrial construction sites are quite limited in number. In most cases a framed or tube

and clamp scaffolding is sufficient to satisfy the needs of the job at hand. The factors that

affect scaffolding and the dependence of scaffold requirements on the geometry of the

structure will be dealt with in detail in Chapter 4.

1.7 Research Objectives

The present research attempts to formulate a methodology for effectively planning and

estimating industrial construction scaffolding. This would be achieved by understanding

and analyzing industrial construction scaffolding requirements based on logical

constraints and arriving at an estimating and planning algorithm for estimation of labor

man-hours of work in scaffolding construction. The following objectives are in line with

the thesis developed:

1. Understanding the scaffolding process and its requirements in relation to

industrial construction scenarios.

2. Defining the parameters that affect the prediction of scaffold construction

requirements.

3. Developing relationships between affecting parameters and scaffold erection man-

hours of work.

6
 4. Recommendations of improving relationships developed as a course of this

research and an effective planning process for managing scaffold construction

requirements on industrial sites.

5. Implementation and organization of the developed relationship in the form of a

basic estimating tool and suggesting ways to improve and enhance it.

1.8 Research Methodology

The methodology used for this research involves analytical techniques in conjunction

with detailed discussions with experienced personnel in the field of industrial scaffolding

construction and planning. The five points discussed above are addressed in the following

way during the course of this research work –

1. Various discussions were held with prominent and experienced people in two

different companies to understand the present industry methods in scaffold

construction and planning.

2. The discussions led to the development of a theoretical set of parameters that

affect scaffolding estimation. The parameters were logically analyzed based

concepts generated based on existing literature and field personnel in

construction.

3. All available scaffold data were collected, and using data mining techniques,

relationships were developed between affecting parameters and scaffold erection

man-hours of work.

4. Scaffold planning process was analyzed for two different companies and a

suggested process model was developed for improving existing techniques.

7
 5. A simplified estimation tool was developed in Simphony 4.0 simulation interface

to be used by industry personnel.

1.9Thesis Organization

Chapter 2 deals with the literature review associated with this scaffolding research. Types

of scaffolds, planning and existing methods of scaffold estimation and other related

topics and researched and existing works have been critically reviewed.

Chapter 3 deals with concepts and analysis regarding scaffold estimation and

planningscaffold process flow models developed for two companies and new concepts in

scaffold estimation.

Chapter 4includes methodsof data collection in relation to development of scaffold

estimation models and details about the available data set.

Chapter 5 explains all analysis performed on the available dataset, dependence of

scaffold requirements on input parameters, suggested techniques in data collection and a

simulation tool for estimating purposes.

Chapter 6 explains the conclusions of scaffold research and recommendations for future

work in this field of expertise.

8
 Chapter 2 — Literature Review
2.1 Scaffolding

Temporary structures are an integral part of industrial construction projects and

scaffolding consumes a considerable amount of project man power and resources. As

defined in Chapter 1, ―Scaffold or scaffolding-any temporary elevated platform and its

supporting structure used for supporting workers, or workers, equipment, and

materials‖[3]. As this is a means of reaching points of construction which need temporary

access, they have been part of construction activities for avery long time, in forms that

have varied and developed over the years. As the needs of the industry grew and more

challenging activities had to be performed, the materials, types and methodsof scaffold

construction also evolved. By the middleages, more complex systems of scaffolding

started to develop and around the mid-1920‘s, the concept of using steel pipes fastened

together with couplers was introduced.[2] In the late 1930s and 1940s, the concept of

welding pipes and tubes into prefabricated frames became popular[2].

2.1.1 Scaffolding Types

Scaffolding required in construction activities, be it residential or industrial, is divided

into three major categories[4]:

 Supported scaffolds

 Suspended scaffolds

 Miscellaneous scaffolds

Industrial construction is mostly limited to the use of supported scaffolds, however

situations may arise which require the use of other scaffolding methods. The following

9
section describes the typical scaffold configurations that constitute the three categories as

mentioned above.

2.1.1.1 Supported Scaffolds

―Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger

beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.‖[4]

The most common types of supported scaffolds are the following:

Tube and coupler:Tube and coupler scaffoldsare the most common scaffolds used on an

industrial construction site, owing to their directional versatility. They also have anideal

configuration when multiple points of entry and/or platforms are required. Figure 2-1

shows a typical tube and clamp configuration at a modular yard and Figure 2-2 shows a

detailed connection joint.

Figure 2-1 Tube and clamp scaffolding in PCL Modular Yard, Nisku, Edmonton

10
 Figure 2-2 Tube and clamp connections, PCL Modular Yard, Nisku, Edmonton

There are three basic elements in a tube and coupler scaffolding[2]:

 Posts

 Bearers

 Runners

Standard couplers or clamps are used to connect these elements together to form a

complete scaffold. Figure 2-3 shows the typical elements in such configurations.[2]

Figure 2-3 Elements in tube and clamp scaffolding

11
Frame or fabricated scaffolding:

―Fabricated frame scaffolds are the most common type of scaffold because they

are versatile, economical, and easy to use.‖[4]

However, such scaffolds suit mostly residential or other kinds of symmetrical

construction where a single configuration would be repeatedly used. Framed scaffolds are

also used in industrial projects depending on the type of situation as they are far easier to

construct and take down than a normal tube and clamp scaffold which in turn saves

considerable resources.Figure 2-4 shows a typical framed configuration and Figure 2-5

shows different types of frames used.[2]

Figure 2-4 Typical framed configuration

12
 Figure 2-5 Different types of frames

Mobile scaffolds:

―Mobile scaffolds are a type of supported scaffold set on wheels or casters. They

are designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things like painting

and plastering, where workers must frequently change position.‖[4]

Figure 2-6shows a mobile scaffold. [4]

Figure 2-6 Mobile scaffold

13
Systems scaffold: Systems scaffold or all around scaffolds can be applied to a wide

variety of rectangular, dome or circular configurations. [5]. They are not as adjustable as

a tube and clamp; however, they are comparatively quicker to set up and take down.

Figure 2-7 shows a typical system scaffold.[5]

Figure 2-7 System scaffold

Dance floors: These types of scaffolds are very common in industrial construction

projects and commonly used in scenarios when the ceiling of the structure has to be

accessed by different trades. This allows the trades to stand on the platform and work

around the modules. These types of platforms are normally supported by steel beams for

support and strength.

14
 Figure 2-8 Dance floor scaffold in PCL Modular Yard

2.1.1.2 Suspended Scaffolds

―Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid means,

from an overhead structure.‖[4]

Some of the most common suspended scaffolds are described below.

The most common suspended scaffolds are the following:

Two point adjustable scaffold: The most common type of suspended scaffolding is the

two point adjustable scaffold.

―Planked platforms are supported at both end by ropes and suspended from an

overhead anchorage.‖[2]

They are mostly used in jobs like shipbuilding, painting, window cleaning etc. They are

not commonly used industrial construction projects as most structures are erected from

ground elevation and the conditions are asymmetrical in most cases. Figure 2-9 shows a

typical two point adjustable scaffold configuration.[2]

15
 Figure 2-9 Two point adjustable scaffold

2.1.1.3 Miscellaneous Scaffolds

Pre-fabricated access systems like scissor lifts or hydraulic lifts are used in situations

which require workers to work at small elevations for a small time and with fewer tools.

They are mobile in nature and are used depending on the work at hand. They are not very

common in industrial construction sites as most construction activities require access

points for large amounts of time and are at higher elevations.Figure 2-10 shows an

example of a scissor lift in construction [29].

16
 Figure 2-10 A scissor lift

2.1.2 Construction Sequence of a Simple Scaffold System

All scaffolds are constructed in different ways but common points of impact like having a

sound base, alignment of elements etc. remain the same. The following figure shows the

erection process of a simple system scaffold.[5]

17
 Figure 2-11 Erection process of a simple system scaffold

2.2 Industrial Construction

―Industrial construction includes a wide range of construction projects essential to

our utilities and to basic industries, such as petroleum refineries, petrochemical

plants, nuclear power plants, and off shore oil and gas production facilities.‖[6]

Industrial construction differs considerably from residential construction owing to its

asymmetrical construction scenarios. On-site construction processes would include

installation of modules, vessels, equipment, piping etc. which all require a different set of

trades and resources for completion. Consequently, most scaffolds to be built are also

situation dependent in industrial construction sites.

Wang [6] talks about the assembly of modules in a modular yard before they are

transported to the site for final installation. In most cases the modules are not erected by

18
the same Engineers who designed them, and that leads to certain level of uncertainty in

the requirement of scaffoldson site for the connection and other purposes of the said

module. Figure 2-12 shows part of a PCL Industrial site and the scaffolding components.

Figure 2-12 Scaffold in industrial site

2.2.1 Need for Planning and Estimation of Industrial Scaffolding

The first topic to discoverat this particular point is the need of planning and maintaining

information about scaffolding. Geoff Ryan [7] explains the importance of an effective

management system for scaffolding in the following points:

 Avoiding delays of crews due to absence of scaffolding materials or even man-

power.

 Scaffold utilization projections and availability of scaffold data to justify in

management meetings the cost of scaffolds.

 Information to project management teams and owners who constantly want to be

in loop of effective management of resources.

19
To date, scaffolding has not been a major research focus in the field of construction

engineering and management, perhaps because a revolutionary change in this field is

highly unlikely. Variations in scaffold construction methodologies are often limited to

small alterations in construction methods or the type of materials used. Existing literature

mostly deals in the structural aspects of scaffold construction: mostly specific scenarios,

but some research does explore construction and planning aspects. Planning of

scaffolding is to be considered equally important and necessary as planning permanent

construction works for anyproject, particularly to understand the resource requirements

and to avoid work space conflicts, which can lead to decreased productivity[8]. Space

management is an integral part of building construction and involves three major steps—

site layout planning, path planning and space scheduling[8]. The same holds true when an

industrial construction site is being planned. The amount of materials, location of

materials, and man-power resources on site are to be planned accordingly in advanced for

both direct and indirect works like scaffolds to avoid any space conflicts and lead to

efficient and productive site.

Scaffolding materials and manpower consume a considerable portion of the total

resources used in an industrial construction site. Some research discusses site layout

planning with scaffolding materials and facilities as an integral part of such an

analysis[9]. This is only possible if a detailed estimation mechanism exists for calculating

the scaffolding requirements at a more detailed level. Feuffel and Hanley[10]explain the

Work Face Planning model developed by Construction Owners Association of Alberta

(COAA), and the need to assign responsibility for coordination and planning of

scaffolding and other temporary works. All major works on a site are actually

20
directlydependent on the effective planning and erection/dismantling of scaffolds

associated with themas the access points are required for workers to perform the jobs.

Hence, any delays in scaffolding directly affect the performance of the projects and so

every work package model or planning mechanism developed for industrial construction

should contain scaffoldingas an integral component [10]. Some papers discuss the

planning mechanism for temporary structures, primarily scaffolds, for building

construction using Building Information Modeling (BIM) [11]. Building construction

however is comparatively less situation dependent and more symmetrical than industrial

construction, but useful information can be gathered from the paper and can be made

relevant to the present research. The symmetrical configuration and repetitive process in

most residential and building construction scenarios makes it comparatively easier to plan

and estimate scaffolding as the project scope is known beforehand. The objective is to

address the safety perspective of planning of temporary structures in building

construction but the idea of a CAD model and visualization of temporary structures like

scaffolds is extremely useful for industrial as well[11]. Figure 2-13 explains the usage of

BIM in risk assessment.[11]

21
 Figure 2-13 Risk assessment process using BIM

Step 4 of the risk model shown in Figure 2-13is the critical part and as explained before

cannot at present follow a perfect algorithm in the case of industrial construction. The

idea for a 3D simulation, however, is also very appealing for any further industrial

scaffold research. While this thesis does not cover 3D visualizations, it does deal with

automatic extraction of related data from Navisworks models of the construction project.

This willbe explained in detail in Chapter 4.

Figure 2-14 represents a conceptual outlook on the selection of temporary structures in

residential construction. [12]

22
Figure 2-14The role of formal representation of features and classification of temporary structures for selecting
temporary structures

Use of a particular kind of scaffolding system varies not only from project to project, but

also depends on the availability of labor and materials, which varies in different places.

Kim and Fischer[12] present a heuristic approach to predict the type of scaffolding

system for a particular kind of construction work. As discussed above, temporary

structures like scaffolding can lead to space conflicts, and the same can happen for time

conflicts as well.

―Hence, there are often tradeoffs between providing the perfect temporary

structure for each activity and the number of different types of temporary

structures needed, the total amount of temporary structures needed, and the

duration a temporary structure is up in an area.‖[12]

From the analysis of different construction projects,Kim and Fischer[12] conclude that to

select the appropriate temporary structures for a given job condition, the geometrical

23
parameters of the construction work at hand play acritical role. That statement formed the

basis of direction of this research work as well. Various interviews have been conducted

with experienced personnel in Company A and Company B1, who have been dealing with

planning and construction of scaffolding in industrial construction for a long time,and

they all agree that the geometry of the structure is the driving force towards the need of

scaffolding for that module or equipment. The geometric and action conditions of the job

are explicitly represented and computer simulation is used to identify and select the type

of scaffolding that best suits the needs [12]. Type of scaffolding is not a major concern in

an industrial construction site as the type of materials is more or less always

consistent.Some research explains an innovative system used for scaffolding operations

for high rise construction and its cost comparison with a traditional scaffold system[13].

As explained before, such analysis does not benefit industrial construction as different

structures have different configurations and have to be dealt with accordingly. Hence, a

particular innovative system might not work out over the phase of the

project.Combinations of important configurations like tube and clamp, system, dance

floors etc. are used to satisfy the requirements of a particular job. However, geometry of

the structure to be installed relates directly to amount of scaffolding resources required

for that particular equipment. Figure 2-14 demonstrates the modeling mechanism used by

authors in [12] to predict the type of scaffold to be used for a building construction

project.

―Design and schedule changes in a construction project often require re-planning

temporary structures to fit the changed geometric and action conditions.‖[12]

1
The actual names have been removed for confidentiality reasons and notations are consistent throughout
the thesis.

24
This sparks the need of a CAD dependent simulation model that would take in minimum

inputs and predict the new scaffolding requirements.

The estimation and planning process of scaffolding in industrial construction is affected

by many variables. Industrial construction has an ever-changing nature, and scenarios

change on a day-to-day basis; hence, accurate prediction of scaffold needs before the start

of a project is difficult. Based on discussions with various people in the industry over the

course of my research, it can be concluded that involving the Construction Engineer and

Scaffold Superintendent in the estimation and planning process at the bidding stage

optimizes the process. Fedock[14] emphasizes the importance of involving Construction

Engineers in the design process of temporary structures. The early involvement of

Construction Engineers in the design process would benefit the constructability scenarios

of the equipment minimizing the requirement of temporary works during theactual

installation processes. One of the main ideas that comes up regularly in this regard is the

use of permanently attached scaffold platforms to the modules, vessels etc. which would

be attached to the module etc. during assembly itself. The four step approach for project

execution incorporates construction technology into specific project execution and for the

development of historical data for future projects [14]:

1. As early as possible in the project, influence the material supply with regard to the

size and configuration of shipping assemblies, the number of shipping assemblies

and the sequence of transport.

2. Planning of the construction process to identify the methods, techniques, man

power resources etc.

25
 3. Upon the end of the project, auditing the methods, equipment etc. used in the

projects and the consequences.

4. Develop a list of construction standards and processes based on the evaluation

from the third step.

The Construction Engineer plays an important role in the implementation of this

approach and early involvement would ensurethat construction drawings and

calculations related to not only direct work, but temporary structures like scaffolds

are present before the start of the work to ensure a safe and productive work

scenario[14]. Hence, it generates a need for an effective yet simple estimation tool for

detailed estimation of industrial construction activities.

2.3 Existing Estimating Procedures

Scaffolding is in most cases considered a part of indirect costs of the projects and in

estimating scenarios is categorized under indirect work. Authors [15] indicate

Scaffolding to be one of the major indirect costs in construction. Upon discussions

with estimators in Company A2, it was found that scaffolding could consume upto

30% of the total man-hours in a project and since labour is the most costly entity in

any construction project, it contributes significantly in the overall cost of the project.

Hence, accurately predicting scaffolding requirements is necessary for effective

project management, but estimating industrial construction scaffolding is a

complicated process owing to complexity and variety of the construction work areas.

Also the type and detail of estimate depends on the time of the project the estimate is

2
Actual Name has been removed for confidentiality reasons and the notations are consistent throughout the
thesis.

26
made to accomplish. Most industries now are more dependent on experience than

tools for estimating industrial scaffolding.

―Experience and knowledge usually reside with the estimator, who in some

cases may not have a proper understanding of the work, may not be able to

identify the controlling factors influencing productivity, or may not be able to

correctly quantify the influence of these factors.‖[16]

Company A employs a percentage of direct work to estimate the scaffold

requirements. These percentages are based on general trends from past data, simple

parameters like general elevation of the whole project, a degree of overall complexity

etc. However, they are extremely raw in nature and do not deal with equipment at a

detailed level. Figure 2-15[17] and Figure 2-16[18]represent sections from handbooks

for industrial construction that help in estimating patented scaffolding. Some existing

industrial scaffolding techniques are described below.

27
 Figure 2-15 Estimate patent scaffolding

Figure 2-16 Estimate tubular scaffolding based on wall surface area

While Figure 2-15 and Figure 2-16would be able to predict scaffolding requirements,

theyare limited to certain types and projects. Also, they are too generic to be able to

meet the complexity of industrial projects. Another estimating manual that comes

close to being an ideal for predicting scaffolding in industrial construction scenarios

is the Technical Calculation and Estimator‘s Man-Hour Manual[19]. Figure 2-17

contains all the tables from [19] that help in working out an estimate for scaffolding

in industrial projects. The volume of scaffolding can be calculated by the procedure

laid out in Chapter IX [19]. Based on the estimating principles the author has

predicted man-hours of work, materials required etc. as a factor of volume of

scaffolding, which in turn is a factor of the weight of the equipment[19]. While this is

an interesting concept, any logical explanation for such correlation with weight of the

equipment seems unreliable. Also, the author fails to mention details of the type,

location and other details of the projects on which he has based the values which are

28
 shown in Figure 2-173. Weight can be one important factor; however, scaffolding is

more dependent on the geometrical configuration of the equipment and this would

become evident from the results in Chapter 5.

Figure 2-17 Man-hour calculation for scaffold erection and dismantling

3
Values are removed as the document is not free to be used.

29
 Software programs like BrandNet, Scafflogicetc. are proprietary systems either

developed inherently by a core scaffolding company or available in market to be

purchased. These systems, however, are very complicated in nature and need more

expertise to understand and operate. Also, they might involve modeling the structure

itself on the software which would make the task time consuming. These systems,

though useful, are mostly beneficial when someone is explaining how the scaffolding

works for a construction scenario and soon gets clogged if many systems are analyzed

together[7]. Also, the internal working principles and logic behind an output are not

available, which would hinder any academic use or further development in the field

of research.

2.4 Scaffold Data Maintenance

This section is derived from past research [7].As explained earlier, planning

scaffolding is very important. One integral part of such planning procedures is keeping

track of scaffolding requirements to adjust to new scenarios which might arise in

future and to check the firm execution of the planned schedule. The following flow

chart describes the workface planning model for scaffold tracking:

30
 Figure 2-18 Work face planning scaffold request

A scaffold database is not a new concept, but maintaining consistency in data

recorded on site is a difficult task especially for indirect works like scaffolding. The

best methodin thesescenarios is to link the scaffold works to their FIWP‘s (Field

Installation Work Package). FIWPs exist for all direct work, and as scaffolds are

erected to facilitate direct work, they can be linked to respective FIWPs. The ideal

scaffold database for workface planning according to the author is depicted in Figure

2-19.

Figure 2-19 Ideal scaffold database

31
 An efficient scaffold management system is an industryneed, and the present research

is a stepping stone towards the objective at hand. The author explains the need of

integration of 3D models with scaffold management for estimation, planning and

visualization. While this research does not cover the scope of visualization, it does

implement linkage between Navisworks 3D model and a simulation platform, which

in turn present the output needs of a particular project.

2.5 Codes and Standards

Various codes and guidelines exist that govern the erection, dismantling and working

scenarios of scaffolds in construction projects. These codes do not specify the type of

construction like residential or industrial etc. for which the scaffold is being used;

rather, they deal with loading scenarios and stability of construction. The following

table shows a list of some of the international and regional codes that drive the

scaffold design and construction process:

Table 2-1 Codes and standards

CSA ( Canadian  S269.1 – 1975 – False work for construction Purposes

Standards Association)  CAN/CSA – S269.2 – M87 – Access Scaffolding for
Construction Purposes
OSHA (Occupational  http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding/index.html
Safety and Health
Association)
IHSA(Infrastructure  http://www.ihsa.ca/resources/health_safety_manual/pdfs/
Health and Safety equipment/Scaffolds.pdf
Association)
SSFI (Scaffolding,  http://www.ssfi.org/resources/scaffolding/safe_practices_
Shoring and Forming guide/Scaffold%20Code%20of%20Safe%20Practice%20
Institute) Inc. Web%208-01.pdf

AS ( Australian  AS 1576 – Scaffolding

Standards)
OH&S (Occupational  http://www.humanservices.alberta.ca/documents/WHS-
Health and Safety LEG_ohsc_p23.pdf

32
 Code),Alberta, 2009  http://www.humanservices.alberta.ca/documents/WHS-
LEG_ohsc_p01.pdf

In addition to these codes, various guidelines are also compiled by companies that

satisfy the guidelines from the codes as well as take into consideration the company‘s

working principles and methodologies.

2.6 Parametric Estimation

As described above in estimating procedures, prediction of scaffolding requirements is

based on a set of functional relationships with affecting factors. Based on discussions

held with the Project Manager, Construction Manager, Chief Estimator and Civil

Superintendent in Company A, some of most relevant factors or parameters and their

importance in industrial construction are:

Table 2-2 Factors affecting scaffold estimation

FACTOR IMPORTANCE LEVEL

(Low, Medium and High )
Weather Medium

Elevation of Construction of Scaffold High

Manpower Availability High

Trade Hours of Work expected on Scaffold High

Trades to work on the constructed Scaffold Medium

Type and Complexity of Construction Medium

Work Area
Availability of Materials High

Type of Scaffold Low

Experience of Labor Medium

33
 Geometry of Equipment to be erected High

Weight of Equipment Medium

Location of Scaffold Material Storage High

Area

For the purpose of this research work, the parameters chosen to develop the linear

regression model of scaffold estimation are not totally data driven, but based on logical

conclusions as well. Also, factors like distance to the storage yard are not taken into

consideration, the materials are assumed to be on site when needed and the labor

maintains a minimum level of experience necessary.The factors or parameters used, their

uncertainties and the relationships are described in Chapter 4.

2.7 Simphony 4.0

Simulation is an effective technique in planning and estimating construction processes,

and hence, the use of a Special Purpose Simulation Platform was used. Simphony 4.0 is

an indigenously developed Simulation Platform developed within the Construction

Research Group in University of Alberta, Canada.

―Simphony is a Microsoft Windows based computer system developed with the

objective of providing a standard, consistent and intelligent environment for both

the development as well as the utilization of construction SPS (Special Purpose

Simulation) tools.‖[20]

Since its development, Simphony has grown and improved to accommodate new features

of modeling and simulation. Various Special Purpose Simulation templates have been

developed over the years on this platform modeling important construction processes like

34
tunneling, earthmoving operations, reclamation projects, etc. This research is intended to

add a scaffolding template to the list which could be easily used by companies for

estimating scaffolding for industrial projects. Figure 2-20 shows the development process

of a Special Purpose Simulation template[21]. The details of the simulation model are

found in Chapter 5.

Figure 2-20 Special purpose simulation tool development model

2.8 API

API stands for application programming interface.

―An API can provide a hook for colleagues, partners, or third-party developers to

access data and services to build applications such as iPhone® apps quickly.‖[22]

Autodesk products offer users the unique chance code API‘s that act as an Add-In to the

software like AutoCAD® or Navisworks® which are intended to perform a specific

35
function that in totality is missing from the existing version of the software. These codes

can be written in .NET coding frameworks like C# or Visual Basic and be added to the

software as an external Add-In.

This research utilizes this opportunity to code an API in Navisworks 2011 to perform

certain requisites of the research methodology and provide desired outputs. The details of

the API, and its functionality, are explained in detail in Chapter 4.

2.9 Mathematical Modeling Techniques—Linear Regression

―Regression analysis is the method to discover the relationship between one or

more response variables (also called dependent variables, explained variables,

predicted variables, or regressands, usually denoted by y) and the predictors (also

called independent variables, explanatory variables, control variables, or

regressors, usually denoted by x1; x2;…; xp). Linear regression requires that

model is linear in regression parameters.‖[23]

There are three types of regression models [23] –

1) Simple linear regression – This models the linear relationship between two

variables. There is one dependent variable and one independent variable.

y = α0 + α1(x) + ε

2) Multiple linear regression – This is used in cases where there is one dependent

variable and many independent variables.

36
 ―The multiple linear regression assumes that the response variable is a

linear function of the model parameters and there are more than one

independent variables in the model.‖ [23]

y = α0 + α1(x1) + α2(x2) …… αp(xp) + ε

3) Non-linear regression – This is based on the assumption that the relationship

between the dependent and independent variables is nonlinear in nature. An

example is shown in the equation below.

𝛼
𝑦= + 𝜀
1 + 𝑒𝛽𝑥

The use of the regression technique, its attributes and related parameters are

described in detail in Chapter 5.

2.10 Gaps in Existing Literature

Existing literature on industrial construction scaffolding is extremely scarce. In

fact,scaffolding in general does not seem to be a well-researched area. A number of

reasons could attribute for the above conclusions,the first being it is categorized under

indirect works and most indirect works have always been kept part as a factor or

percentage of direct work involved in a project. Since the major portion of the cost relates

to direct work, most researchers tend to investigate topics and processes in direct work.

The second reason for sparse literature in this field is the diverse and complicated nature

of industrial construction scaffolding. Industrial scaffolds are dynamic both horizontally

as well as vertically which makes planning and estimation difficult. Analysis of such

scenarios would involve in-depth analysis and a considerable amount of time spent with

the chance of success quite less compared to some other fields of study. Most

37
existingliterature concerns the structural aspect of scaffold construction in specific

scenarios. These would be specific to a particular requirement and in most cases

residential construction where the structure moves only in a vertical direction.

Literature which tackles the problem of effectively planning and estimating industrial

scaffolding requirements from the basics doesn‘t seem to exist,which makes this research

one of the foremost attempts. Scaffolds are constructed to facilitate direct work and any

improvement in planning them would directly affect the project controls. The need of the

industry is an effective planning and estimating tool for scaffold construction in industrial

projects which would help in improving productivity and savings in project costs, and

this research attempts to begin that process.

38
 Chapter 3 — Scaffold Estimation and Planning

3.1 Need of Scaffold Estimation

Scaffolding in a construction process is required to support the direct work for that

process. These are deemed to be of less importance compared to other processes in

construction operations. However, based on discussions with Senior Project manager and

Estimator in Company A (One of leading contractors in North America), it was found

that scaffolding can comprise of up to 30% of the total labor man-hours in an industrial

project with 15%-20% being an averaged out number. Labor cost is the most influential

in the total project cost and an increase in labor man-hours would increase the total cost

of the project. A common problem in scaffolding planning and management is the

absence of an easy to use estimating and planning tool that companies can use for a quick

and reliable estimate. Also, it is to be noted here that most companies have their own

ways of erecting and dismantling scaffolds, hence, such a tool although useful to any

company,would have to be customized for a particular company‘s use based on their

historical data and working principles.

A reliable estimate would function as a dependent source for the user based on the

purpose it is being used for. Scaffolding for industrial construction is planned in most

projects on a day to day or weekly basis, and the Scaffold Superintendent is responsible

for the assignment of labor and materials for scaffold erection and dismantling. Now,

these Superintendents are basically dependent on their experience for estimating the

amount of man-hours or materials to assign for the construction of scaffolds. The system

lacks a quick and reliable tool that would be able to help the Superintendent with the

39
process, and thus, would help in better management of labor and material resources.

Another point of time where a more accurate estimate of scaffolding is important is

during the bidding stage of the project. The bidding stage requires a close to reality

estimate of all processes in the construction of the whole project. A deviation at the

bidding stage of the project would lead to difficulties in the actual completion of the job.

Based on discussions with the Estimator in Company A, it was found that most

companies put scaffolding requirements as a percentage of direct work for a particular

project. This number is often far from what actually happens after the completion of the

project, and hence, they would need a better planning and estimating mechanism for

scaffolding predictions.

3.2 Levels of Estimation

As explained earlier,the type of estimate dependson what stage of the project it serves

the purpose for. Also, the type and number of affecting input factors would vary for

different levels of estimate. Based on such scenarios, a scaffolding estimate can be

divided into two levels:

 MICRO ESTIMATION

 MACRO ESTIMATION

These are explained in detail in the following sections.

3.2.1 MACRO Estimate

This is a higher level process of scaffold requirement estimation. A MACRO estimate

would be able to predict the amount of man-hours and/or material requirements with a

minimal amount of input data. This estimate would be able to serve as a handy tool at the

40
bidding stage or initial planning stage of the project. At this stage of the project a lot of

project requirements are variables or uncertain. Most companies estimate scaffolding at

this stage as a function of direct work hours that would be put into the execution of the

job. These direct work hours are derived from historical data of related works or projects

performed by the company. While this does seem to be an effective technique for

estimation, there are considerable anomalies in the process. This process fails to address

other affecting factors when calculating scaffold needs. These factors can be as simple as

weather conditions or labor experience. These factors, when taken into account, would

help the estimators in a more detailed and realistic estimate. Table 2-2in Chapter 2 shows

all the affecting factors for scaffold estimation. The following factors would serve

important at a MACRO level of estimation –

Table 3-1MACROestimation affecting factors

FACTOR IMPORTANCE LEVEL

(Low, Medium and High )
Weather Medium

Average Elevation of Site High

Trade Hours of Work expected on Scaffold High

Trades to work on the constructed Scaffold Medium

Type and Complexity of Construction Work Medium

Area
Average Distance to Material Yard High

The process behind forming a MACRO estimation tool would largely depend on

performing a series of data mining experiments on existing company data and would

need to done at a company level. For some companies there might be one factor which is

41
more important than the others, and hence,Table 3-1can vary for them. There might be

other factors like labor experience that can be an important parameter for one company,

butnot so much for others. The following algorithm explains an estimation tool

development process for MACRO level of estimation:

 Gathering Project Data The first step in development of such a tool is to collect

the maximum amount of historical data from a company. The more the amount of

data, the better and accurate relationships can be predicted.

 Organizing Project Data – the next step is the proper organization of gathered data

in an understandable and useful manner. This would involve deletion of noise in

data, tabulating relevant parameters and maintaining common nomenclature

between different project data. Here, it is to be stressed that most companies do

maintain the same style of naming their job operations for different projects, but

there can be project related naming procedures. It is of utmost importance that

data from different projects be consolidated into one set of input parameters to get

a more accurate and dependable model.

 Selection of Affecting Parameters – After the data has been organized in a clear

and understandable manner, free from errors, relevant input factors have to be

selected. The list of input factors is as shown in Table 3-1MACROestimation

affecting factors but can have additions or deletions depending on a particular

company.

 Performing Data Mining Experiments – The tabulated data is then used for

performing various data mining experiments to predict scaffold man-hours or

material requirements as a function of these affecting factors. They are called

42
 experiments because different options are exhausted to predict the best and most

reliable model for estimating scaffolding. These analyses would involve changes

in:

1. The software used for experiments like WEKA, MATLAB etc.

2. Ways to perform data mining analysis like Linear Regression, Neural

Networks etc.

3. Identification of input factors that most and least affect the final estimate

and their importance to the final estimated value.

 Generation of Estimating Mechanism – The final step is to generate an estimating

tool that is easy to understand and use for any person in the company. Microsoft

Excel is the software most companies are familiar with and such simple software

can be used as a medium to produce the tool. Also, the outputs generated should

make sense to the user and be in the units or manner that is most suitable and

generally accepted in the company. The estimating tool developed in this research

work would include MACRO level of estimation. The relationships, and

experiments performed for MACRO estimation are, however, performed by a

fellow colleague, Ms. Lingzi Wu and this research only uses the final results

obtained by her.

3.2.2 MICRO Estimate

A MICRO level of estimate and the main focus of this thesis is a more detailed level of

estimating process to predict scaffold requirements. Now, this thesis would only deal in

detail for the estimation of total erection man-hours of work for scaffolding requirements

in an industrial construction project. The reason is the unavailability of data concerning

43
material estimation for scaffolding construction; thus, this part has been kept outside the

scope of research at this point of time. That being said, a way to collect relevant data for

material estimation is shown as a part of Scaffold Data collection form in the thesis.

A MICRO level of estimation would imply all estimation processes that would deal with

equipment, modules, vessels etc. at an in depth level of analysis. Estimation of amount of

man-hours or materials to be reserved or put in for construction of scaffold required in

erection of a module or vessel etc. is generally done by the Scaffold Superintendent on

site. She/he performs the estimate based on experience only and general observations

made looking at the site and the equipment to be installed. Any error in performing such

estimations would yield mismanagement of available resources on site. Also, there can be

last minute changes in the structure of the module or vessel, which have to be taken into

account when estimating the new scaffold requirements. Hence, this produces the need

for a more dependent and easy estimating tool which can be quickly used by

Superintendents who may not have sufficient experience in scaffolding too. The same

tool can be used to predict total scaffold requirements at the planning stage of the project

when relevant structural and geometrical data related to equipment have been finalized.

The following factors would determine relationships with scaffolding man-hours of

work-

Table 3-2MICROestimation parameters

FACTOR IMPORTANCE LEVEL

(Low, Medium and High )
Type of Structure High

Elevation of Construction of Scaffold High

Geometry of Equipment to be erected High

44
Weight of Equipment Medium

Location of Scaffold Material Storage Area High

Weather Medium

For the purpose of this research, the effect of weather and location of material storage

area is not taken into consideration when performing analysis on the case study. The

reason for the same is unavailability of relevant data to incorporate such factors into the

estimating model. However, the effects of these factors and how they can be added to

determine relationships with scaffold erection man-hoursare explained in detail in the

following section.

3.2.2.1 MICRO Estimation Factors

The factors for MICRO level of estimation have been decided based on various

discussions with the Construction Manager, Scaffold Superintendent (Company A‘s

Modular Yard), Civil Superintendent and Chief Estimator in Company A. Estimation of

scaffold requirements is dependent on the geometrical parameters of the module, vessel

or equipment to be erected on site. Hence, a particular module should in theory take the

same amount of scaffold man-hours for different projects. There is, however, other

factors like man-power shortage etc. which can lead to different estimates; however, the

effect of such disruptions is outside the scope of this thesis work. The estimating factors

are –

 Type of Structure – All structures to be erected in an industrial construction site

can be grouped on higher level within the following –

1. Processmodules
45
 2. Rack modules

3. Equipment

4. Pre-fabricatedstructure like stair towers

5. Vessel

Depending on the type of the project there might be a possibility of adding some types of

structure or even breaking one of the above into smaller groups. However, these five

accommodate most types of work in industrial sites.Figure 3-1 shows some of the types

of structures.

a) Process Module b) Rack Module

46
 c) Stair structure d) Equipment e) Vessel

Figure 3-1 Type of structures

 Geometry of the Structure –The geometry of the structure comprises of three

aspects which define the 3D plane of the structure:

1. Length of the structure

2. Width of the structure

3. Height of the structure

It is to be noted that the three aspects basically define the boundary box around

the structure itself to maintain consistency among different forms of structures.

For e.g., a Vessel is normally cylindrical structures with parts attached to it, so a

bounding box would comprise of the vessel and all its attachments together within

the cubical envelope that surrounds it. The units of measurement are also kept

consistent throughout to be Metric. One important aspect to notice here is that a

module or equipment can be aligned in any way in the site layout and hence, the

coordinate axes lines and the three aspects of geometry should be carefully

47
 chosen. The length, width is assumed to be the plane of construction while the Z

direction determines the height of the structure.

 Elevation of Construction – Elevation of construction represents the height at

which the structure is to be erected at the site. This is the total height in metric

units from the datum point or reference points of the site to the bottom most point

of the structure to be erected or installed. Now, sometimes it is difficult to predict

the exact elevation of construction in planning stage or even before the erection

process of a structure starts, hence, the elevation of construction could be

categorized in intervals if needed. The elevation starts from 0, which is the

reference point level and would go up to any meters of height. The intervals can

be in range of 5 meters. Hence, the first level of construction would be 0m to 5m,

the next 5m to 10m and so on. This enables the user to implement the estimating

tool even if some minute details are difficult to obtain.

 Weight of the Equipment – Weight of the equipment may not be one of the

obvious parameters that could affect scaffolding, but [19] uses weight as a factor

to estimate the volume of scaffold required and consequently the amount of

scaffolding required. This, however, has quite a substantial impact on scaffold

needs as shown in the Chapter 5.

 Weather Conditions – Weather conditions do affect the erection man-hours of

work for scaffolds in construction sites. From the initial project schedule, it can be

estimated a time frame in which a particular structure is to be constructed on site

and be categorized into winter or summer conditions. According to the

48
 construction manager in Company A, November 15th to March 15th is considered

as winter conditions and the rest of the year as summer conditions.

 Distance to Scaffold Yard – This could also be a factor in the total amount taken

for the construction of a scaffold. A larger distance would yield lesser

productivity of scaffold workers and can lead to work delays. However, in most

projects, this is always taken care of and analyzed before the storage yard is

decided. For the purpose of this research this aspect is not taken into consideration

and is based on the assumption that the materials are available on site when the

scaffold construction has to start.

3.2.2.2 MICRO Estimation Model

The parameters that affect scaffolding have been selected based on logical reasons and

discussions with highly experienced personnel in Company A and Company B. However,

the levels of dependence of these parameters have to be estimated based on evaluating

data mining relationships with scaffold erection man-hours of work. These relationships

can be based on experience of the Scaffold Superintendents, analyzing structures and

their points of importance that determine their scaffolding needs or using historical data.

The processes are explained in detail below:

 Scaffold Superintendent Experience A set of questions can be prepared and

handed over to a selection of a set of Scaffold and Civil Superintendents who deal

with scaffolding on a day to day basis to quantify their experience. Questions

should be designed in a way which would be convertible to numerical or logical

set of conclusions. One way of setting up such questionnaire would be to set up

49
 options for questions for the Superintendent to select instead of typing sentences

which would be harder to quantify and generalize.

 Analyzing Structures – This is a more structural and time consuming analysis

technique for determining relationships of affecting factors with scaffold man-

hours. The process of conducting such an analysis would involve the researcher to

be involved in the construction and planning of the project from the start of the

project and be available on site constantly to record data. The level of accuracy

generated from such analysis would be excellent; however, the whole process is

time consuming and needs dedicated personnel to perform. The researcher would

have to study and consistently keep records of –

1. The triggers that affect scaffolding for a particular type of structure to be

erected on site.

2. The points of impact for scaffold needs on an erected structure.

3. The common operations of trade work and their working hours that is

needed to complete all scaffold needs on a structure.

4. The effect of surrounding structures and existing scaffolds nearby on

construction of new scaffold.

5. The amount of repetition of scaffold construction in the same location

over the course of the project.

6. The amount of man-hours of work and quantity of materials used for

supporting the scaffold needs of the erected structure.

Based on this process, a more detailed and accurate relationship model can be

determined for predicting scaffold requirements. Another important constituent of

50
 such analysis would be the tracking of scaffold materials used in construction which

can be later added as an output for the model. It is also to be noted that such data have

to be consistently maintained without gaps and rechecked at regular intervals to

maintain accuracy. Also, a suitable nomenclature has to be devised and used to

understand the data at any later stage of the project by a user.

 Data Mining Techniques – This is a more company dependent technique and

works equally as wellas the other two methods and is comparatively less time

consuming when implemented. This is also based on historical data maintained of

scaffolding needs of a company on different projects as would be the second

method of analyzing structures. But, the relationships in this technique would be

dependent on the data already collected by the company and new or other relevant

data that might be an essential element in a analysis may be absent from the data

available. Also, the authenticity of such existing data must be put under a scanner

as there could be gaps during collection processes that people might miss. The

case study to implement the principles of this research work is based on this

method of analysis. The database available is one of Company A‘s completed

projects called Project 14 construction project. The database, its elements and

difficulties willbe explained in detail in Chapter 4. The working principle of the

estimating tool based on data mining relationships is shown inFigure 3-2.

4
The name of the project is removed due to confidentiality reasons and is consistent throughout the thesis.

51
 Geometry,
Elevation of Weight of
construction Equipment Scaffold Man-hours

DATA MINING
Type of INPUTS RELATIONSHIPS
OUTPUTS
Equipment

Scffold Man-Hrs = f (Length, Breadth, Height, Weight

Elevation, Type)

Figure 3-2 Working principle - scaffold estimation tool

These relationships are coded in the form of a simulation template which would be the

platform or the tool that would be used by the user to perform such estimating operations.

The simulation template is coded in C# programming language in Simphony 4.0

simulation platform, and is explained in detail in Chapter 5.

3.3 Estimated Outputs

The type and nature of outputs is probably the most important aspect of any development.

The output has to be clear, understandable and must fulfill the objective of the estimation

tool. One of the main objectives of this research is to predict scaffolding man-hours of

work at a more detailed level. Also, the nature of construction processes is in most cases

not deterministic. The variables like trade hours of work, even geometrical parameters of

the structurescan be probabilistic in nature. There are uncertainties associated with these

parameters. These uncertainties can be dealt with by using distributions based on Monte

Carlo Simulation principles to represent such inputs. Hence, this research enables users to

input the values in the simulation tool in the form of probabilistic distributions like

52
uniform, triangular etc. This allows the estimating tool to predict scaffolding man-hours

of work in the form of a range estimate which represents the situation realistically. The

program provides the output in the form of statistical data based on the number of runs

for which the simulation is performed. The program also provides a cumulative

distribution curve and histogram of all runs for the selection set generated from the

outputs of each run. The program would be able to predict the amount of tubular scaffold

required based on numerical relationships provided in [19]. The type, nature and

visualization of outputs willbe explained in detail in Chapter 5.

3.4 Scaffold Planning

Planning scaffolds for industrial construction processes on site is quite complex owing to

the diverse and asymmetric nature of industrial construction. Most companies perform

this kind of analysis of their material or labor requirements on a day to day basis or

weekly level. The Trade Foremen request scaffolding for their work on a particular

structure to the Scaffold Superintendent and based on their requests, the Superintendent

assigns labor and material resources to that particular scaffold. As this is performed on a

daily or weekly level (depending on the working methodologies of a company), a look

ahead into material requirements or extra crews is difficult to ascertain. To understand the

flow of scaffolding process from generation of a request to dismantling of constructed

scaffold, a process flow model was designed in Microsoft Visio 2007 IDEF0 modeling

format. IDEF0 stands for ICAM Definition for Function Modeling, where ICAM stands

for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing[24]. The model has been generated for

two different companies —Company A and Company B. Personnel associated with

53
scaffold planning in respective companies were consulted in formalization of the process

models.Figure 3-3 represents the modeling block of an IDEF0 flowchart.[24]

Figure 3-3 IDEF0 modeling box

Figure 3-4 Scaffold process flow model —Shows the IDEF0 scaffold process flow model

and the scaffold allocation box sub division and detail for Company A. Figure

3-5represents the corresponding flow diagram for Company B.

54
 Construction
Schedule

Construction
Drawings

Filled Scaffold
Trade
Work Request Form
Anticipated
Superitendent
Discussions with Urgency of
Foreman Scaffold
Requirement Material Crew
S0 Availability Availability

Placing Scaffold
Trade Request in Daily
Foreman Meeting List of
Requests Scaffold
S1
Allocation

Trade
S2
Superintendent S2-0
Scaffold
Superintendent

Scaffold
Facilitation of Specification
Construction Work Guidelines
Approved
Scaffold
Request

Safety
Scaffold Erection Regulations
and
Specifications
S3 Completed
Scaffold
Safety Inspection
Scaffold
Superintendent
Materials and and Tagging
Crew Scaffold
and Foreman
S4

Safety
Construction
Inspector
work to be Release of Maximum
performed Materials Utilization
Tagged Scaffold

Use of Scaffold Dismantling

by Requesting Used Scaffold Scaffold or Use Dismantled
by Third Party Scaffold
Trade
Agency
S5
S6
Trade
Crew
Scaffold Third Party
Crew Agencies

NODE: S-0 TITLE: Scaffolding Process Model NO.:

a) Scaffold process full model — Company A

55
 Construction
Schedule

Scaffold Request
Duplication
Check and
List of
Requests
Sorting Requests
as per Schedule
Priority
Sorted
S2.1 Requests

Sit Visit to Work

Areas requesting
Scaffolding
Scaffold
Superintendent S2.2
Material Crew
Availability Availability
Scaffold Type and
Specifications

Prioritizing
Requests and
Approved
assigning
Request
Scaffold Crew
and Materials
S2.3

NODE: S2-0 TITLE: Scaffold Allocation Breakdown NO.:

b) Scaffold allocation—Company A

Figure 3-4 Scaffold process flow model —Company A

56
 Construction
Schedule

Construction
Drawings

Filled Scaffold
Direct Work Requirement Form
Need for Urgency of
Anticipated
Scaffolding Scaffold
Requirement
S0 Material Crew
Availability Availability
Placing Scaffold
Request for next
Trade
Foreman
day in Everyday Scaffold Filled
Meeting Forms
Scaffold
S1 Allocation

S2
S2-0
Scaffold
Superintendent

Scaffold
Facilitation of Specification
Construction Work Guidelines
Designed
Scaffold

Safety
Scaffold Erection Regulations
and
Specifications
S3 Completed
Scaffold
Safety Inspection
Scaffold
Superintendent
Materials and and Tagging
Crew Scaffold
and Foreman
S4

Safety
Construction work to be
Inspector
performed
Tagged Scaffold

Release of Maximum
Usable Materials Utilization
Scaffold Scaffold
Released and
Scaffold Not Needed/
verification of Obstructing Construction Dismantling
need by Trade Scaffold Use Dismantled
Scaffold or Use
Scaffold
S5 by other trades
S6
S7
Trade Crew
Scaffold
Crew
NODE: S-0 TITLE: Scaffolding Process Model NO.:

a) Scaffold process full model —Company B

57
 Material Crew
Availibility Availibility

Construction Schedule

Scaffold Filled
Forms

Decision on
Type and
Sorting Forms
Prioritized Forms Amount of
and Removing Designed Scaffold
Scaffold and
Duplication
Assigning
S2.1 Resources
S2.2

Scaffold Superitendent

NODE: TITLE: Scaffold Process Model NO.:

b) Scaffold allocation —Company B

Figure 3-5 Scaffold process flow model —Company B

58
 Chapter 4 — Data Collection

4.1 Introduction

This chapter explains the concepts in data collection for performing analysis and

determining required relationships between associate parameters and scaffold erection

man-hours of work. The chapter includes details about the design and implementation of

a Navisworks API required for automatic extraction of data from 3D models and the

available scaffold database collected from Company A which contains relevant data from

one of the previous completed projects.

4.2 Background - Navisworks API

API or Application Programming Interface is a way to perform useful operations or

extract relevant information from software that supports external add-ins. It gives the user

the chance to extend the boundaries of the software. The codes for such add-ins are

written as a Class Library in C#, Visual Basic or other programming languages. For the

purpose of this research, .NET programming is performed in Visual Basic template of

Microsoft Visual Studio 2010.

Autodesk products like AutoCAD and Navisworks allow users and developers to write

API codes and add to the software as tab in the software.

―Autodesk® Navisworks® project review software helps architecture,

engineering, and construction professionals holistically review integrated models

and data with stakeholders to gain better control over project outcomes.

59
 Integration, analysis, and communication tools help teams coordinate disciplines,

resolve conflicts, and plan projects before construction or renovation begins.‖[25]

There are three versions of Autodesk Navisworks –

 Autodesk Navisworks Manage

 Autodesk Navisworks Simulate

 Autodesk Navisworks Freedom

API for Navisworks is not supported in Navisworks Freedom version and can only be

added to the other two versions. For the purpose of this research, Autodesk Navisworks

Manage is used as the software platform as this software is free to download for students

from the Autodesk Students website.

4.3 Why Navisworks and Need of API

Autodesk products are most common among companies for the purpose of designing and

visualizing projects. Company A uses Navisworks Simulate for examining the project

models in 3D space and a model exists for the Project 1 database which is the source of

all data for this research purpose. The free availability of the software is also one major

reason for its selection. The Navisworks file contains the 3D model of the project with

associated parameters. Each element in the model is characterized by a set of attributes

like the name of the element, type, its coordinates on the project space etc. While it is

possible to check the model parameters by individually clicking the model elements, a

method in the software to extract geometrical data from the model is missing. Also, as the

3D model developed is the primary basis of construction activities, it constitutes the most

accurate information about constituting elements. Hence, an API code is needed to select

60
and export the data needed for the data mining model or simulation inputs. There are

commercial software tools like Navistools, Profox etc. which could attempt to perform

the similar functions; however, they are not suitable for the purpose of this research. They

are paid commercial software and cannot be used in academia for further research and

development as the source codes of such software are not made public. Hence, it‘s

difficult to understand the working principle and inherent working algorithm for such

software.

4.4 Navisworks API Functions

The code is written as a Class Library in Visual Basic programming language in

Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. Once the code is completed, the program is saved as a .dll

(dynamic link library) file format and the file is copied in the Plug-ins folder of the

Navisworks Installation folder. Now each time Navisworks is opened, the plug-in would

be present in the Menu Bar and can be used at will. The following figure shows the

selection of Class Library as the input type in Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and the Plug-

in tab in Navisworks.

61
 Figure 4-1 Selection of Visual Basic class library template

The following flowchart describes the working algorithm of the application code in

Navisworks.

62
 START Select Four Input
Rows

Open User Input :

Input File Category Name
and Property
Name
Count No. of
Entries in Input
File Open
YES Navisworks
File
Create
Output
File Search Entries in
Navisworks for User
defined Inputs

Set Counting
Variable k = 0
Create Volume
Box based on
selected Input
Rows

Select All elements

If k < Input File
in Navisworks within
Length
the Volume Box

Print Geometry
NO of Selected
elements
Message Box
–
“Completed” Include 2 Blank
Lines in Output
And k= k+4

END

Figure 4-2 Working flowchart of Navisworks API

4.4.1 Input File Preparation

The API is also a semi-automatic link between the 2D and 3D model of the project

drawings. The 2D drawing in most companies isdone using Autodesk AutoCAD

software. Also as mentioned earlier, Autodesk products allows users to develop plug-ins

63
to perform useful operations from the model. Hence, AutoCAD was used as a source of

2D plot plan of the project. The following flowchart shows the preparation process of

input file.

START

Open
AutoCAD
Drawing

Draw Polylines to
create
construction work
areas

Run AutoCAD API

to get coordinates
of polylines

Print Output
file and
populate with
coordinates

Open
Output File

Include Maximum
Elevation of
construction work
area

Save File
as .csv

END

Figure 4-3 Input file preparation for Navisworks API

64
 The AutoCAD API mentioned in the flow chart is an existing tool with Company

A.

 The output file of this process serves as the input file for the Navisworks API.

 The polylines should be drawn in a systematic way and named to keep track of

them when the output file is generated. This helps in visualizing the outputs on

the AutoCAD file.

Figure 4-4 Polylines in 2D plot plan

 Each polyline or construction work area generates four (X, Y) coordinates from

the 2D plot plan. The output file has to be manually populated with the Z

coordinate which is to be kept as zero. The height column would be the maximum

elevation of the respective construction work area. To avoid finding the maximum

elevation of each construction work area, the value of height can be kept to be the

maximum elevation of the whole project.

65
  The name of the polyline has the nomenclature ISBLi (i = 1,2…………n)

according to Company A‘s standards.

Name X Y Z Height
ISBL17 2098 3910 615 75
ISBL17 2105 3910 615 75
ISBL17 2098 3920 615 75
ISBL17 2105 3920 615 75

Figure 4-5 Sample input file for Navisworks API

The whole process is basically performed to get the 3D coordinates of the construction

work areas in a project. At present there is no way to automatically draw the construction

work areas. The main hindrance in automating the process is the asymmetric nature of an

industrial construction site. One important point while preparing the input table is to

maintain consistency of the units. The units of measurement for AutoCAD, input file,

Navisworks file and output file should be selected as the same unit to avoid any

confusions or undesired results.

4.4.2 Output File

As described in the flow chart (Figure 4-2) the output file contains the following
properties associated with the selected element:

 Name of the Element

 Min. X Coordinate
 Max X Coordinate
 Min Y Coordinate
 Max Y Coordinate
 Min Z Coordinate
 Max Z Coordinate

The output file is saved as a .csv file and needs to be converted intoMicrosoft Excel

format to perform further calculations. This activity can be performed by simply saving

66
the file inMicrosoft Excel using ‗Save As‘ function. A simple calculation operation can

be performed to get the length, breadth and height of the selected element:

Length = Max (X) – Min (X)

Breadth = Max (Y) – Min (Y)

Height = Max (Z) – Min (Z)

One wonders why the length, breadth and height of the selected element were note

calculated in the API itself before printing the output file. The reason is that an element in

the Navisworks project file consists of elements that are broken down into smaller pieces

when designed and transformed to a Navisworks file. So, for the same name of the

element more than one output element is selected. To calculate the length of the whole

structure, the minimum and maximum X coordinate of all those elements is needed. The

same process holds true for breadth and height of the selected structure. For e.g., Figure

4-6 below shows a selected structure in the Navisworks file. This vessel V-1234 contains

over one hundred elements each called V-1234, which in totality form the actual vessel

V-1234.

67
 Figure 4-6 A selected vessel from Navisworks file

The Navisworks project file for the case study willbe described in detail in Chapter 5.

The model contains no other relevant information which could be useful for the data

mining model. Other information that is relevant to the data mining model is the weight

of the module and the type of structure. Certain companies do maintain a certain set of

nomenclature to define a particular type of equipment or module and it can be deciphered

from the output file. However, if the companies have that data as a property of the

structure itself, a minor modification in the API can be done to extract that information.

A portion of the sample output file is shown in Figure 4-7 describing the constituents of

each individual element in the Navisworks file.

68
Name MaxX MinX MaxY MinY MaxZ MinZ
DisplayString:V-42214 1956.447 1945.853 3865.947 3863.053 626.9469 623.825
DisplayString:V-42214 1953.144 1953.056 3864.544 3864.456 628.0999 625.0999
DisplayString:V-42214 1947.932 1947.608 3864.662 3864.338 628.0999 626.9
DisplayString:V-42214 1947.815 1947.595 3864.61 3864.39 624.3 623.7
DisplayString:V-42214 1950.879 1950.711 3864.584 3864.416 624.1 623.7
DisplayString:V-42214 1945.617 1945.417 3865.072 3863.928 626.072 624.928
DisplayString:V-42214 1956.883 1956.683 3865.072 3863.928 626.072 624.928
DisplayString:V-42214 1956.67 1956.07 3865.071 3863.929 626.0714 624.9285
DisplayString:V-42214 1954.629 1954.171 3864.729 3864.271 628.0999 625.45
DisplayString:V-42214 1950.609 1950.521 3866.25 3864.5 625.7444 625.6555
DisplayString:V-42214 1952.249 1952.161 3866.25 3864.5 625.7444 625.6555
DisplayString:V-42214 1947.594 1947.506 3866.25 3864.5 626.0694 625.9805
DisplayString:V-42214 1954.744 1954.656 3865.95 3864.5 624.3944 624.3055
DisplayString:V-42214 1948.674 1948.586 3864.544 3864.456 628.0999 626.9
DisplayString:V-42214 1949.354 1949.266 3866.25 3864.5 626.0694 625.9805
DisplayString:V-42214 1947.594 1947.506 3866.25 3864.5 624.3944 624.3055
DisplayString:V-42214 1949.354 1949.266 3866.25 3864.5 624.3944 624.3055

Figure 4-7 Sample output file

The code is used for different elements in the project data and the use, inputs and outputs

relevant to the case study are explained in detail in Chapter 4. The code itself with all

comment statements and details is shown in Appendix A.

4.5 Working Example – Navisworks API

This section describes a case study to demonstrate the working process and results of the

Navisworks API.

4.5.1 Navisworks File

The filename is library.nwd and is part of the sample example files that come with the

Navisworks Manage Installer package. The location of the file is C:\Program

Files\Autodesk\Navisworks Manage 2012\Examples\library. The model units are inches,

however, the display units are in meters. The category and property name to be searched

69
for is ―Item‖ and ―Name,‖ respectively. The model is an .nwf file and is saved as .nwd

for implementing the API.

Figure 4-8library.nwd

4.5.2 Input File

The requirement is to get all elements within the boundary length of 16000 inches,

breadth of 16000 inches and height of 16000 inches. The input .csv file is shown as a

picture below.

Boundary1 0 -16000 0 16000

Boundary1 16000 -16000 0 16000
Boundary1 0 0 0 16000
Boundary1 16000 0 0 16000

Figure 4-9 Input file for sample problem

4.5.3 Output

The output contains 336 selected entries and is attached as Appendix B. The selected area

is shown in the Navisworks file as in Figure 4-10.

70
 Figure 4-10 Output from Navisworks API

4.6 Available Project Database

The available database is the project data from Project 1 constructed by Company A. The

whole project spanned over three years of construction. The project is divided into twenty

five5major areas with nomenclature ranging from 421A onwards. Area 421R is the most

prominent one as it contains the pipe rack modules and related equipment. The following

types of structures consume the most part of the project:

 Vessels

 Modules like cable trays, valve decks

 Pre-fabricated structures like stairs etc.

 Supplementary equipment like heating or electrical equipment

 Pipe racks

5
The number of areas is changed for confidentiality reasons.

71
A scaffold database was maintained for most of the project, which contains relevant

information pertaining to the development of a data mining model. Each entry in the

scaffold database represents a scaffold request placed by trade foremen on site. The

database contains over 15000 entries. A Scaffold Coordinator was appointed in

development of the database, however, there are many problems associated with the

database, which willbe explained in detail later in this chapter. The following are the

input columns and their description from the existing scaffold database:

 ScaffoldID – Named in sequence of A-001 and so forth, this column represents

the major construction area and their scaffold requests.

 Comment – General comments about the request like if it is cancelled etc.

 Date Requested – The date on which the request for the scaffold has been made.

 Date Required – The date on which the completed scaffold is required.

 Requested by Trade_Purpose – The trade who submits the scaffold request like

Ironworkers, Electricians etc.

 Area_Location – The description of the area, module, vessel etc. related to the

scaffold request.

 Elevation – The elevation at which the scaffold is required.

 Priority No – Priority of request.

 Superintendent – The Scaffold Superintendent collecting the request.

 Foreman to build – The Foreman who supervised the erection of scaffold.

 Actual Volume – The volume of scaffold constructed.

 Units – The unit of volume of scaffold.

 Cost Code – The cost code of the project which governs the request.

72
  Erection Mhrs A – The total erection man-hours of work for constructing the

scaffold.

 Mhrs Dismantle A – The total dismantling man-hours of work, if the scaffold is

dismantled.

 Completion Date – the completion date of the scaffold construction.

 Status – The current status of the scaffold.

 Reason for Dismantle – Comments about the dismantling conditions of the

scaffold.

 Date Dismantled – The date on which the scaffold dismantling started.

 IWP- The work package with which the request is associated.

A sample section from the database is shown in Figure 4-11.

Figure 4-11 Sample from scaffold database

Other than the database itself, an equipment list exists which contains the names of all the

vessels and modules in the project along with some other relevant data. The figure below

shows the data collection components in the thesis.

73
Figure 4-12 Different datasets in the project

74
 Chapter 5 — Data Analysis and Modeling
5.1 Introduction

The present chapter contains details about the problems associated with the available

database and all analysis performed on the data set. The chapter also suggests an

improved scaffold process flow model derived from the two company models described

in Chapter 3, which focuses on advanced planning of scaffold resources on site. The data

mining analysis shows trends of different input factors in relation of corresponding

scaffold requirements for modules and vessels and linear regression models developed

using WEKA software to quantify the existing trends.

5.2 Comparison of Scaffold Process Flow Models

Process models described in Chapter 3 are similar in their functionality and bring on the

basics in scaffold planning. The requests are made in meetings held with all the trade

foremen and the Scaffold Superintendent together. The requests are studied by the

Superintendent to avoid any duplications and a scaffold is designed based on his/her

experience to suit the needs of maximum trades. The meetings are on daily basis,

however, in Company A, it was found that the trades are instructed and encouraged to

submit requests a week in advance. The Scaffold Superintendent then allocates

manpower and materials for the construction of the scaffold. This is one of the points

where the scaffold estimating tool would come to be useful, to provide the

Superintendent with a quick, reliable and user friendly means of estimating scaffolding.

After the scaffold is erected, it is safety tagged. The tagging is performed by either the

Scaffold Superintendent or safety personnel on site. The trades can then use the scaffold

to perform operations. After the scaffold has served the purpose, the trades would inform

75
the Superintendent about it, and the dismantling of the scaffold can take place to release

the materials, which can be used at other scaffolds on site. This is a general area of

concern in the field, as in most situations, the trades fail to mention to the Superintendent

about the completed use of the scaffold, and the structure stands erected even though it is

not being used. This also holds up the material resources on site and as most scaffold

materials are on rental basis, this leads to increment in inventory even though it might not

be required. Both these models are working principles that guide the companies in

performing scaffold operations and are tried and tested methods. However, there isroom

for improvements to avoid duplications of scaffolds and consequently increasing

productivity of project operations.

76
 Construction Construction
Schedule Drawings Scaffold Request
Database

Advance Planning Analyze Analyzing

for next month Construction Anticipated Work Update Scaffold
Project Schedule Trade Work for Scaffold Scaffold DATABASE
Anticipated Needs Needs
S0
S2
S1

Trade
Trade Superintendent
Foreman

Predicted Scaffold Material & Crew

Requirements Availability
Scaffold
Priority Updated Scaffold
Database

Analyze Scaffold Scaffold

Requests Allocation
Scaffolds Selected
S3 S4
S4-0
Scaffold Scaffold
Superintendent Estimation
Tool

Predicted Scaffold
Actual Scaffold Requirements
Requirements
Scaffold DATABASE
Scaffold
Specification Guidelines

Scaffold Design
Fulfillment of Safety Perform trade
requirements Specifications operations

Scaffold Erection Modifications

Evaluation of Safety Inspection

S5 Scaffold by Scaffold
and Tagging
Completed requesting Trade Purpose Use
Scaffold
Scaffold
Solved Scaffold
Scaffold S6 S7 S8
Materials Foreman
and Crew
Safety Trade
Avoiding Inspector Crew
Maintain project
Repetitive
Schedule
work
Used Scaffold
Releasing
Scaffold Dismantling/
Materials Check for further
Used Modification/ Released
need of Scaffold Scaffold Materials
Third Party Use
Used
Inform Scaffold Scaffold S10 S11
Superintendent
Materials
S9 and Crew

NODE: S-0 TITLE: Scaffolding Process Model NO.:

Figure 5-1 Modified scaffold process flow model

77
Figure 5-1 represents a modified scaffold process flow model that would be ideal to

maintain consistency and achieve desired productivity in scaffolding planning. It is to be

noted that one of the most common causes of decreased scaffolding productivity is the

repetition of jobs on site. The same scaffold at a location can be created and dismantled

several times in a location based on scaffold requests generated. The only way to

overcome such a situation is the effective planning of scaffolding needs at an initial stage

of the project and assigning materials and labor crews accordingly to the site. Now, as

industrial construction is a diversified construction scenario, a pre plan of all scaffolding

needs at the start of the project is highly unlikely. Hence, effort has to be made to plan a

sufficient amount of time in advance, if not for the entire project. As the direct work

schedule is approximately a firm schedule in construction processes, they are to be used

to predict scaffolding requirements for the next month in advance. This allows sufficient

time to order and receive materials in case of prediction of any shortage, if anticipated.

Also, planning a month in advance would enable the Scaffold Superintendent to assess

the need of each constructed scaffold at a location and the possibility to combine requests

of different trades together to construct one unified scaffold serving all needs. Materials

in scaffold construction are normally rented, and this can help in maintaining inventory of

existing and future needs. Labor is the most costly aspect of a construction project and a

look ahead would enable optimization of the labor needs of the project.

The other important aspect of the scaffolding process flow on sites is the failure of trades

to promptly inform the Scaffold Superintendent when they are finished using the

scaffold. This leads to hold up of the materials in the erected scaffold, where they could

have been used in construction someplace else and saved the company on rental costs.

78
Maintenance of scaffold request database would serve the purpose for eliminating such

conflicts. The Trade Foreman can just update the database as to when they have finished

using and the Scaffold Superintendent can look into the matter for further considerations.

The third aspect of this modified model is the maintenance of Scaffold Requirement

Database. The database is to be maintained by the Scaffold Superintendent at two stages

of the project:

1. Predicted scaffold requirements when the scaffold is being allocated to a trade

request, like total man-hours of work, amount of materials etc.

2. Actual scaffold requirement when the scaffold is erected, like man-hours of work,

amount of materials etc.

The database also contains details about the scaffold requests, and hence, trades making

such requests also fill in required sections of the database. Such a database would serve

extremely beneficial to the company in future as well as during the course of the project.

This database can be used to update and improve the data mining models developed and

used in the scaffold estimation tools as well as to understand the triggers and needs of

different scaffold construction. The database should be regularly updated with actual site

data to maintain its accuracy and usability in future. The productivity of scaffold crew

and any further conclusions like addition or deletion of crew would also be a major

usability of such a database.

The flow process ends when the scaffold is dismantled or certain permissible

modifications can be done to satisfy future needs. At some locations, some third party

79
agencies working on site may also need scaffolding and such scaffolds can be loaned to

them for use before they are completely dismantled.

5.3 Scaffold Database Design

As discussed in the previous section, the database is to be maintained by the Scaffold

Superintendent and trade personnel, or if required, assigned to a knowledgeable Scaffold

Coordinator. The reason I recommend somebody knowledgeable about the scaffolding

process and the construction in general is that would eliminate certain uncertainties and

errors in database management.

The following inputs would constitute an effective database, which can be used later on

for analysis and estimating models for any future projects:

1. Identifier for Construction Area – This would help the scaffold to be linked to

major construction work areas in the project. It needs to be a pre-defined list of

areas and selection can be from a drop down menu.

2. Identifier for Equipment – This would associate the scaffold with particular

equipment on site. This input needs to be a pre-defined list as a consistent

nomenclature is required in any analysis on the dataset collected. The user would

be able to add or delete from the list; however, a general predefined nomenclature

technique has to be maintained. The database should have the ability to prompt

the user if he/she is trying to populate the database with some inconsistent entry.

3. Scaffold Request Number – This would help in identifying and tracking the

scaffold request. This can be a string comprised of construction area and

numerical entity.

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4. Scaffold Request Date – This would be the date the request is placed for the

scaffold.

5. Trade Requirements – Trades who request the scaffold.

6. Estimated Trade Hours of Work – The trades making the request should include

an estimate if hours of operation on the scaffold.

7. Actual Trade Hours of Work – The actual amount of hours spent using the

scaffold by the requesting trade.

8. Comments by Trade – Reason for any unforeseen circumstances which might

have led to considerable difference in estimated and actual trade hours of work.

9. Predicted Scaffold Requirements – Based on the scaffold request, the

Superintendent should populate the database with predicted scaffold requirements

which are the following:

I. Scaffold man-hours for erection of scaffold.

II. Materials required, either in volumetric units or number of pieces.

III. Elevation of construction of scaffold access.

IV. Scaffold crew ID

10. Actual Scaffold Requirements – Based on actual construction after completion of

work, the Superintendent should populate the database with actual scaffold

requirements:

I. Scaffold man-hours for erection of scaffold.

II. Materials required, either in volumetric units or number of pieces.

III. Elevation of construction of scaffold access.

IV. Actual start date of construction.

81
 V. Actual finish date of construction.

11. Comment by Scaffold Superintendent - Reason for any unforeseen circumstances

which might have led to considerable difference in estimated and actual scaffold

erection man-hours of work.

12. Type of Scaffold – The type of scaffold to be constructed.

13. Attribute of the Scaffold – Whether the scaffold is a new erection from ground up

or modification of existing scaffold. If modified, which scaffold requests it is

linked to and the input entry has to be in the form of drop down menu to select the

scaffold request number to avoid errors.

14. Dismantling Requirements – This would include the following attributes:

I. Actual dismantling man-hours of work – This attribute would not be

associated with all scaffolds as not all scaffolds would be fully dismantled.

As the request are linked with previous requests for modifications etc. this

would only be required for the last scaffold request.

One thing of utmost importance here is the database is not to be maintained for each

individual request coming from the trades. The Scaffold Superintendent would scrutinize

all the requests and would only consider the ones based on urgency of requirement,

available resources and project schedule constraints. Appendix F shows a simple form in

Microsoft Access which can be used to construct this kind of database. Also, one section

in the database has to filledin by trade personnel and the other by scaffold personnel,

hence, the form can be developed over company server to facilitate smooth operations

and automatic data collection.

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5.4 Problems with available Scaffold database – Project 1

There are certain problems associated with the available database explained in the

previous chapter which makes an extremely accurate data mining model extremely

difficult to predict. The pitfalls of the database are described as follows:

1. The first entry in the scaffold database is of a date which is more than a year into

the project. This makes the database likely to miss some relevant project data.

This is also evident from the total erection scaffold hours collected from the

database which is72% of the total as seen from as built schedule of the project.

2. The nomenclature maintained in the Area_Location column which enables pin

pointing the scaffold to a particular structure is not unified and clear. A lot of

typos exist, which makes it difficult to write an algorithm to extract relevant data.

All the data have to be manually seen, verified from 3D and 2D drawings and

then used for data mining experiments.

3. Dismantling hours are not recorded for all scaffold requests, which might be due

to modifications in existing scaffolds hence, accurate modeling of dismantled

scaffold hours is not possible.

4. There are night shift hours for erecting scaffold as separate entries in the database.

They have not been associated with any major area which makes it difficult to

incorporate them into final extracted data.

5. The calculation of scaffold volume required is quite unclear from the database.

When talkingwith the Scaffold Coordinator for the project, she mentioned that the

volume represents the area of the scaffold platform multiplied by the height of the

83
 hand rails for the scaffold. This method of calculating volume is highly

ambiguous and would not clearly visualize the scaffold requirements of a request.

6. The actual date of construction of scaffold is missing from the database, which

hinders the possibility of predicting crew sizes for scaffold construction.

7. The original Scaffold Coordinator for the project left the project in between and

someone else took over to type data entries. The transition would have also

misplaced or missed entries.

8. When manually extracting information, it was found that some Area_Location

entries have been put under the wrong construction work areas, which have been

manually corrected while formatting the data mining model.

A lot of effort has been put in to extract relevant data from the database and use it in

developing the data mining model. The data has to be cleaned and verified, if possible,

before being used for further analysis.

5.5WEKA Analysis

―Weka is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The

algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java

code. Weka contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression,

clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well-suited for

developing new machine learning schemes.‖[26]

5.5.1 Preparation of data

The data has to be prepared in the form of a spreadsheet or database. The input file

format for Weka is .csv (Comma-Separated Value) or .arff (Weka‘s native data storage

84
method). For the purpose of this analysis, the input file is prepared as a .csv file which

can be easily generated by using the ―Save As‖ function in Microsoft Excel 2007. The

input file will contain all the columns required to run the learning algorithm like Linear

Regression or Neural Networks including with the first row naming the columns. Figure

38 shows a typical input file for Weka Analysis.[26]

5.5.2 Explorer Tab in Weka

The explorer tab in Weka is the main graphical user interface of Weka. It contains all the

methods to perform the analysis and show the outputs desired. Figure 5-2shows the

Explorer functionalities in Weka.[26]

Figure 5-2 The Explorer interface in Weka

5.5.3 Training and Testing Data

The classifier to perform the analysis can be selected from the ‗choose‘ dropdown menu,

which includes a number of algorithms for data analysis like Linear Regression, Bayes
85
Algorithm, ZeroR method etc. For the purpose of this research, Linear Regression is used

as a classifier to train and test input data. In the test options 10-fold cross validation

method is used to generate the best possible relationship model between the input and

output fields. An important reason for this is the availability of considerably less amount

of data for breaking down the dataset into training and testing parts.

―In k-fold cross validation, the initial data are randomly partitioned into k

mutually exclusive subsets or ―folds‖, `D1 …Dk, each of approximately equal

size. Training and testing is performed k times. In iteration ‗i‘, partition Di is

reserved as the test set, and the remaining partitions are collectively used to train

the model. Each sample is used the same number of times for training and once

for testing.‖[27]

A 10-fold cross validation technique is used for performing the analysis. Hence, all the

data has been used to train the model 9 times while once serving as the testing part of the

analysis. It also means that each fold would use 90% of the data to train the model while

the remaining 10% would serve as the test data. The use of this method enables self-

validation of the models, which is very important in this case study as separate data from

other projects is not available to validate the models.

5.5.4 Outputs

In Linear Regression as a classifier, Weka generates a linear model or equation which

predicts the output as a linear function of all input columns. The linear regression

technique in Weka also has the functionality of attribute selection. The attribute selection

function allows the program to automatically select the attributes from the input table

86
which would perform the best in the analysis leading to minimum errors. This would

serve useful when a large number of input columns exist and the user is uncertain to what

extent an input affects the final output.

―LinearRegression performs standard least-squares multiple linear regression and

can optionally perform attribute selection, either greedily using backward

elimination or by building a full model from all attributes and dropping the terms

one by one, in decreasing order of their standardized coefficients, until a stopping

criteria is reached.‖[26]

In the context of this research, no attribute selection algorithm is selected as the inputs

have been logically selected after discussions with experienced professionals in the

industry.

5.6 Trends in Existing Scaffold Database

The following section presents the trends existing in the scaffold database. This helps in

visualizing the effect of certain parameters on scaffolding requirements as well as

deriving useful conclusions from the same.

87
 Tradewise Scaffold MHrs Distribution
300000
250000
Scaffodl MHrs

200000
150000
100000
50000
0

Instrumentation
Electrical

Mechanical
Civil

PipeFitters

Insulators

IronWorkers
FireProofers
Trades working in the Project

Figure 5-3Trade distribution in Project 1 w.r.t. Scaffold MHrs requirement

Figure 5-3shows the amount of Scaffold Mhrs of work associated with different trades in

Project 1. The project required a lot of piping and rack installations, and hence, as seen

from the graph, Pipefitters consume the most scaffold man-hours of work. The first

concept to derive from this analysis is that distribution of scaffold man-hours is not quite

evenly distributed in a project, and secondly, the distribution ratio would vary depending

on the type of project. The Scaffold Coordinator for Project 1 mentioned that the scaffold

requests had to be made at least a week in advance by the different trades. The graph

shown in Figure 5-4 does not, however, show the indicated pattern. Up to 50% of the

entries in the database show a request date of 5 days and less for the required scaffold.

88
 Advance days for Scaffold Request
Number of Entries in Scaffold Database 3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 28 31 34 37 40 43 49 56 68 89 113 371
Difference between Scaffold Required Date and Request Date

Figure 5-4 Count of entries for each difference between scaffold required date and scaffold request date

The Scaffold database consists of a column providing the amount of volume the

scaffolding constructed for the respective request consumed. This volume, in most

entries, is the measure of the deck area required multiplied by the height of hand rails.

Although such a measurement would not be helpful in finding the amount of materials

needed for the scaffold at this stage of project, a graph between scaffold volume and

scaffold man-hours of work does show a certain level of dependence.

89
 Scaffold MHrs vs Scaffold Volume (Vessels)
3000
R² = 0.356
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

(a) Vessels in project

Scaffold MHrs vs Scaffold Volume (Modules)

3000

2500
R² = 0.569
Scaffold MHrs

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Scaffold Volume of Work in cum

(b) Modules in project

Figure 5-5 Scaffold man-hours of work vs. scaffold volume for equipment in project

From the above figure, it can be seen that in most cases there does exist a direct linear

relationship between the scaffold man-hours of work and scaffold volume of work. The

correlation coefficient for vessel is around 60% and for the modules is around 75%.

90
5.7Extraction of Vessel Information

A list of all the vessels is prepared from the scaffold database for which the scaffold

erection man-hours of work is available and is extractable. All the vessels are then

manually searched in the database to extract the total scaffolding man-hours of work for

respective vessels. A table of 58 vessels have been collected from the database and

included in the input file. However, relevant information about all the vessels cannot be

gathered from the scaffold database and the 3D models which led to a selection set of

42vessels. The input columns are – Type of Structure, Length, Breadth, Height, Elevation

of Construction, Scaffold Volume of work, and Scaffold Man-hours of work. All the

vessels are erected at ground elevation; hence, they all have the same value —

zero.Scaffold Man-hours of work is the desired output from the analysis and Weka

analysis is run for the same. Linear Regression without attribute selection was used for

analysis using 10-fold cross validation technique. For any scaffold requests which have

been tagged with more than one vessel, the scaffold man-hours of work have been

equally divided among the vessels. A sample input data extracted from the scaffold

database for a particular vessel has been shown in Figure 5-6.

91
ScaffoldID Date Requested Date Required Requested by Trade_Purpose Area_Location Elevation Actual Volume Units Erection Mhrs A Completion Date
A-299 15-Oct-09 19-Oct-09 Electricians V-42201-01-H Various 29.25 m3 67 10/20/2009
A-006 30-Mar-09 31-Mar-09 Boilermakers V-42301/42201 637.000 19 m3 26 04/02/2009
A-011 08-Apr-09 08-Apr-09 Boilermakers V-42201/42301 636.000 0 m3 6 04/08/2009
A-010 06-Apr-09 07-Apr-09 Pipefitters V-42301/42201 638.000 12 m3 32 04/08/2009
A-031 19-May-09 27-May-09 Electricians South of V-42201/42301 630.000 0 m3 0 n/a
A-034 20-May-09 29-May-09 Electricians V-42201 637.500 13.5 m3 75 07/02/2009
A-057 02-Jun-09 25-Jul-09 Electricians V-42201 630.000 12 m3 29 07/22/2009
A-058 09-Jun-09 22-Jun-09 Fireproofers V-42201 Grade 583.8 m3 310 07/07/2009
A-275a 29-Sep-09 12-Oct-09 Insulators V-42201 630.000 72 m3 145 10/06/2009
636.000/638.0
A-065 16-Jun-09 25-Jun-09 Electricians V-42201/42301 168 m3 219 06/26/2009
00
640.000 to
A-072 25-Jun-09 29-Jun-09 Electricians V-42201 13.5 m3 47 07/02/2009
644.000
A-397 26-Nov-09 01-Dec-09 Heat Tracing V-42201 647.500 68.75 m3 69 1/7/2010
A-452 12-Jan-10 13-Jan-10 Electricians V-42201 50.002 9 m3 30 1/18/2010
A-616 30-Apr-10 03-May-10 Instrumentation V-42301/V-42201 623.000 64 m3 18 5/3/2010
A-650 07-Jun-10 08-Jun-10 Electricians V-42201 644.000 0 m3 0 n/a
A-658 08-Jun-10 14-Jun-10 Electricians V-42201 640.000 0 m3 0 n/a
A-651 08-Jun-10 10-Jun-10 Electricians V-42201 631.000 0 m3 0 n/a
A-654 08-Jun-10 09-Jun-10 Electricians V-42201 631.000 18 m3 35 6/16/2010
A-657 08-Jun-10 15-Jun-10 Electricians/HT V-42201 634.000 51 m3 46 6/17/2010
A-696 28-Jun-10 28-Jun-10 Electricians V-42201 629.000 6 m3 11.5 7/2/2010
A-749 27-Jul-10 29-Jul-10 Electricians V-42201 622.000 15 m3 22 8/3/2010
A-771 11-Aug-10 13-Aug-10 Electricians V-42201 631.000 20 m3 14 8/12/2010
A-789 17-Aug-10 18-Aug-10 Electricians V-42201 631.000 8 m3 10 8/18/2010
A-861 13-Sep-10 13-Sep-10 Electricians V-42201 637.000 56 m3 63 9/23/2010
A-955 04-Oct-10 07-Oct-10 Boilermakers V-42201 622.500 3.5 m3 7 10/5/2010

Figure 5-6 Sample extracted data from database

Autodesk Navisworks API generated over the course of the project is used to derive the

geometrical parameters of the vessels. No file or separate database could be found to

determine the weights of the vessels, and hence, weight has not been chosen as an input

factor for the vessel analysis. Figure 5-7shows the set of all the vessels in Navisworks 3D

file for the project.

92
 Figure 5-7 Vessels in the project

The volume of work which is the geometry calculated from the API Navisworks for

vessel analysis was plotted against the scaffold man-hours of work from the database to

see the dependence of parameters on the output.

Scaffold MHrs vs Vol of Equipment(cum)

3000

2500
SCaffold Man-hours

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Volume of Equipment in cum

Figure 5-8 Scaffold man-hours vs. volume of work for vessels

93
As seen from the above figure, scaffold man-hours of work follows almost a linear

pattern as the volume of the vessel in cum. This predicts that for the vessel analysis,

geometry of the equipment is the major affecting factor. The weight of the vessels was

not available to be used and checked if the model performs better or not and all vessels

are constructed from ground level, hence, elevation of construction is not a determining

factor in vessel analysis.

5.7.1Vessel Data Mining Model

Figure 5-9shows the output of Weka analysis on the vessel input data. The correlation

coefficient is 85.91%; however, the error rates are quite high.

Figure 5-9Wekamodel for vessels

94
Predicted scaffold man-hour outputs are tabulated against the actual man-hour outputs

and the average error for the model is calculated. The average error comes to be

approx.33%. This error, however, seems large; some of it can be attributed to the errors

in the database itself, which have been explained earlierin this chapter. Appendix

C6contains the compared values and error analysis for vessel data mining model.

5.8Extraction of Module Information

Extraction of module information was also performed in the same manner as vessels. A

list of 124 modules was listed in the equipment list of the project. As was the case in

vessels, the information in the scaffold database seemed too inaccurate for a lot of these,

most of them were found to be using zero man-hours of work, as per the database.Hence,

a selection set of only 95 modules was selected and used for analysis. Unlike vessels, it is

difficult to confirm the reliability and accuracy of scaffold man-hours data.Scaffold man-

hours of work and scaffold volume of work were extracted for the modules from the

scaffold database. This, however, was a more complicated procedure than for vessels.

The nomenclature of vessel is straightforward which is simple like ―V-12345‖ and it is

easy to maintain in the database. The same for modules is more error prone when

maintained. A typical module is named like ‗421A – R201.‘ The first part of the

nomenclature depicts the major construction area to which the module belongs while the

second part points out the module number. Now the error arises from the fact that a

module named, for e.g.R201, can exist in two different construction work areas. So there

are two entries, for e.g. a module called 421A-R201 and an entry called 421R-R201. This

generates the possibility of errors when maintaining data for the modules. The same was

6
Data is scaled for confidentiality reasons.

95
also discovered when manually extracting information about the modules. Sometimes it

is not possible to predict what exact module is being talked about and to which

construction work area it belongs. However, a considerable amount of time was spent to

extract the best possible data from the database using the 3D and 2D models of the

project site. A lot of entries in the database predicted zero man-hours of work for certain

modules. There could be two different reasons for such entries, one being an error in

maintenance of relevant data in the database, and the other being special case of modules

which do not require scaffolding. Either case, such entries were removed from the final

selection set of modules as the inclusion was resulting in negative predictions.

The Navisworks API generated over the course of this research work was used to derive

the geometric parameters of the modules. The weight information for the modules was

provided in another database maintained by Company A for lift design studies and is

called the Equipment List. The input table columns are Type of structure, Length, Width,

Height, Weight, Scaffold Volume of work, Scaffold Man-hours of work. Figure

5-10shows the 3D Navisworks file containing all the modules in the construction work

site.

96
 Figure 5-10 Modules in the project

The volume of the envelope surrounding the vessel which provides the length, width and

height of the module for the data mining analysis was plotted against the scaffold man-

hours of work from the scaffold database. Figure 5-11shows the comparative diagram. It

can be seen from the figure that the geometry alone cannot be deemed the single most

factor that affects scaffolding. This justifies the use of other factors like weight and

elevation of construction in the data mining exercise performed on the available data set.

97
 Scaffold Man-hours vs Volume of Work
3000

2500
Scaffold Man-hours

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Volume of Equipment in cum

Figure 5-11 Scaffold man-hours vs.volume of work for modules

Figure 5-12shows the dependence graph of scaffold man-hours of work on the weight of

the equipment. As seen from the figure, it is difficult to set a pattern especially linear

relationship between just the weight and scaffold man-hours of work for the modules.

98
 Scaffold MHrs vs Weight of Equipment
3000

2500
Scaffold Man-hours

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Weight of Equipment in tonnes

Figure 5-12 Scaffold man-hours vs.weight of equipment

Figure 5-13shows the amount of scaffold man-hours of work consumed by each type of

module over the total scaffold hours taken by all modules, as per the extracted database.

It can be seen from the graph that pipe racks consume the most amount of man-hours,

which was also evident from the trade wise man-hour distribution graph.

Percentage Scaffold MHrs of Each Type over

Total for Modules
80.00
Percentage

60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
HEATER RACK MODULE RACK STRUCTURE VALVE DECKS VALVE
PLATFORM
Type of Module

99
 Figure 5-13 Percentage of hours consumed by individual equipment type over total value for modules

5.8.1 Module Data Mining Model

Figure 5-14shows the output of Weka analysis on the module input data. The correlation

coefficient is 62.17%; however, the error rates are quite high as was the same in vessel

analysis. The reason for the same is the inaccuracies in module data extracted from the

scaffold database. Predicted scaffold man-hour outputs are tabulated against the actual

man-hour outputs and the average error for the model is calculated. The average error

comes to be approx. 54%. This error, however, seems large; it can be attributed to the

errors in the database itself, which have been explained earlierin this chapter. Appendix

D7contains the compared values from the model for error analysis.

7
Data is scaled for confidentiality reasons.

100
 Figure 5-14Wekamodel for modules

5.9 Uncertainties in Models

The linear expression derived for equipment, either vessel or module, can be represented
as:

y = A0 + A1(x1) + A2(x2) …… Ap(xp);

‗y‘ being scaffold man-hours of work and x1,x2…..xp being the input parameters like

length, weight etc. The coefficients A0, A1…Apdo however share a level of uncertainty.

Monte Carlo Simulation techniques can be used as a means to reflect the uncertainty

inherited in thesefactors derived for the linear expression. Software like @RISK or

EasyFit, can be used to fit the derived sample set of factors individually into probabilistic

distributions like Normal, Beta etc. This representation would present a more accurate

picture on the usability of the model for different companies and can be researched and

implemented in future work.

In addition to the coefficients, some of the parameters in the linear expression derived for

vessels and modules cannot be used as deterministic inputs. Factors like trade hours of

work or weight of the equipment are at most times uncertain. Hence, the model demands

the inclusion of stochastic nature in the inputs. This is resolved in the present research by

developing the final estimation tool as a simulation template. This allows the user to

input values in some of the major probability distributions, the final output derived from

the template would now be a range estimate. A range estimate enables the tool to be

closer to reality than a deterministic number.

101
5.10Comparison with Other Estimation Methods

The results obtained from the above analysis are compared with other estimation methods

found from existing literature works. The existing methods are described in Chapter 2—

Literature Review. The closest estimating method that can be used for multiple scenarios

in industrial construction is the Technical Calculation and Estimator‘s Man-Hour Manual

by Marko Bulic[19]. The manual computes the volume of scaffold required as a function

of the weight of the structure to be erected on site. The volume is then mapped to the

man-hours of work needed through some tables. The tables for man-hour calculation are

shown in Figure 2-17, and the volumetric estimating procedure is discussed in Appendix

E8. The figure below describes the comparison done for all the modules from the total

list. The same cannot be done for vessels as the weight of vessels are not available.

3000

2500
Man-Hours of work

2000
Actual Man-Hours
1500
Data Mining Model Man-
1000 Hours
Estimating Manual Man-
500 Hours

0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91
Data Entry Number

Figure 5-15Comparison of results

As seen from the above comparison, the man-hours calculated from the estimator‘s

manual do not come close to the actual man-hours of work, while the module analysis

8
Values are removed as the manual is not free to be used.

102
still predicts a very close value. This can be attributed to the fact that the estimator‘s

manual is quite unclear about the concept of weight of the structure. The weight can be

the overall weight of the structure when it is installed or the weight of the structure when

all the piping, insulation, electrical works have been performed on the module and it is

fully erected. Also, weight as sole factor for determining scaffolding requirements does

not seem justifiable, as small equipment can have the same weight as large equipment,

while the scaffolding requirements for both would be considerably different in most

cases.

5.11Scaffold Template — Introduction

This section explains in detail the objective, functionality and working of the Scaffolding

Simulation Template. The use of a simulation platform for the development template

opens the door for any further development in the line of this research. Any new

functionality can be added to the template without changing the core of the operating

algorithm. The section explains the scope of the template, the inputs, the modeling

principles and techniques and the outputs generated.

5.11.1Scope

There are two methods of estimation in the scaffolding template:MACRO and MICRO

level of estimation, as has been described in Chapter 3. The MACRO level of estimation

is based on the data mining experiments conducted by Ms. Lingzi Wu on the same

scaffold data, as described in Chapter 5. The parameters have been used based on her

research predictions and used as a separate estimating tool within the template.

103
The second part of the template and the objective of this research work is the MICRO

estimation. This is a more generic way of estimating scaffolding requirements for

industrial construction and can be generalized for any company. The working styles of

different companies in performing the scaffolding process can be quite different, and

hence, the values obtained from data mining analysis that are part of this template would

have to be modified to suit the needs of other companies. The template in its present form

contains relationships and values based on the data mining analysis performed in this

chapter and for works for vessels and modules on an industrial construction site. With

new data, the scope for other aspects of construction like process equipment, stair towers

etc. can also be added into the functionality of the template. At present, sufficient

relevant data is not found to do the same.

The template takes the inputs from the user, relates it to the inherent values already

existing in the template from data mining exercises,and predicts the desired output. The

type and nature of inputs and outputs are explained later in the section. The user can

decide on the available inputs at hand and input values in the type of estimate that seems

more suitable, i.e. MICRO or MACROestimate. The outputs for both estimates are

separately depicted in the template for easy understanding. The overall look and the

nature of the template have been kept simple and user friendly for this to be easily

understandable and usable for a novice user as well.

5.11.2Opening the Template

The template has been coded in Simphony 4.0 simulation platform, version 4.0.0.114.

The coding is done in C# programming language under .NET 4.0 frameworks. The

104
program is written as a Class Library which creates a .dll (Dynamic-Link Library) file

after the program is saved. The file can be just copied and pasted into the Simphony 4.0

installation folder. The link of pasting the .dll file is C:\Program Files

(x86)\Simphony.NET 4.0\Templates. However, the location of the final folder can be

different in other computers. Simphony UI is then opened and the scaffolding template is

added to it for use. Once the template has been opened in Simphony UI, the elements of

the template can be dragged onto the modeling window for use. The modeling elements

have to be connected with arrows for the model to work. Any incomplete model would

result in errors. When an element on the modeling window is selected, the right side of

the template shows all the associated properties, inputs, outputs etc. for that modeling

element.

5.11.3Modeling Aspects

There are three basic elements in the modeling of a construction scenario. These

elements, when joined together, allow the user to complete the construction of a model in

the Simphony 4.0 user interface.Table 5-1shows the three modeling elements and their

description.

Table 5-1 Modeling elements

Name of Symbol in Purpose

Element Template
Start  Generates an entity and starts the simulation process.

End  Simulation ends when the entity reaches this element.

105
 Area  Represents a construction area in a project.
 An area element can represent one structure on site or a whole
construction area depending on the type of estimate selected.
 Takes a set of inputs, maps them using relationships already fed in
the element to produce outputs.
 The outputs can be derived by selecting the element after the
simulation is complete.

Any model would contain one Start element and one End element while there can be any

number of AREA elements in between. All the elements have to be connected with

connecting arrows to allow the movement of entities from start to end. A simple model in

the template is depicted in Figure 5-16.

Figure 5-16 Sample model

5.11.4Inputs

There are two sets of inputs which the user enters for the modeling of a construction area

in an industrial site. The first is if the estimate is desired for MACRO estimation scenario

and other for the MICRO estimation scenario. The inputs have been separated from each

other under separate headings and the user can simply enter the values for the desired

estimating method. The AREA element in the modeling window is the main element in

106
the model. The area elements on the modeling window can be selected and the relevant

inputs be entered. The model is capable of taking stochastic inputs for numerical values

in the form of common probabilistic distributions. Simulation for the model containing

stochastic inputs needs to be run for more than one time to get a range estimate of

outputs. The number of runs can be changed under RunCount tab in the modeling

parameters. The following section describes the type and nature of inputs for both levels

of estimation.

5.11.4.1MACRO Estimation Inputs

Inputs for generation ofMACRO estimate are put under the section titled ―MACRO

ESTIMATION INPUTS‖ in the scaffolding template. The list of inputs and their

relationships has been derived based on a set of data mining experiments conducted on

the scaffold data, described in Chapter 4[28].The following inputs are required for the

generation of a MACROestimate through the simulation tool:

 Trades – The name of all the trades that work in a construction work area. There

is a selection list of 8 trades for the user to select from the menu. These are:

1. Civil

2. Electricians

3. Fire Proofers

4. Instrumentation

5. Insulators

6. Iron Workers

107
 7. Mechanical

8. Pipe Fitters

 Trade Hours – Each selected trade in a construction work area is assigned the

estimated amount of trade hours that would be assigned or used in that area. The

use of simulation template allows the user to input these values in the form of all

major probability distributions. Figure 5-17 shows the input window for trades

and their working hours.

Figure 5-17 Sample trade input window

 AreaDefn – This defines the size of a construction work area. The user can select

from the following three choices:

1. Small

2. Medium

3. Large

108
  Complexity – This defines the complexity of a construction work area. The user

can select from the following two choices:

1. Simple

2. Complex

 Congestion – This defines the congestion of a construction work area. The user

can select from the following three choices:

1. Less_Congested

2. Congested

3. Not_Congested

5.11.4.2MICROEstimation Inputs

Inputs for generation of MICRO estimate are put under the section titled ―MICRO

ESTIMATION INPUTS‖ in the scaffolding template. The list of inputs and their

relationships has been derived based on a set of data mining experiments conducted on

the scaffold data described in Chapter 5. The following inputs are required for the

generation of a MICROestimate through the simulation tool:

 Equipment – This contains the list of all types of equipment for which the

simulation template can predict outputs. The user can select the equipment from

an inbuilt dropdown menu from the following options:

1. Plane Module

2. Structure

3. Valve Decks

4. Rack Module

109
 5. Valve Platform

6. Heater Rack

7. Vessel

 Geometry of the Equipment – This contains the cubical dimensions of the

envelope surrounding the modules or vessels. The three parameters are length,

width and height of the equipment. The unit of measurement is meters.

 Elevation – The elevation of construction of the equipment above the ground level

of the project site. This is in meters. This input can be entered in the form of

major probability distributions.

 Weight – The weight of the equipment to be erected. The unit of measurement is

metric tonnes. This input can be entered in the form of major probability

distributions.

Figure 5-18shows the input window for the MICRO estimation part of the template.

110
 Figure 5-18 Sample MICROinput window

5.11.5Outputs

The template produces scaffold man-hours of work as the output from any kind of

estimating mechanism selected in the template. The output for MACRO estimate and

MICRO estimate is kept under separate tabs for easy understanding. The outputs are

collected as statistics and present the user with all relevant statistical parameters for

scaffold man-hours of work like mean, standard deviation etc. This sample set would

comprise of the number of runs the user inputs for the simulation model to run. The

program also provides the cumulative distribution graph of all runs of the simulation

model. Interpretation and usability of the output would largely depend on the user and the

scenario for which the analysis is performed. For e.g. at a bidding stage of the project, say

a 90 percentile value can be selected as the number to bid for or some user can use the

mean of all runs as the estimating output from the template. A sample output is shown

inFigure 5-19.

Figure 5-19 Sample output

111
 Chapter 6 — Conclusions and Recommendations

6.1 Summary of Work

Estimating and planning scaffolding for industrial construction is a widespread concern

in the construction industryand this is research is one of its kind in addressing the

problem at hand. The first objective in this research was to find out the loopholes from

construction research point of view in the scaffolding processes existent in companies.

Then, the question to be addressed was, ―what could be done to manage such concerns

and what tools or mechanisms are needed?‖ The analysis and template developed over

the course of this project try to address the main concerns and provide a way to tackle

them. All companies have different way of analysing scaffolds needed in their

construction projects, and hence, one set of values or methods is difficult to address for

all, in a wholesome manner. However, the generic algorithm for MICRO estimation

developed over the course of this research is applicable to one and all. The values for

relationships of input parameters to concerned outputs can be derived for companies

based on any existent data they have. The research also analyzes the scaffold process

flow on site and provides a more systematic and productive flow chart for effective

planning and construction of scaffolds on site. The values derived from the database for

the case study are not accurate, which led to considerable higher error rate in vessel and

module analysis. However, properly maintained and accurate data would allow for a

better relationship model. The process of effectively gathering and maintaining data is

also described in earlier chapters.

112
6.2 Permanent Scaffold

Scaffolds are temporary structures that facilitate the workers to work on higher than

ground elevations at a construction site. However, it can be argued in some situations

―why isn‘t the scaffold made part of the original structure itself?‖ These situations would

occur based on the following conditions:

 The point of access on a structure has to be added several times over the course of

the project and lifetime like regular maintenance operations.

 There is extra room for the addition of scaffold structure and would not hamper

site installation.

 Structural integrity of the assembled structure would not fail due to the addition of

scaffolding access.

 The addition of scaffold access is cost effective and would be within the cost

scope of the project.

Such scaffolding construction would involve the Construction Engineers and even the

Scaffold Superintendent to be involved in the design phase of the project to eliminate any

confusion at the site. This can also significantly increase productivity and save labor

hours of work.

6.3Future Developmentin Industrial Scaffold Research

The template is the stepping stone to develop a simple yet versatile estimating tool to

predict industrial construction scaffolding parameters. The use of probabilistic inputs

allows the user to predict values even if the exact level of surety does not exist for the

input values. Future research in the field of industrial construction scaffolding would lead

113
to enrichment of the template in different aspects other than what it does at present status.

The first thing is the incorporation of material estimate in the template. Material data has

to be maintained over the course of the project to link the volumetric or linear amount of

scaffolding to the amount and list of materials it would need to construct. This would be

possible by closely analyzing the type and amount of materials that are normally

available in an industrial construction site and the building procedures used on site for

construction of scaffolds. Also, the type of scaffolds to be constructed can be something

that can be incorporated into the template outputs. The user would be able to select the

type of scaffold and be able to compare it with other types to get the best construction

scenario. This would also lead to savings in overall project cost by formally optimizing

the type and materials used for a particular scaffolding need on the construction site.

The last option,thoughprogress is certainly not limited to it, would be the linking of the

template with the project schedule. This would allow the efficient planning of the

scaffolding needs of the project. The schedule would be able to predict at what dates a

particular vessel or module etc. is supposed to start getting erected on site, and since

scaffolding is needed to support such processes, the need and amount of scaffold would

be known beforehand. This would also allow maintaining an optimized number of

scaffold crews and checking available rental materials to minimize any construction

delays. The scaffolding estimation tool is the need of the hour for industrial construction

and the present template presents the much needed platform to reach the final objective.

114
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[1] R. T. Ratay, Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill, 2000.

[2] R. T. Ratay, Handbook of Temporary Structures in Construction. Nuffic, 1984.

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[4] Occupational Safety & Health Administraion, Scaffold e-Tools, [Online]. Available:
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[13] D. Bajaj and A. Kumar, "Cost comparison of scaffolding systems for high rise
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[15] T. C. Becker, E. J. Jaselskis, M. El-Gafy and J. Du, "Industry practices for

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117
 Appendix A— Navisworks API Code

Option Explicit On
#Region "TestAPI"
Imports Autodesk.Navisworks.Api

Imports Autodesk.Navisworks.Api.Plugins
Imports System.Windows.Forms
Imports System.IO

' Naming the API and adding as a Plugin in Navisworks

<PluginAttribute( _
"Model1.MyAddIn", _
"Company A", _
ToolTip:="Navisworks Selection Model", _
DisplayName:="API Model.net", _
Options:=PluginOptions.None)> _
<AddInPluginAttribute(AddInLocation.AddIn)> _
Public Class Model1
Inherits AddInPlugin

Public Overrides Function Execute(ByValParamArray parameters As String()) As Integer

'Open Input File

Dim Readdialog = New OpenFileDialog()
Readdialog.Filter = "CSV files (*.csv)|*.csv|Text files (*.txt)|*.txt"
Readdialog.RestoreDirectory = True

Dim linecount As Integer

If Readdialog.ShowDialog() = DialogResult.OK Then

'Count the number of entries in Input File

linecount = File.ReadLines(Readdialog.FileName).Count()
End If

'Initialize temporary Arrays that save the input file entries

Dim temp As String() = New String(linecount - 1) {}
Dim XCoord As Double() = New Double(linecount - 1) {}
Dim YCoord As Double() = New Double(linecount - 1) {}
Dim ZCoord As Double() = New Double(linecount - 1) {}
Dim HCoord As Double() = New Double(linecount - 1) {}

'Reading the input file and saving as an array

Using stream1 = New FileStream(Readdialog.FileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read)
Using reader = New StreamReader(stream1)

Dim iAs Integer = 0

While Notreader.EndOfStream
Dim line = reader.ReadLine()
Dim cells = line.Split(","c)

temp(i) = cells(0)

118
XCoord(i) = Double.Parse(cells(1))
YCoord(i) = Double.Parse(cells(2))
ZCoord(i) = Double.Parse(cells(3))
HCoord(i) = Double.Parse(cells(4))

i += 1
End While
End Using
End Using

'Initialize temporary arrays to save four entries from the input file
Dim X1 As Double() = New Double(3) {}
Dim Y1 As Double() = New Double(3) {}
Dim Z1 As Double() = New Double(3) {}
Dim H1 As Double() = New Double(3) {}

Dim k As Integer = 0

'User inputs the output file name and location

Dim dialog = New SaveFileDialog()
dialog.Filter = "CSV files (*.csv)|*.csv|Text files (*.txt)|*.txt"
dialog.RestoreDirectory = True

If dialog.ShowDialog() = DialogResult.OK Then

Using stream = New FileStream(dialog.FileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write)
Using writer = New StreamWriter(stream)
writer.WriteLine("""{0}"",""{1}"",""{2}"",""{3}"",""{4}"",""{5}"",""{6}""", "Equip Name",
"MaxX", "MinX", "MaxY", "MinY", "MaxZ", "MinZ")

'While loop runs till it has exhausted all entries in the Input File
While k <temp.Length

'Copy four entries from Input file to temporary array

Array.Copy(XCoord, k, X1, 0, 4)
Array.Copy(YCoord, k, Y1, 0, 4)
Array.Copy(ZCoord, k, Z1, 0, 4)
Array.Copy(HCoord, k, H1, 0, 4)

'Calculate the coordinates of the Cuboid Volume Box

Dim maxX As Double = X1.Max()
Dim maxY As Double = Y1.Max()
Dim maxZ As Double = Z1.Max()
Dim minX As Double = X1.Min()
Dim minY As Double = Y1.Min()
Dim minZ As Double = Z1.Min()
Dim Height As Double = H1.Max()

Dim CategoryName, PropertyNameAs String

'User inputs the Category and Property that needs to be searched

CategoryName = InputBox("Enter the name of the category")
PropertyName = InputBox("Enter the name of the property")

' gets the current Navisworks document

Dim oDoc As Document = Autodesk.Navisworks.Api.Application.ActiveDocument

'Creates a new search

Dim search As New Search()

119
search.Selection.SelectAll()

'Adds a new search condition

search.SearchConditions.Add(SearchCondition.HasPropertyByDisplayName(CategoryName, PropertyName))

'Gets the resulting collection

Dim SearchResults As ModelItemCollection = search.FindAll(oDoc, True)

oDoc.CurrentSelection.CopyFrom(SearchResults)

'creates the volume box from cuboid coordinates

Dim oNewBox As New BoundingBox3D(New Point3D(minX, minY, minZ), New
Point3D(maxX, maxY, maxZ + Height))

' check the items whose boxes are within the specified bounding box above. Concept taken from
"http://adndevblog.typepad.com/aec/2012/05/search-model-items-within-a-volume-and-apply-
transformation.html"dated 01/04/2013

Dim items As IEnumerable(Of ModelItem) =

SearchResults.DescendantsAndSelf.Where(Function(x) oNewBox.Contains(x.BoundingBox()))

' Select the items in the search results based on above operation
oDoc.CurrentSelection.CopyFrom(items)

' Save the Geometry and name of all the selected item
For Each Item In items

If (Item.HasGeometry = True) Then

Dim FirstProperty As DataProperty =

Item.PropertyCategories.FindPropertyByDisplayName(CategoryName, PropertyName)
Dim temporary As String = FirstProperty.Value.ToString()

Dim length As Double = Item.BoundingBox.Max.X - Item.BoundingBox.Min.X

Dim breadth As Double = Item.BoundingBox.Max.Y - Item.BoundingBox.Min.Y
Dim heightofstr As Double = Item.BoundingBox.Max.Z - Item.BoundingBox.Min.Z

writer.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2},{3},{4},{5},{6}", temporary, Item.BoundingBox.Max.X,

Item.BoundingBox.Min.X, Item.BoundingBox.Max.Y, Item.BoundingBox.Min.Y, Item.BoundingBox.Max.Z,
Item.BoundingBox.Min.Z)
End If
Next
'Write two blank lines before reading next set of coordinates
writer.WriteLine()
writer.WriteLine()
k=k+4
End While
End Using
End Using
End If

'Api function is complete

MessageBox.Show("completed!")
Return 0
End Function

120
End Class
#End Region

Appendix B— Sample Output

Equip Name MaxX MinX MaxY MinY MaxZ MinZ

DisplayString:LIGHTWOOD2 10850.74 7550.736 -7143.83 -14043.8 200 200
DisplayString:LIGHTWOOD3 2024.487 250.7359 -9543.83 -12314.5 7200 6900
DisplayString:LIGHTWOOD4 14450.74 250.7363 -10593.8 -14043.8 7200 6900
DisplayString:LIGHTWOO13 11916.45 8822.331 -10487.7 -12022.8 11601 11601
DisplayString:DULLSTEE27 10850.74 10319.37 -8376.54 -8913.28 200 150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE28 10850.74 10231.06 -8603.39 -8913.28 400 350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE29 10850.74 10230.97 -8913.28 -9213.96 600 550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE31 10828.4 10291.67 -8913.96 -9445.32 800 750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE32 11448.08 10828.4 -8913.96 -9223.84 1600 1550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE33 11129.08 10828.4 -8913.96 -9533.73 1200 1150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE34 11359.77 10828.4 -8913.96 -9450.69 1400 1350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE35 11365.14 10828.4 -8382.59 -8913.96 2000 1950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE36 11448.17 10828.4 -8613.28 -8913.96 1800 1750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE37 10828.4 10518.52 -8913.96 -9533.63 1000 950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE38 11138.29 10828.4 -8294.27 -8913.96 2200 2150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE39 10828.4 10527.73 -8294.18 -8913.96 2400 2350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE40 10828.4 10297.03 -8377.22 -8913.96 2600 2550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE41 10828.4 10208.72 -8604.07 -8913.96 2800 2750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE42 10828.4 10208.63 -8913.96 -9214.63 3000 2950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE43 10806.07 10269.33 -8914.63 -9446 3200 3150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE44 10806.07 10496.18 -8914.63 -9534.31 3400 3350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE45 11106.74 10806.07 -8914.63 -9534.4 3600 3550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE47 250.7363 150.7363 -13093.8 -13193.8 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTEE48 8268.52 8168.519 -14143.8 -14243.8 6900 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTEE49 9468.521 9368.521 -14143.8 -14243.8 6900 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTEE50 10668.52 10568.52 -14143.8 -14243.8 6900 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTEE52 7982.105 7541.845 -10175.2 -11402.3 3800 3750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE53 7684.224 7243.963 -10210.8 -11437.9 4000 3950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE54 7386.343 6946.083 -10246.4 -11473.5 4200 4150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE55 7088.462 6648.202 -10282 -11509.1 4400 4350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE56 6790.582 6350.321 -10317.6 -11544.7 4600 4550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE57 6492.701 6052.44 -10353.2 -11580.3 4800 4750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE58 6194.82 5754.56 -10388.8 -11615.9 5000 4950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE59 5896.939 5456.679 -10424.4 -11651.5 5200 5150

121
DisplayString:DULLSTEE60 5610.922 4253.29 -10360.7 -11893.2 6300 5350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE61 4407.534 3967.274 -10602.3 -11829.5 5600 5550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE62 4109.653 3669.394 -10637.9 -11865.1 5800 5750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE63 3811.773 3371.513 -10673.5 -11900.7 6000 5950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE64 3513.892 3073.632 -10709.1 -11936.2 6200 6150
DisplayString:DULLSTEE65 3216.011 2775.751 -10744.7 -11971.8 6400 6350
DisplayString:DULLSTEE66 2918.13 2477.87 -10780.3 -12007.4 6600 6550
DisplayString:DULLSTEE67 2620.249 2179.989 -10815.9 -12043 6800 6750
DisplayString:DULLSTEE68 2322.368 1882.108 -10851.5 -12078.6 8100 6950
DisplayString:DULLSTEE71 1150.736 1050.736 -5818.83 -5918.83 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE121 250.7363 150.7363 -12193.8 -12293.8 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE122 250.7363 150.7363 -11293.8 -11393.8 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE123 250.7363 150.7363 -10393.8 -10493.8 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE124 250.7363 150.7363 -9493.83 -9593.83 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE125 250.7363 150.7363 -8593.83 -8693.83 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE126 250.7363 150.7363 -7693.83 -7793.83 10500 3600
DisplayString:DULLSTE127 250.7363 150.7363 -6793.83 -6893.83 10500 3600
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125
 Appendix C— Error Analysis for Vessel Model

Scaffold Man-hours
Sl No Actual Predicted Error Percentage
1 1487.2 1476.244 0.74
2 332.2 484.748 45.92
3 527.45 676.599 28.28
4 154.55 171.776 11.15
5 2125.75 1950.861 8.23
6 759 1073.633 41.45
7 2099.9 2247.223 7.02
8 1553.2 1497.067 3.61
9 348.15 367.983 5.7
10 229.35 232.529 1.38
11 498.3 1076.108 115.96
12 465.3 1150.314 147.22
13 231 86.768 62.44
14 998.8 1308.395 31
15 199.1 317.548 59.49
16 553.85 568.656 2.67
17 399.3 504.702 26.4
18 216.7 89.067 58.9
19 1119.8 659.329 41.12
20 456.5 522.72 14.51
21 365.2 334.686 8.36
22 483.45 509.707 5.43
23 480.15 797.742 66.14
24 2033.35 1964.787 3.37
25 460.9 602.349 30.69
26 982.3 548.603 44.15
27 412.5 399.311 3.2
28 1067 503.734 52.79
29 1797.95 1979.615 10.1
30 297 432.036 45.47

126
31 279.95 576.114 105.79
32 325.6 311.773 4.25
33 1444.3 666.38 53.86
34 1392.6 1873.652 34.54
35 2924.9 1866.678 36.18
36 529.1 1009.316 90.76
37 1015.3 450.637 55.62
38 1942.05 1395.218 28.16
39 507.1 528.88 4.29
40 216.7 208.714 3.69
41 1450.9 1266.012 12.74
42 498.3 543.906 9.15

Average Error
percentage 33.85

127
 Appendix D— Error Analysis for Modules Model

Scaffold Man-hours
Sl No. Actual Predicted Error Percentage
1 354.2 70.125 80.2
2 904.2 1129.337 24.9
3 1390.4 1204.687 13.36
4 152.9 174.845 14.35
5 364.1 263.67 27.58
6 682.55 1146.629 67.99
7 470.8 403.744 14.24
8 1865.6 1602.821 14.09
9 995.5 1198.967 20.44
10 429.55 1004.762 133.91
11 271.15 781.594 188.25
12 487.3 754.886 54.91
13 1741.3 1611.478 7.46
14 1326.6 1373.042 3.5
15 253 678.007 167.99
16 465.3 51.348 88.97
17 1490.5 1181.862 20.71
18 1174.8 1076.086 8.4
19 2520.65 1043.79 58.59
20 1265 1599.543 26.45
21 473 652.806 38.01
22 96.8 179.036 84.96
23 679.25 761.156 12.06
24 1037.3 1070.454 3.2
25 1214.95 1011.021 16.78
26 924 1790.415 93.77
27 660.55 1034.055 56.54
28 424.05 789.382 86.15
29 136.4 132.253 3.04

128
30 220 968.022 340.01
31 1544.4 803.209 47.99
32 2364.45 941.028 60.2
33 721.05 1101.397 52.75
34 1370.6 1422.399 3.78
35 922.9 895.807 2.94
36 941.05 1133.198 20.42
37 911.9 1262.349 38.43
38 539.55 937.244 73.71
39 427.9 331.408 22.55
40 1159.4 1383.888 19.36
41 1507.55 1538.042 2.02
42 1134.1 883.278 22.12
43 1156.65 1535.578 32.76
44 899.8 1152.393 28.07
45 1945.9 1194.281 38.63
46 81.4 157.696 93.73
47 861.85 1332.144 54.57
48 1831.775 1221.605 33.31
49 731.5 835.978 14.28
50 951.5 1422.806 49.53
51 1112.65 916.542 17.63
52 701.25 967.868 38.02
53 368.5 273.779 25.71
54 517 340.109 34.21
55 47.3 61.864 30.78
56 715.55 660.308 7.72
57 1003.2 893.508 10.93
58 267.85 194.953 27.21
59 1290.85 920.612 28.68
60 1755.6 1647.976 6.13
61 1973.4 1161.809 41.13
62 765.6 907.148 18.49
63 1373.9 1687.939 22.86
64 660.55 1166.583 76.61
65 342.1 959.189 180.38
66 951.5 981.068 3.11
67 742.5 805.904 8.54

129
68 2644.4 1050.126 60.29
69 323.4 799.227 147.13
70 253 679.327 168.51
71 289.3 398.816 37.85
72 618.2 923.076 49.32
73 349.8 1357.807 288.17
74 950.4 770.693 18.91
75 445.5 974.864 118.83
76 413.05 1027.29 148.71
77 240.9 33.352 86.16
78 484 332.629 31.27
79 1247.4 1209.802 3.01
80 550 762.949 38.72
81 636.35 385.11 39.48
82 1610.4 712.382 55.76
83 992.75 632.819 36.26
84 1111 351.791 68.34
85 1309 1649.725 26.03
86 1134.1 666.38 41.24
87 1302.4 1290.52 0.91
88 339.9 871.431 156.38
89 1130.8 1252.141 10.73
90 143.55 410.663 186.08
91 2564.65 1517.615 40.83
92 1507.55 951.192 36.91
93 348.7 867.328 148.73
94 2275.35 1654.983 27.26
95 436.15 794.497 82.16

Average error
percentage 54.88

130
Appendix E— Chapter 9, Technical Calculation and Estimator’s man-
hour manual

131
132
133
Appendix F— Sample Scaffold Form

134