HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURES

1.1 Exercise n. 1

EJ = 3·104 kNm2
Km = 4000 kN/m
L=7m
M = 5 kNm

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (and reference system for the congruence
equation):
η D,tot ( X , M ) = ∆ℓ spring =
X
Km

Solution by means of the kinematic method of the two cases:

EJ = ∞
 EJ = ∞

And the subcases given by each force acting separately:

Effect of X:

ηD
φ = (X·L2)/EJ
ηD (X,1) = φ·L = - (X·L3)/EJ
φ

ηD
ηD (X,2) = - (X·L3)/3·EJ

Effect of M:

ηD

φ = (M·L)/EJ
ηD (M,1) = φ·L = - (M·L2)/EJ
 ηD (M,2) = 0

Therefore:

η D,tot (X,M) = - (X·L3)/EJ - (X·L3)/3·EJ - (M·L2)/EJ = X/Km

From which, by replacing the numerical quantities, we get X:
X ≈ - 0.53 kN
so X is directed oppositely.

1.2 Exercise n. 2

EJ = 2.8·104 kNm2
∆t = 30 °C
h = 0.5 m
α = 12·10-6 °C-1
L=6m
M = 20 kNm

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (and reference system for the congruence
equation):

ξD,tot (X, M, ∆t) = 0

Solution via the Theorem of Virtual Works:
Diagram of bending moment of the real structure:

XA = X YA = M/L YD = M/L

MAB (z) = X·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L); MBC (z) = (X·L – M·z /L) (0 ≤ z ≤ L); MDC (z) = X·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)

Diagram of bending moment of the fictitious structure:

XA* = F* = 1

MAB* (z) = F*·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L) ;

MBC *(z) = F*·L (0 ≤ z ≤ L) ;
MDC *(z) = F*·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)

M(z )
F * ⋅ ξ D,tot = ∫ M (z ) EJ
*
dz + ∫M
*
(z ) α∆t dz
h
ABCD ABCD
Therefore:
 X ⋅z  X ⋅ L − (M L ) ⋅ z   X ⋅z  α ⋅ ∆t 
L L L L
0 = ∫ z ⋅ dz + ∫ L ⋅  dz + ∫ z ⋅  dz − ∫ L ⋅  dz
0  EJ  0  EJ  0  EJ  0  h 
which leads to:
X = 3.016 kN
So X is oriented as initially assumed.

1.3 Exercise n. 3

EJ = 3·104 kNm2
Km = 4000 kN/m
L=6m
F = 20 kN

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (and reference system for the congruence
equation):

X
ηC,tot = ∆ℓ spring =
Km

Solution via the Theorem of Virtual Works:

Real structure:
MAB (z) = F·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L) ;
 MCB (z) = (2F·L+X·L - F·z) (0 ≤ z ≤ L) ;
MDB (z) = - X·z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)

YD = X
XC = F
MC = X·L+2F·L

Fictitious structure:

M*CB (z) = L (0 ≤ z ≤ L) ;
M*DB (z) = - z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)

Y*D = F* = 1
M*C = F*·L = L
 M(z )
F * ⋅ ηC,tot = ∫ M (z ) EJ
*
dz
ABCD

X l
∫ L⋅
(2 F ⋅ L + X ⋅ L − F ⋅ z ) dz + L (− z ) ⋅ (− X ⋅ z ) dz 
Km
=−  EJ ∫0 EJ 
0 
Notice that, if X and so F* (in agreement with X) is released opposite to the reference system, the
Internal Virtual Work (right hand side of the equation above) is a negative quantity; so we need to
put a minus sign, before equating to the displacement of the spring: X/Km, in agreement with the
congruence equation. That is why it is better always to orient X (and F*) in agreement with the
reference system chosen for the congruence equation.
Therefore, after substitution of the numerical quantities, we get:
X ≈ -21.93 kN
So X is opposite.

1.4 Exercise n. 4

EJ = 2.8·104 kNm2
EA = ∞
EACE =4.73·106 kN
∆t = 70 °C
L=5m
α = 12·10-6 °C-1

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (and reference system for the congruence
equation):

XL
ξ C ,tot ( X , ∆t ) = −
=0
EA
Solution via the Theorem of Virtual Works, which looks like, due to the presence of the
longitudinal thermal distorsion in the isostatic structure:
M N
F * ξ C ( X , ∆t ) = ∫ M* dz + ∫ N α∆tdz + ∫ N
* *
ABC EJ EA
CE CE
However the diagram of axial force is zero on CE, and X = 0 kN:
Real and fictitious diagrams:

1.5 Exercise n. 5

EJ = 3·104 kNm2
F = 2 kN
L=3m
Kη = 2 kN/m

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (and reference system for the congruence
equation):
 X
η A ( X , F ) = ∆ℓ spring = −
K
Solution via the Theorem of Virtual Works:
Real structure, effect of F:

XA = 3/2 F
XF = -1/2 F
MF = 0
YF = 0


M CB ( z ) = − F ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
2
 FL
 M BD ( z ) = − (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
 2
 M ( z) = − z F
 DE (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
2

Real structure, effect of X:

 XA = -2X
XF = 2X
MF = XL
YF = -X

M AB ( z ) = X ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
 M ( z) = X ⋅ l + X ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)
 BD

 M DE ( z ) = 2 X ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
M EF ( z ) = X ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L)

Fictitious structure:

XA = -2F*
XF = 2 F*
MF = F*L
YF = F*

M AB ( z ) = F * ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L), M BD ( z ) = F * ⋅ l + F * ⋅ z (0 ≤ z ≤ L )
M DE ( z ) = 2 F ⋅ z *
(0 ≤ z ≤ L), M EF ( z ) = F ⋅ z
*
(0 ≤ z ≤ L )
Therefore:
M(z )
F * ⋅ η A,tot = ∫ M (z) EJ
*
dz (A)
ABDEF
L L L L
X 1 1 Fl 1 F 1
− =
Kη EJ 0 ∫ z ⋅ ( X ⋅ z ) dz + ∫
EJ 0
(l + z )( Xl + Xz − ) dz +
2 ∫
EJ 0
2 z (2 Xz − z ) dz +
2 EJ ∫0
z ⋅ Xz dz

Hence:
X ≅ 3.87 N ≅ 4 N
 1.6 Exercise n. 6

EJ = 3⋅104 kN⋅m2
L=3m
Kϕ = 2 kNm

L
F = 2 kN
F

L/2 L
L

Equivalent isostatic structure, congruence equation (reference system: positive rotation =

clockwise):

F
X
B E
C

ϕE(F, X) = ϕspring = X/Kϕ

Solution via the Theorem of Virtual Works:

Real structure:
∑ X = XA + XE = 0
∑ Y = YA + YE – F = 0
∑ MA = -FL/2 - X – YEL + XEL = 0
-X - XEL - YEL = 0 (Aux. D)

XA = -F/4 ; XE = F/4 ; YA = 5/4F + X/L; YE = -X/L – F/4.

 D

F
X
B E
C XE
YE

A XA
YA
Diagram of real bending moment due to F, real bending moment due to X, fictitious bending
moment:

FL/4

FL/2

FL/4 X 1
FL/4

FL/4
FL/2

FL/4

1  z Fz Xz 
L L
M Fz
M *ϕ E = ∫ M * dz → ϕ E = ∫ ⋅ ( + )dz + ∫ ( + X )dz  =
DE
EJ EJ  0 L 4 L 0
4 
1  F z3  1 5
L L L
X z3 F z2 4 
= + 2 + + Xz0 = +
L
  24 FL2
XL 
EJ  4 L 3 0 L 3 0 4 2 0
  EJ 3 
Notice that M* (in agreement with X) is oriented opposite the reference system, so the congruence
equation becomes:
5 FL2 5 18
2
⇒ X = − 24 EJ = − 24 3 ⋅ 10 = −2.5 ⋅ 10−4 kNm
5 FL 4 XL X 4
− − =
24 EJ 3 EJ Kϕ 4 L 1 4 1
+ +
3 EJ Kϕ 3 ⋅ 10 4
2
And X is opposite.