Scribd
Upload
191 views15 pages

Atomic Structure 3 PDF

The document provides examples and explanations of concepts related to atomic structure and quantum numbers. It includes examples of calculating effective nuclear charge using Slater's rules, writing electron configurations, determining quantum numbers, drawing orbital diagrams, and identifying ions and their properties.

Uploaded by

Nashraat Bukhory
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
191 views15 pages

Atomic Structure 3 PDF

The document provides examples and explanations of concepts related to atomic structure and quantum numbers. It includes examples of calculating effective nuclear charge using Slater's rules, writing electron configurations, determining quantum numbers, drawing orbital diagrams, and identifying ions and their properties.

Uploaded by

Nashraat Bukhory
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Atomic Structure

Part 3
Slater’s Rules for Calculating Zeff
• Write out the electron configuration in groups using the following
order:
(1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) (5s, 5p) …
• Identify the group in which the electron of interest lies; ignore
electrons to the right of this group
• If the electron of interest is an s or p electron, then each additional
electron in its (ns, np) group contributes 0.35 to s, each electron in
the n – 1 shell contributes 0.85 to s, and each electron further to the
left contributes 1.00 to s.
• If the electron of interest is a d or f electron, then each additional
electron in its (nd) or (nf) group contributes 0.35 to s and each
electron further to the left contributes 1.00 to s.
Examples
• Calculate the effective nuclear charge felt by a (i) 4s electron; (ii)
3d electron; (iii) 3s or 3p electron; (iv) 2s or 2p electron; (v) 1s
electron in the iron atom (Z = 26).
Ans: (i) 3.75; (ii) 6.25; (iii) 14.75; (iv) 21.85; (v) 25.70

• Using Bohr’s model equation, determine the wavelengths of the


four visible emission bands in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen,
given that RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J (h = 6.63 x 10-34 J/s; c = 3 x 108
m/s).
Ans: 408.7 nm; 432.5 nm; 484.4 nm; 653.4 nm.
Examples
Give the orbital label (1s, 2p, 6f, etc.) for one orbital that
corresponds to each set of quantum numbers. Also, sketch
the orbital using Cartesian axes to show its orientation.
(a) n = 4, l = 2, ml= -2
(b) n = 6, l = 0, ml= 0
(c) n = 3, l = 1, ml= +1
(d) n = 2, l = 1, ml= 0
Examples
• Draw an orbital energy diagram for the valence shell (both
occupied and unoccupied orbitals) of a beryllium atom.
• Give one possible complete set of quantum numbers for an
electron in the highest energy occupied orbital of beryllium.
• What is the electronic configuration for a neutral lead atom?
• Lead can form two stable ions. What are their charges?
Explain.
• Give the complete electronic configuration for arsenic (As).
• What monoatomic ion would you expect arsenic to form?
Briefly justify your answer.
Examples
Consider each of the following neutral elements:
(a)an s-block element of the 5th period with one valence
electron;
(b) a p-block element of the 3rd period with 5 valence
electrons;
(c)A d-block element of the 4th period with 4 valence
electrons.
Identify each element, sketch a picture of an orbital in which
the highest energy electron would be found and provide a
valid set of quantum numbers for the highest energy electron.
Examples
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers could belong to an
electron in a ground state atom of manganese (Mn)? For each set of
quantum numbers describing one of the electrons in ground state of
manganese, name the orbital the electron is in. For each set of
quantum numbers not describing one of the electrons in ground state
of manganese, briefly indicate why not.
(a) n = 1; l = 1; ml = 0; ms = +½
(b)n = 3; l = 0; ml = 0; ms = +½
(c) n = 3; l = 2; ml = -1; ms = +½
(d)n = 4; l = 1; ml = 1; ms = +½
Examples
(a) Three different particles, namely Fe, Fe2+ and Fe3+ were found
when analyzing a piece of rusted iron. The sizes of the three
particles were found to be 130, 154 and 248 pm.
Write the electronic configuration of each particle and assign the
correct size to each of them, explaining briefly. Indicate also
whether the particle is diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
(b) Draw the valence orbital occupancy diagram for copper,
labelling each sub-shell.
Briefly explain what is unusual in its electronic configuration.
Write the electronic configuration of Cu+ and Cu2+ ion.
Examples
Explain why each of the following statements is true:
(a)Hydrogen has a more negative enthalpy of electronic
attraction than helium.
(b)Potassium has a greater second ionization energy than
calcium.
(c)The atomic radius of Br- is larger than the atomic radius
of Br.
(d)The atomic radius of nitrogen is smaller than the atomic
radius of boron.
Examples
(a) Rank the following sets of atoms/ions according to the
number of valence electrons (from least to most).
(i) S2-, Sb, Se, Sn2+
(ii) F-, Fe2+, Fe3+, Fr
(iii) C, Ca, Cl, Co
(b) Determine whether the atoms/ions from part (a) are
paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
Examples
For a neutral ground state nickel atom,
(a) Write its complete electronic configuration.
(b) Write its electron configuration using the noble gas
abbreviation.
(c) Draw an orbital occupancy diagram showing the
valence electrons. Label each subshell.
(d) For each valence electron, list its set of quantum
numbers.
Examples
(a) Arrange the following ions in order of size, from
smallest to largest giving reasons:
Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+
(b) Which of the following elements has the highest second
ionization energy, giving reasons?
Na, Mg, Al, F
(c) Explain why the electron affinity for phosphorus is less
negative than that of silicon.
Examples
For each of the following statements, state whether they are true or
false. If true, briefly explain why. If false, give an example that
proves the statement is false.
(a) The ionization energy for every element is larger than for the
element below it (assuming that there is an element below it).
(b) The enthalpy of electronic attraction for every element is
larger (more negative) than for the element to its left
(assuming that there is an element to its left).
(c) The radius of a neutral atom of alkali metal is always larger
than the radius of a neutral atom of the alkaline earth metal in
the same period as it.
Examples
(a)How many different orbitals in a single atom can have
n=3?
(b)How many different electrons in a single atom can have
n=3?
(c)List all the orbitals in a single atom with n=3 and clearly
indicate the value of l for each orbital.
(d)Draw a 6dxy orbital.
(e)Give one set of quantum numbers that could correspond
to an electron in a 6dxy orbital.
Example
Scandium has one stable isotope.
(a)By looking at the Periodic Table, what is its mass
number?
(b)How many protons are there in this isotope?
(c)How many neutrons are there in this isotope?
(d)Draw an orbital box diagram showing the valence
electronic configuration of a ground state scandium
atom.
(e)Is Sc paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

You might also like