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jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;; nrd;id – 600 097
,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;.) Kjyhk; Mz;L

2016 – 2017
ghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-

(gFjp-1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)
ghlq;fisj;
isj; jahhpj;J toq;FNthh;
myF 1 jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

Kidth;. M.,uhN[];thp>
hp cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw
myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;
Kidth;. M.,uhN[];thp>
hp cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw
myF 3 fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;
Kidth;. F.tp[ah> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw
myF 4 nkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;
Kidth;. F.tp[ah> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw
myF 5 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
Kidth;.F.ujP];thp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fy;tpj;Jiw
myF 6 Nrhjpj;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;
Kidth;. J.ngh. rutzd; > cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;;
eph;thfj; Jiw
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

nrd;id.
jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)
ghlk; -7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-

(gFjp-1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)
myF 1 jkpo;
jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
Nehf;fq;fs;;:
,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> khzt Mrphpah;fs;:
1. jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;.

2. jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;th;.
3. gz;;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;gpid czh;e;J gad;gLj;Jth;.
Kd;Diu
jkpofj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd; jha;nkhopahf tpsq;Ftjhy;

mJNt Kjd;iknkhopahfTk;> Ml;rpnkhopahfTk; gad;gLj;jp tUk; ,d;iwa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp cyfshtpa epiyapy; gue;J epw;fpd;w
jkpoh;fs; jkpo;nkhopia fw;fpd;wdh;. jkpiof; fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; Gjpa mZFKiwfSk;
fzpdp Nghd;w fUtpfspd; gad;ghLk; tsh;e;J ngUfp tUfpwJ. NkYk; jw;nghOJ
jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ fy;tpahsh; ftdj;ijg; ngw;W tUfpwJ. jkpOf;nfdj; jdp
,izajsKk; gy;fiyf;fofKk; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ‘jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jy;’ vd;gJ
gz;ila fw;gpj;jy; KiwapypUe;J khWgl;l ,d;iwa fhyg;Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g tsh;e;J tu
Ntz;banjhU JiwahFk;.
jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
kdpjd; vz;zq;fisg; Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; ntspaplTk;> mtdpd; rpe;jidj;

jhf;fq;fis czh;thf gilf;fTk; nkhop gad;gLfpwJ. jdpnahUth; Kaw;rpahy;
fpilf;Fk; gilg;Gfs; ahTk; mopah ,lk; ngWgit. mit jha;nkhopahy; kl;LNk
epiyj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wd.
rq;f ,yf;fpak; njhl;L ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fpar;

Ritfis czh;e;J nfhs;sj; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop ekf;F ,d;wpaikahj
xd;whFk;. vz;zw;w cah; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit> vopYzh;T>
xypapdpik> fUj;J kjpg;G> ey;ypay;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpidj; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop
%yNk Ritj;Jzu KbAk;.
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2

Xh; jkpouhy; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop %ykhff; fy;tp fw;Fk;NghJ gy;Jiw
E}y;fisAk; fw;Wj; njspa tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. kdpjd; rKjhaj;Jld; ,ize;J
tho;tjw;Fhpa gz;Gfshd xj;Jioj;jy;> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> gpwh;kPJ kjpg;G itj;jy;>
FOf;fspy; gzpGhpjy;> nghpNahiu kjpj;jy;> gpwUf;F jPq;F nra;ahik> Ntw;Wik
ghuhl;lhik> $btho;jy;> ,dpait NgRjy; Nghd;w kdpj Nea gz;Gfis
jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhopapd; %yNk fw;f ,aYk;. vdNt nkhopapd;
mbg;gilj;jpwd;fisg; ngWjy;> Mf;fg; gilg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> ,yf;fpar;
RitAzh;jy; gz;ghLs;s rKjha tho;f;iff;F cjTjy; Nghd;w cah; gz;Gfis
xt;nthU jdp kdpjDk; ngw;Wr; rKjha cah;Tf;F tpj;jplg; gad;gLtNj xUthpd;
jha;nkhop. mJNt jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; mbg;gil Nehf;fKkhFk;.
jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kdpjh;fspd; cly;> cs;sk;> mwpT Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tsh;r;rp ngwr;nra;tNj

fy;tp. Foe;ij> jhd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; Nfl;Lk;> NgrpAk; tUk; jha;nkhop mf;Foe;ijap;d;
mf tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gw tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Jiz epw;fpwJ. xUtNuhL xUth; njhlh;G
nfhs;sTk;> fUj;Jfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;> gpwiug; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; nkhopNa
mbg;gilf; fhuzpahfpwJ.
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mwpit tsh;f;fTk;> kdg;ghd;ikfis cUthf;fTk;>

nkhopg;gw;W> ,dg;gw;W Vw;glTk;> mofpay; czh;T Njhd;wTk; jha;nkhopNa
fhuzkhfpd;wJ. vdNt jdpkdpjdpd; mftsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gwtsh;r;rpf;Fk;> MSik
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpNo Kf;fpa fhuzpahfpwJ. khzth;fspd;
njspthd Ngr;R> vOj;J> rpe;jidahw;wy; Mfpatw;iw nkhopahrphpah;fNs
tsh;j;njLf;f KbAk;. vdNt> jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fshfg;
gpd;tUtdtw;iw tiuaWf;fyhk;.
1. mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;
2. rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;
3. vz;zj;ij ntspaply;
4. fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sjy;
5. fw;gidj;jpwd; tsh;j;jy;
6. gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy;
7. ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;
8. r%fg; gz;ghl;L kugpid mwpjy;
9. xOf;fg;gz;Gfis tsh;j;jy;
10. nkhopg;gw;W tsh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;

1. mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;
jkpo; nkhopia El;gkhfTk;> Jy;ypakhfTk; Nfl;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;jy;>

Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;> xypg;GKiw> mOj;jk;> czh;TfSld; NgRk; jpwid tsh;j;jy;.
nkhopiag; gbf;Fk; NghJ Ntfk;> nghUSzh;jy;> gpioapd;ik Mfpa gbj;jy;
jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;> Kiwahf vOJjy;> gpioapd;wp vOJjy; Mfpa vOj;Jj;
jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy; vd nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fshd Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;>
vOJjy; Mfpatw;iw tsh;g;gNj jkpo; nkhopapd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhFk;.
,e;jpaf; Fbaurpy; Ngr;RhpikAk; vOj;JhpikAk; mbg;gil chpikfshapd.

nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; mike;jikahy; jha;nkhop Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ. nghJ tho;Tg; gFjp
KOtjpYk; Ngr;Rj;jkpOk;> mYtyfq;fspy; vOj;Jj; jkpOk; eLtplk; ngw;Ws;sd.
nra;jpj; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fshd njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> nra;jpj;jhs;> ,izak;
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; jha;nkhopapd; vOj;Jj;jkpOk;> Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;Js;sd. vdNt khzth;fs; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngwj; jha;nkhopahd
jkpo; nkhopNa rpwe;j fUtpahf mikfpwJ.
2. rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;
rpe;jidia tsh;j;jYf;Fg; nghJikf;fUj;J mbg;gilahFk;. nghJikf;

fUj;ij nkhopapdhy;jhd; cUthf;f KbAk;. vdNt rpe;jidf;F nkhop
mbg;gilahfpwJ. rpe;jid tsh;r;rp jha;nkhopapd; %yk; rpwg;gilfpwJ. mwptpay;
mwpQh;fs; gyh; jha;nkhop %yNk fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisr; nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. gilg;ghspfs;
gyh; jk; jha;nkhopapNyNa gilj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. kfhd;fSk; kfj;Jtkhd cz;ikfis
jkJ jha;nkhopapNyNa $wpAs;sdh;. jha;nkhopawpitg; ngWkplq;fs; gythf
,Ug;gpDk; jha;nkhopj; jpwid> mJTk; rpe;jid tsh;r;rpf;fhd jha;nkhopj;jpwidg;
ngWkplq;fs; fy;tpf;$lq;fs; vdyhk;.
fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;
fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:
epiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;J
ePjpnewp nja;tj;jpidg;
pidg; G+l;lw; fd;Nwh?
tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;
tpsq;fhj ghi\
ghi\apNy ghl;ilf; Nfl;Lj;

jiynay;yhk; RSf;Nfw mirj;jpl; lhYk;
jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.
vz;zq;fSk; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ngr;Rf;fSk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W

kpfTk; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilad. mit ,uz;Lk; xd;whfNt mwpaf;$bad. xd;iwg;
gad;gLj;jhky; kw;nwhd;iwg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt nkhop tsh;r;rpf;Fk; kd
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; gs;spfspy; jha;nkhopg; gapw;rp mspj;jNy Kjd;ikahd NjitahFk;.
nkhop E}y;fisf; fw;gjd; thapyha;f; fUj;Jf;fs; gy Njhd;Wk;. rpe;jidfs; njspT
ngWk;. jha;nkhop thapyhfNt rpe;jidfs; tpsf;;fkiltJld;> fw;w nra;jpfisg;
gpwh;f;Fk; Gyg;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. rpe;jidaw;w nray; rpwg;GWtjpy;iy.
kdj;NjnaOk; gy;tifr; rpe;jidf;Fk; nkhopNa mbg;gilahFk;. gioa

epidTfis kPl;lwpaTk;> jpwdha;T nra;aTk;> nfhs;iffis Cfpj;J mwpe;J
nfhs;sTk;> czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk;
rpe;jidapd;Nwy; nkhopapy;iy> nkhopap;d;Nwy; rpe;jid ,y;iy vd;w fUj;J
njspthFk;.
3. vz;zj;ij ntspaply;
nkhopapd; thapyhfj; jhd; ek; vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;

Kjypatw;iwj; njhptpf;f KbfpwJ. Ngr;rhYk;> vOj;jhYk;> gpwh; fUj;Jf;fis mwpa
KbfpwJ. Mjyhy; jha;nkhopia khzhf;fh;fs; jpwikAld; ifahsf;$bathW
fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ez;zpa vz;zq;fSk; njspthd fUj;Jf;fSk; khzhf;fh;fsplk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F Mrphpah; gpd;tUk;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(m) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Jj; njspthfg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(M) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;fTk;> Nfl;Lg; nghUSzh;Tk; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
(,) xU nghUisj; njspthd Kiwapy; gbf;fTk;> gbj;Jg; nghUs; czuTk; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
(<) xU nghUisg; gw;wpj; njspthd vspa Kiwapy; vOJtjw;F Njitahd

Mw;wy;fis tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
jha;nkhopapy; gbf;fTk;> vOjTkhd gapw;rpfisg; gs;spapy; mspj;J

,t;thw;wy;fis tsh;j;jhy;> mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;jpw;F nghpJk; Jizahf ,Uf;Fk;.
xU rpwe;j Fbkfdhf tho;tjw;F ,t;thw;wy;fs; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjdthFk;.

nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny – mij
njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh. - ghujpahh;
vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha;
Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.

jwpT. - ts;Sth;
gpwh; czUk; tz;zk; vspikahfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. gpwh; El;gkhff; $wpdhYk;

mjid mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;
Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; - ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;
nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly;
nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J. - ePjpnewp

tpsf;fk;
fy;tp > vj;Jiza MapDk; - fw;w fy;tp vt;tsT nghpNjahdhYk;> ,lk; mwpe;J
ca;j;J czh;T ,y; vdpd; ,y;yhFk; - E}ypd; ,lk; njhpe;J Muha;e;J czUk;
mwpT ,y;iyahdhy; mf;fy;tp gadw;wjhFk;.
jha;nkhopapy; ey;y Gyik ngw;why; jhd; xUth; jk; czh;r;rpfisj; njspthf

ntspapl KbAk;. jk; czh;r;rpfis ntspapLtjdhy; mth;fSf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l kfpo;r;rp
Vw;gLtJld;> mth;fSila kdk;> xOf;fk; Kjypait gz;gl;L> MSik rpwf;fTk;
,lKz;L. jha;nkhopapYs;s rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdj;ij tphptilar; nra;J
mth;fSila jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; tsh;f;Fk;. jkpopy; Gj;jpyf;fpaq;fs; gy gbj;J
kfpoTk; jha;nkhopawpT Njit. Ml;rp> eph;thfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; gygzpfs;
eilngWtjw;Fk; jha;nkhopawpT Njit.
4. fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sjy;
tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthUtUk; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fis> Ritfis>

fUj;Jf;fis vLj;jpak;Gk; Mw;wiyj; jha;nkhopNa mspf;fty;yJ. ,d;gj;ijAk;>
Jd;gj;ijAk; > nghUl;RitAk;> nrhw;RitiaAk; jha;nkhop %yNk ntspg;gLj;j
,aYk;.
xt;nthUtUk; NtWgl;l tho;f;if Efh;Tfis> mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;j

nkhopNa cjTfpwJ. cs;sj;jpy; vz;Zk; vz;zq;fis vLj;jpak;Gk; Mw;wiyj;

jha;nkhop mspf;fty;yJ. mjw;F xsitahh; tpehafg; ngUkhid Ntz;bg;ghLk;
ghliyAk;> ghujpjhrd; ghliyAk; rhd;whff; $wyhk;.
ghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gkpit
ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;
Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;
rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh. - xsitahh;
Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk;
vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;
,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;gJ
,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.
thop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jp
kdk fpo;e;J $bNa
kdpjh; ahUk; xUjp fh;r
khd khf tho;tNk!
… tpLjiy tpLjiy - ghujpjhrd;
5. fw;gidj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;
cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij

,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij
njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;
njhpe; Jiug;gJ ftpij.
ftpij.
,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $WfSs; xd;Wk; ftpijf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf Ntz;LtJk;

fw;gidNa MFk;. ekJ fw;gidia ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpopy; vLj;Jiug;gJ
rpwe;jJ. ,J ftpijfisf; fdptpj;Jf; fw;Nghhpd; kdj;ij tphpe;j ghh;itapy;
nrYj;JtJ MFk;. ftpijapd; gpw gz;GfSf;nfy;yhk; mbepykha; mNjhL Kbthf
mikfpwJ.

u];fpd; vd;w ftpQh; fw;gidj;

“fw; jj;Jtk; mwpTf;F vl;lhjJ. nrhw;fshy;
czh;j;j KbahjJ. mJ mjd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Nl mwpag;
ngWtnjd;gjhFk;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; fw;gidf;Fr; rhd;WfshfNt rpw;gq;fis> rpd;dq;fis>

Xtpaq;fis> fhtpaq;fis> khlq;fis> $lq;fis> ,d;W ehk; ifahSk;
nghUs;fis> ek;ik> ek; tuyhw;iw> Vd; cyfj;ijNa fhz;fpNwhk;.
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbf;Fk; NghJ> vz;zw;w fw;gidf; fhl;rpfisf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd;
fhpaepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!
ghh;f;Fk; kuq;fnsy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd;
gr;irepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!
Nfl;Fk; nkhopapnyy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd;
fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;jyhyh!
jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh! – epd;idj;
jPz;Lkpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh!
vd;w ghujpahhpd; ghly; thpfs; %yk; mthpd; fw;gidj;jpwid mwpayhk;.
6. gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy;
vj;jifa jpwDk; fw;gpg;ghYk; goFjyhYk; ngwtpaYk.; fw;gpg;Gf; fhyj;jpy;

khzth;fs; ngWfpd;w ,yf;fpa Mh;tk;> vf;fUj;ijAk; vopYzh;r;rpAld; EZfp
Nehf;fy;> gbg;Gg; gof;fk;> gbj;jijg; Nghy xd;widj; jhDk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;;
vDk; ngUkpj czh;T Mfpa ce;jy;fis Mrphpah; khzth;f;F cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jk; ,yf;fpa Mh;tj;ijg; nghUj;Nj mthplk; fw;Fk; khzth;f;F ,yf;fpa Mh;tk;

mikAk;. Mrphpah; jk; ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpy; khzth;fisAk; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpy; gpd;Gyj; jfty;> mJ toq;Fk; nra;jp> cah;e;j

nghUs;> tifg;ghL> nkhopj;jpwd; tsh;f;Fk; $Wfs; Mfpa Nehf;Fld; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij khzth;f;F czh;j;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ,yf;fpaj;ij khzth; EZfp

Nehf;fpf; fw;Fk;NghJ czh;T NkNyhq;fpg; ghuhl;Lk; kdg;ghq;F cz;lhFk;. ghLnghUs;>
nkhopeil Mfpait mthplk; jhf;fj;ij tpistpf;Fk;. mj;jhf;fk; ,yf;fpaq;fisg;
gbf;Fk; vz;zj;ij J}z;Lk;. ,yf;fpag; gbg;gpd;NghJ fhZk; nghUs; nkhopeilAk;
khzth;jk; cs;sj;jpy; gjpe;J nfhz;ljw;Nfw;g Gjpa gilg;G tbtkhf ntspg;gLk;.
,J ‘Nghyr; nra;jy;’ vd;Dk; gof;fj;jhy; cz;lhtjhFk;.
vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;

ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;
jpz;zpa neQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;
njspe;j ey;ywpT Ntz;Lk;. - ghujpahh;
vd khzth;fSf;F ey;nyz;zq;fis Cl;b> cah;e;j vz;zj;NjhL mth;fspd;

fUj;Jfis gilf;f gapw;rp mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gilf;Fkhw;wiyf; fl;Liufs;> rpWehlfq;fs;> rpWfijfs;> nra;As;fs;>
nrhw;nghopTfs; Kjypatw;iw vOj;Jg;Ngr;R topfspy; jl;b vOg;gp mJ tsh;tjw;fhd
Kiwapy; mth;fs; cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jptplyhk;. ,jdhy; Mapuj;jpy; xU
khzhf;fdhtJ ,q;qdk; rpwe;J gpw;fhyj;jpy; fk;gdhfNth> ghujpahuhfNth
tpsq;fyhk;.
7. ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; ghliyg; gbj;J mjd; nghUisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kl;Lk;

NghjhJ. mg;ghlypy; cs;s nghUs; eak;> nrhy; eak;> vJif> Nkhid> mzpeak;
Mfpatw;iwAk; czh;e;J kfpo;tJ ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;.
nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy - ,d;gj;
Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy – vq;fs;
je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy – xU

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy.
fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW – jkpo;
fz;lNjhh; itiag; nghUizejp – vd

Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; - jpU
Nkdp nropj;j jkpo;
jkpo;ehL.

ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy - epd;W
epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy – tl

khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa - Gfo;
kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL.
fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL – Gfo;f;
fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL – ey;y

gy;tpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; - kzk;
ghnuq;Fk; tPRe; jkpo;ehL. - ghujpahh;
ikaf;fUj;J: ‘nre;jkpo; ehL’ vd;W gpwh; nrhy;yf; Nfl;fpd;w NghNj nrtpf;F ,d;gk;
gaf;fpd;wJ. je;ijah; ehL vd;W toq;Ffpd;wNghJ caph; %r;rpy; Gjpa Mw;wy;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
tw;whj gy MWfs; Xb ehl;il tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. njd;Fkhp Kjy;
tlNtq;flk;tiu ngUik kpf;f jkpo;ehL.
jkpo;ehL fy;tpahsh; gyuhy; epiwe;jJ: Gfo;f;fk;gdhYk; gy;NtW fiyfshYk;
Gfo; gutpaJ.
njhileak;:
vJif: mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPhpd; KjnyOj;Jj; jk;Ks; msnthj;J ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
xd;wptUtJ mbvJifahFk;.
nre
e; - je
e;> fht
tphp – Nkt
tpa> ePyk; -khy
ytd;> fy
y;tp – gy
y;tpj vd mbNjhWk;
vJiffs; te;Js;sd.
,iaGj; njhil:
Xubapy; rPh;NjhWk; filrpapy; epd;w vOj;jhYk; nrhy;yhYk; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
rPh; ,iaGj;njhilahFk;.
ftpijapd; Kjybapy; %d;whk; Vohk; rPh;fspy; NghjpdpNy> fhjpdpNy vd rPh;
,iaGj;njhil eak; ngw;W te;Js;sJ.
Nkhid: Xubapy; rPh;NjhWk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptUtJ rPh;NkhidahFk;.
nre;
nr jkpo; - Nj
Njd;> je;ijah; - rf;jp> fhtphp
fh – fz;l > Nktpa
Nk – Nkdp>
Nk ePyk; -
epj;jk;> khytd;
kh - kz;b> fy;tp – fk;gd; > gy;tpj – ghnuq;
gh Fk; vd Kjw;rPhpYk;

Ie;jhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wp te;J Nkhidj; njhil mike;J ,dpa Xir
jUtij mwpayhk;.
mzp: fhtphp Kjypa MWfs; gha;e;J nre;jkpo; ehl;ilr; nropf;fr; nra;jiyAk;>
jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyfisAk; cs;sJ cs;sthW ,aw;ifj; jd;ikfisf; ftpQh;
$wpAs;sjhy; ,f;ftpijapy; ,ay;Getpw;rp mzp gapd;Ws;sJ.
Rit:
Rit: fy;tp> jWfz;ik> Gfo;> nfhil Mfpatw;why; Nkk;gl;L epw;Fk; epiyapy;
ngUkpjk; Njhd;Wk;. jkpo; nkhopapd; cah;T> jkpo;ehl;bd; nrOik> jkpohpd; fy;tp
Mfpatw;why; Nkk;gl;L epw;Fk; jd;ikfis vLj;Jiug;gjhy; ,g;ghlypy; ngUkpjr; Rit
tpQ;rp epw;fpwJ.
8. r%fg; gz;ghl;L kugpid
kugpid mwpjy;
nkhopfs; midj;jpYNk mk;nkhop NgRfpwth;fspd; gz;ilar; rKjha
tho;itAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; fw;gjw;Fhpa E}y;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; mit ,yf;fpa
kughfTk; tuyhw;W E}yhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> jkpopy; tho;f;ifia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l ,yf;fz E}ypUg;gJ ek; nkhopapd; jdpg; ngUQ;rpwg;ghFk;. tho;f;iff;F
,yf;fzk; tFj;Jf;fhl;ba ngUik jkpoDilajhFk;. GwehD}W> mfehD}W Nghd;w
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J gz;ilj; jkpoh;fspd; r%f tho;f;ifiaAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk;
njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; “,g;gbj;jhd; Fwpf;Nfhs; tho;f;if thoNtz;Lk;” vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; jpl;lkhd Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. jkpoh;fs; tho;f;ifia
mftho;f;if > Gwtho;f;if vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gh;. ,d;gk; (m) fhjiyg; gw;wpg;
NgRtJ mfg;nghUs;> Nghh;> nfhil> el;G Mfpatw;iw tphpj;Jf; $WtJ Gwk;. mfk;
FLk;g tho;f;ifahFk;. Gwk; cyf tho;f;ifahfpa nghJ tho;f;ifahFk;. gpwh;
Gyd;fshy; mwpaf; $ba nghUs;fisg; Gwk; vd;Wk>; mDgtpg;gth; kl;Lk;
mwpaf;$baJk; VidNahh; Gyd;fSf;F trkhfhjJkhd rpw;wpd;g cs;Szh;r;rpapid
mfg;nghUs; vd;Wk; gphpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,t;tpU nghUs;fisAk; tphpf;Fk; NghJ
xt;nthU nghUisAk; VO jpizfshfg; gphpj;J xt;nthU jpizapYk; epfof;$ba
epfo;r;rpfisAk; tphpthf $wpAs;sdh;. gz;ila fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiu
Njhd;wpAs;s ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbf;Fk;NghJ mit Neh;KfkhfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk;
mt;tf;fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; r%f ,aiyAk; gz;ghl;L kugpidAk;
tpsf;Ftij mwpayhk;.
ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh:
NehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;d
rhjYk; GJt jd;Nw. -Gwk;-192.
khq;Fb kUjdhh; vd;w Gyth; ghz;ba neLQ;nropaid> “NjtUyfj;jpYs;s mkpo;Nj

fpilj;jhYk; eP ngha; $wkhl;lha;. Njth;fNs giftuhdhYk; gzpakhl;lhh;. Neh;topapy;
tUk; nghUisNa tpUk;Gtha;”> vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
gz;ghL vd;gJ r%fj;NjhL xl;b thOk; caphpd; Nehf;fkhff; fUjg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jidawpe;J nray;gLtjw;F thapyhfj; jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpaNk cjTk;.
jdpkdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd rKjha kuGfisAk;> kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; jkpo;
,yf;fpaNk mspf;fpwJ.

9.xOf;fg;; gz;Gfis typAWj;jy;

nkhopg;ghlk; thapyhfj;jhd; khzth;fSf;F xOf;fg; gz;Gfis typAWj;j
KbAk;. Vnddpy; tho;f;ifAk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; gpd;dpg; gpize;jit> gphpf;f
Kbahjit. ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifapypUe;Nj Njhd;WfpwJ. gpw ghlq;fspy;
Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; kl;LNk khzth;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; tho;f;iff;F Njitahd md;G> gz;G> nghWik> tplhKaw;rp> tpUe;Njhk;gy;>
gpwiu kjpj;jy;> ViofSf;F cjTk; mwnewp> eype;jth;fSf;F ey;tho;T jUjy;> gpw
rkaj;jpdiu kjpj;jy; Mfpa xOf;fg;gz;Gfis jkpo;nkhopg; ghlk; %yNk
khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;Wj;ju KbAk;.
rpWtFg;gpypUe;Nj khzth;fSf;F ,iwtho;j;Jg; gFjp %yk; ,iwAzh;T
Cl;lg;gLfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpay; newpfis xOf;fg;
gz;Gfis tsh;f;fpd;wd. rka> ,d> nkhop> rhjp ntwpiaj; J}z;lhj tifapy;
midj;J rkag; nghJikf; fUj;Jfis typAWj;jf;$ba ey;nyhOf;fg; gz;Gfis
ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhop fw;gpf;fpwJ.
<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis mwnewp
Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy – ahJk;

mUs;Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyapk; %d;Wk;
,USyfQ;
,USyfQ; Nruhj thW. - jphpfLfk;.
,y;yhh;f;F <jw;fhfg; nghUisj; NjLjYk;> gpwh; mwtopia mwpe;J elg;gjw;fhfr;

rpwe;j E}y;fisr; nra;jYk;> gpwhplk; NgRk;NghJ ,dpikahfg; NgRjYk; ,d;ge;
jUtd vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;Wk; ey;nyhOf;fkhFk;.
xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik> ,Of;fj;jpd;
jpd;
va;Jth; va;jhg; gop. - jpUf;Fws;
10.nkhopg;
10.nkhopg;gw;W kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;
nkhopg;gw;wpidAk;> ehl;Lg;gw;wpidAk; jkpo;nra;As;fs; top tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;nfdNt nghUj;jkhd nra;As;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
nkhopg;gw;W
ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy
nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy;
,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;>

ghkuuha> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk;
,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L
ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F
tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPh; !
NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk;
guTk;tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. - ghujpahh;
ghujpahh;.
fdpapil Vwpa RisAk; - Kw;wy;

fioapil Vwpa rhWk;
gdpkyh; Vwpa NjDk; - fha;r;Rg;
ghfpil Vwpa RitAk;
edpgR nghopAk; ghYk; - njd;id
ey;fpa Fspups ePUk;>
,dpad vd;Ngd; vdpDk; - jkpio
vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;! - ghujpjhrd;
vd;w ghujpahh; kw;Wk; ghujpjhrdpd; thpfs; %yk; mtuwpe;j nkhopfSs; jkpNo
,dpik gag;gJ. jkpouhf gpwe;j xt;nthUtUk; jkpo; nkhopia gug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nkhopg;gw;wpid czh;j;Jfpwhh;.
ehl;Lg;gw;W
mUQ;rpwg;Gfis milag; ngw;w xU ehL ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehlhf ,Ug;gJ
tpag;Gf;Fhpajy;yNt! ,jidNa thd;Gfo; ts;Sth; xU ehl;bw;F ,yf;fzkhf>
ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y
ehl tse;jUk; ehL. - jpUf;Fws;
vd;Dk; Fws;topf; $wpapUg;gJ epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;baJ.

ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;
nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhYNthk; - mb
Nkiyf; fly;
fly; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;
gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; - vq;fs;

ghuj Njr nkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;!
rpq;fsj; jPtpDf;Nfhh; ghyk; mikg;Nghk;
NrJit NkLWj;jp tPjp rikg;Nghk;
tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy;
itaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;
fhrpefh;
fhrpefh;g; Gyth; NgRk; ciuiaf;
fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;
MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpfjk; nra;Nthk;
Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tp rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;! -ghujpahh;
vd;W midj;J JiwapYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;bl fhz topKiwfis ghujpahh; $Wk;
nkhopia fhZk; nghOJ ehl;Lg;gw;W njspthFk;.
jd;Fy tsh;g;Gk; jkpo; ,d tsh;g;G vDk;
td;nkhopj; jj;Jtk; toq;Fth;f; Fiug;Ngd;
vd;Fy nkd;gJ ,jaj;J ,lk;ngwpd;
jd;nkhop> jd; ,dk; jhq;Fthh; mtuth;. - FNyhj;Jq;fd;.
nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

1963k; Mz;L n[Nuhk; GUdh; Kjd; Kjypy; fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;iffs; vd;w
nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1965y; ,r;nrhy; gpugykilaj; njhlq;fpaJ. fw;gpj;jy;
tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cstpay; nfhs;iffs; mbj;jskpl;Ls;sd. kdpjdpd;
elj;ijapy; fy;tpahy; kl;LNk khw;;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tuKbAk;. fy;tpAk;> fw;wYk;
gphpf;f ,ayhjit. vdNt fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cstpay; nfhs;iffis Mrphpah;fs;
filgpbf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
Ngl;lh;rd; vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb fw;gpj;jypy; xUq;fpizg;ig cstpay;
nfhs;iffNs mspf;fpd;wd. fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwfisf; ifahs
cjTfpd;wd. Muha;r;rpf;Fk; mitNa gbepiyfis mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpdwd.
Mrphpag;gapw;rp khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fis cstpay; nfhs;iffNs
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. gy cstpaywpQh;fs; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd nfhs;iffis
tFj;Js;shh;fs;. mth;fSs; fhf;Nd> GUzh;> gpahN[ MfpNahUila fw;gpj;jYf;fhd
cstpay; nfhs;iffs; ,q;F Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;
1. fhf;Ndapd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
fhf;Nd mtUila “fw;wYf;fhd #oy;” vd;Dk; E}ypy;> fw;wypy; Vw;glf;$ba

vl;Ltifahd fw;wy; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. NkYk; mit xd;Wld; xd;W
njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sijAk; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
fhf;Ndapd; fw;wy; gbepiyfs;:
,uhgh;l vk;. fhf;Nd fw;wiy vl;L tifahfg; gphpj;Js;shh;. vspikahd
fw;wypy; njhlq;fp rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; tiu
thpirf;fpukj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. mit
1. FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;
2. J}z;ly;-Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;
3. ,izj;jy;
4. nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G
5. NtWghlwpjy;
6. fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;
7. tpjpiaf; fw;wy;
8. rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;
1. FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;: ght;Nyhtpd; Mf;fepiyAWj;jy; nfhs;ifg;gb fw;wypy;>

jdpegh; xU FwpaPl;Lf;Fj; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
2. J}z;ly;-Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;: jhh;z;ilf;fpd; Jhz;ly; Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;
NrhjidiaAk;> ];fpd;dhpd; nray; njhlh;Gila Jyq;fiyAk; ,f;fw;wy;
Kiwf;Fr; rhd;Wfshff; $wyhk;.
3. ,izg;Gf; fw;wy;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l J}z;ly; Jyq;fy;fis
,izg;gjd; %yk; fw;wy; epfo;jy;.
4. nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G: nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhf ,izj;jiyf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
5. NtWghlwpjy;: xNu khjphpahd gy;NtW J}z;ly;fisf; fz;lwpe;J>
xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xt;nthU tifahd Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; NtWghLfis
mwpjy;.
6. fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;: J}z;ly; tiffSf;fpilNa cs;s nghJikg;
gz;Gfis czh;e;J> mjdbg;gilapy; nghJikf; fUj;Jfisf; fw;wy;.
7. tpjpiaf; fw;wy;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fUj;Jfis ,izj;J>
tpjpiaf; fw;Fk; nghOJ> nfhs;iffisf; fw;wYk; epfo;fpwJ.
8. rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;: fhuzkwpjy;> rpe;jid> cw;WNehf;fy;> NtWgLj;Jjy;>
nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w mwpTj; jpwd;fspd; %yk; rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;ff; fw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy; epfo;fpwJ.
fhf;Nd> fw;gpj;jypd; ehd;F Kf;fpaf; $WfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Mrphpah;
jd;Dila fw;gpj;jy; nraypy; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mwpTWj;jpAs;shh;.
mit:
1. Kd;G fw;w ghlg; nghUis epidT $wj; J}z;Ljy;.

2. nghUj;jkhd J}z;liy Neubahf mspj;jy;.
3. eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; ,yf;Ffisr; nray;gLj;Jjy;.
4. gpd;D}l;lk; ngWjy;.
Mrphpah;fNs fw;gpj;jy; nghUspd; tbtikg;ghsh;fs;> Nkyhsh;fs; kw;Wk;
khzth;fspd; fw;wiy kjpg;gPL nra;gth;fs; vd;W fhf;Nd fUjpdhh;. vdNt fw;gpj;jy;
vd;gJ Mrphpah;fspd; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jiy cs;slf;fpaJ. fw;gth;fspd;
Njitf;Nfw;gf; fw;wy; #oiy xOq;Fg;gLj;JtNj fw;gpj;jy; vdyhk;. fUj;Jfs;
cUthtijf; fw;wy;> tpjpiaf; fw;wy;> rpf;fiyj; jPh;jj ; y; MfpaitfSf;Nf
ngUk;ghyhd gs;spg;ghlq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gij Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; mwpe;jhh;
fhf;Nd. vdNt fw;wy; nraypYk; vl;L epiyfis mth; tpthpf;fpwhh;. mit:
1. Cf;Ftpj;jy;
2. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
3. Kad;W miljy;
4. tplhJ itj;jpUj;jy;
5. epidT$h;jy;
6. nghJikg;gLj;Jjy;
7. nray;jpwd;
8. gpd;D}l;lk;
fhf;Nd fw;wy; nray; ,ay;ghfNth my;yJ gpd;D}l;lk; ngw;Nwh Kbtila
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.
2.GUzhpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if vd;gJ mwpit miltjw;Fhpa tpjpfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk;>
mstpLjy; El;gq;fisAk; tpsf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W GUzh;
Rl;bAs;shh;. fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if ehd;F $Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;fpwhh;.
mit:
1. fw;wYf;F Kd;Ng tpUk;Gk; epiy: xU Foe;ij gs;spf;F tUk;nghOJ
mf;Foe;ij jhNd fw;Fk;gbahd Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba ghlg;
nghUs;fisAk;> mDgtq;fisAk; fw;gpj;jy; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. mwpT mikg;G: fw;Nghuhy; cl;fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fw;gpj;jy;
nfhs;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. thpirf;fpukk;: ghlg;nghUis mspf;f Ntz;ba thpirKiw gw;wpf; fw;gpj;jy;
nfhs;iffs; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
4. tYt+l;Ljy;: fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if khzth;fis mwpahjitfspypUe;J
mwpe;jitfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; nghOJ vj;jifa tYt+l;lk; mspf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mwpT tsh;r;rp epiyapy; GUzh; %d;W
epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mit:
1. nray;gLepiy: fw;wy; nray;fisr; nra;tjd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ. ,jw;F ,U
rf;fu thfdj;ij Xl;bf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tijf; $wyhk;.
2. cUtfepiy: Gyd;fhl;rp top> kdJf;Fs;NsNa rhay;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
fw;wy; eilngWfpwJ.

3. FwpaPl;L epiy: nray;fis nkhopahf khw;wp> ,izj;Jf; fw;Fk; epiyNa
FwpaPl;L epiy> xUthpd; jw;fUj;J tsh;r;rp> mtUila cyfpYs;s
nghUs;fspd; rhay;fisg; nghWj;jJ.
ehk; vt;thW mwpit mspf;fpNwhk;> vt;thW fw;gtiu mtUila fw;wy;
epiyf;Nfw;g topelj;JfpNwhk; vd;gjw;Nfw;gNt mwpT tsh;r;rp ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ
GUzhpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
3.gpahN[apd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
[Pd; gpahN[ vd;Dk; Rtl;]h;yhe;J cstpaywpQh; Foe;ijapd; rpe;jid kw;Wk;
mwpT tsh;r;rp gw;wp nghJikf; fUj;Jfis mwptpj;Js;shh;. mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb>
Foe;ijapd; taJf;Nfw;g> gy;NtW gbepiyfspy; mwpT tsh;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tUila
mwpTf;Nfhl;ghL mwptpd; vy;iy %yk; kugpay; top kdpjdpd; mwpT %yk; vy;iy>
gz;Gfis mwpAk; gz;Gfis Ma;thff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mwpT tsh;r;rpapy; caphpay;
kuGf; $WfSk;> #oYk; nfhz;Ls;s ,iltpid gw;wp ,tuJ Muha;r;rp mike;jJ.
gpahN[> midj;J mwpT tsh;r;rpAk; %d;W nray;fshy; epfo;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
mit:
1. jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;
2. nghUe;Jjy;
3. rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;
1. jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: Gjpajhfg; ngWk; jfty;fis> jhd; Vw;fdNt ngw;Ws;s

mwpT mikg;Gld; Foe;ij nghUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
2. nghUe;Jjy;: Gjpa jfty;fSf;Nfw;g Vw;fdNt cs;s mwpT mikg;ig khw;wp>
mjNdhL ,iae;J nry;Yjy;.
3. rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;: jd; tag;gLjYf;Fk;> nghUe;JjYf;Fk; ,ilNa mwptpidr;
nray;gLj;JtjpNy cz;lhFk; rkepiyNa rkepiygLj;jyhFk;. xU Foe;ij
Vw;fdNt jhd; cs;s #oYf;Fk;> Gjpa fw;wy; #oYf;Fk; ,ilNa jd;idr;
rkepiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. NkNy nrhd;d %d;W nray;fshYk;> Foe;ij
jftikg;igg; ngWfpwJ.
gpahN[ Foe;ijapd; mwpT tsh;r;rp epiyfis ehd;F tifahfg; gphpj;Js;shh;.

1. Gydpaf;fepiy (gpwg;G Kjy; 2 taJ tiu)
2. nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy ( 2 Kjy; 7 taJ tiu)
3. gUg;nghUs; nray;gLk; epiy (7 Kjy; 12 taJ tiu)
4. fUj;jpay; epiy (12 taJf;F Nky;)
1. Gydpaf;fepiy: ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jdf;nfd;W Xh; cyfj;ij cUthf;fpf;

nfhs;fpwJ. mjpy; mjDila cly; NjitfSk;> Gyd; czh;Tk; Foe;ijapd;
fw;wYf;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jd;idr; Rw;wp vd;d epfo;fpwJ
vd;W rpe;jpg;gij tpl Gyd;fisf; nfhz;L ,af;fpf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. vl;L
khjj;jpw;F gpwF Foe;ij nghUs;fspd; epiyj;j jd;ik gw;wp mwpfpwJ.

mbg;gil epidT Njhd;w Muk;gpj;j cld; gpwiug; NghyNt jhDk; nra;af;
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
2. nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy: ,e;epiyapy; nkhop tsh;r;rp cUthfpwJ.

nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nray;fs; gw;wpf; Foe;ij rpe;jpf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ,jpy;
fUj;Jf;F Ke;jpaepiy> cs;Szh;T Njhd;Wk; epiy vd;w ,uz;L epiyfSk;
mlq;fpAs;sd. mwpTepiy tsh;r;rp vd;gJ nghpath;fisf; fz;L
Nghyr;nra;tjhYk;> FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;JtjhYk; epfOk;. Foe;ijapd;
fhuzk; fz;lwpjypy; nefpo;r;rpNah> Kd;gpd; khw;wNkh ,Uf;fhJ. Foe;ij
jd;id kl;LNk ikakhff; nfhz;L rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLk;. capuw;w
nghUl;fSf;F> capUs;sjhff; Foe;ij ghtpj;Jf;nfhz;L> mtw;NwhL NgRjy;>
tpisahLjy; Nghd;w nray;fisr; nra;Ak;.
3. gUg;nghUs; nray;gL epiy: ,e;epiy 7 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiu ,Ug;gjhy;>

,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fhuzj;NjhL rpe;jpj;jYk;> jd;dpiy Kidg;Gf;
FiwjYk; epfOk;. ,e;epiyapd; Kf;fpaf;$Wfs;:
• gFj;jwpjYk;> njhFj;jwpjYk; eilngWk;.
• rpe;jpg;gjpy; nefpo;r;rp ,Uf;Fk;.
• nghUl;fspd; gaidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; tsUk;.
• thpirg;gLj;jYk;> tifg;gLj;jYk; Foe;ijaplk; epfOk;.
• xU nraypd; Kd; gpd; khw;wq;fisf; Foe;ij czu Muk;gpf;Fk;.
4. fUj;jpay; epiy: ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jd; vjphpy; ,y;yhj nghUl;fisAk;>

elf;fhj epfo;TfisAk; gw;wpf; fw;gidahfr; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;Fk;. Foe;ijapd;
rpe;jid Kiwg;gbAk;> fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilapYk; xUq;fpizaj; njhlq;Fk;.
,e;epiyapy; gpd;tUk; $Wfs; mike;Js;sd:
• gUg;nghUs; rpe;jid
• Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l jPh;Tfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
• rpf;fiyj;jPh;j;jy;
• mwpT khw;wk; ngWjy;.
gz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;G
• nkhop vd;gJ Mjpfhyj;jpy; xypapy; Njhd;wp irif nkhop> xypf;FwpaPl;by;

tsh;e;J nkhop vd;w epiyapy; epd;wJ. mJNt gpd; Ngr;Rnkhop> vOj;J nkhop
vd;W cah;T ngw;wJ. me;je;j tl;lhu> ,dkf;fs; NgrpaJ mth;fSila
jha;nkhopahfpaJ. mjpy; jkpo; nkhop kpfTk; njhd;ikahdJ. vd;gijNa
fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj

“fy;
Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb”.
b .
vd;W jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $WfpwJ.

• gz;ghL vd;gJ kf;fs; thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g mtuth; gpd;gw;wf;$ba

xOf;fnewpNa MFk;. mjpy; Fwpg;ghf nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yNk me;je;j
fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; gz;ghl;bid mwpa KbfpwJ.
• jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fNs jkpoh; gz;ghl;bid vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
fhyf;fz;zhbahFk;.
• gz;ghl;bid xU jiyKiwapypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr;nry;y
gz;ghL Xh; Clfkhf nray;gLfpwJ.
• Xh; r%fj;jpd; gz;ghL> mtuth; NgRk; nkhopapd; ntspg;ghl;bd; %yk; rpwg;G
kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp ngWfpwJ. mNjNghy; nkhop rpwg;G ngw;why; gz;ghL rpwg;G
ngWk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; xU ghyj;jpy nry;Yk; ,iz NfhLfshFk;.
KbTiu
,jd;%yk; kdpjh;fspd; cly;> cs;sk;> mwpT Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tsh;r;rp
ngwr; nra;tNj fy;tp vd;gij mwpayhk;. jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd;
Nehf;fq;fisAk;> jkpo;nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; xt;nthUtUk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sKbfpwJ. Foe;ij> jhd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; Nfl;Lk;> NgrpAk; tUk; jha;nkhop
mf;Foe;ijapd; mf tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gw tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Jiz epw;fpwJ. xUtNuhL xUth;
njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;> fUj;Jfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;> gpwiug; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;
nkhopNa mbg;gilf; fhuzpahfpwJ vd;gijAk; mjpYk; ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpopd;
gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vd;gijAk; ,t;tpaypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; Fwpj;J tphpthd
fl;Liu tiuf.
2. nkhopf; fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; VNjDk; %d;wpid tpsf;Ff.
3. gz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;gpid tpsf;Ff.

myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;
Nehf;fq;fs;:
,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> khzt Mrphpah;fs;:
1. ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;.
2. GSkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;th;.
3. myFj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis czh;e;J
gad;gLj;Jth;.
Kd;Diu
fw;gpj;jiyr; rpwg;ghf;Ftjw;Fk;> ntw;wpfukhf Kbg;gjw;Fk; cs;s jpwTNfhy;
tFg;giwg; ghlq;fis xOq;fhfj; jpl;lkpLjNyahFk;. vtw;iwf; fw;gpg;gJ vd;gijAk;>
vt;thW fw;gpg;gJ vd;gijAk; Mrphpah; Kd;$l;bNa njspthf mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlk;
fw;gpf;fg;gLtjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fisAk;> mg;ghlj;ij khztUf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ
vt;thW njhlq;FtJ> vt;thW Gjpa nra;jpfis mikg;gJ> ve;nje;jj;
Jizf;fUtpfis cgNahfpg;gJ> ghlk; Kbe;jgpd; Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;
epiwNtwpdth vd;W mwpa vt;thW Nrhjid nra;tJ Nghd;w midj;ijAk;
Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;
ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; nghOJk;> ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; vOJk;nghOJk; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba gbepiyfis n`h;ghh;l;bd; vd;gth; tbtikj;jhh;. mg;gbepiyfSf;F
n`h;ghh;l;bd; gbepiyfs; vd;W ngah;. mit:
1. Cf;Ftpj;jy;
2. ghltsh;r;rp
3. njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;
4. nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
5. gad;gLj;Jjy;
6. kPs;ghh;it nra;jy;
1. Cf;Ftpj;jy;: Mrphpah; xU Gjpa ghlg;nghUis khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpg;gjw;F

Kd; mJ gw;wpa mwptpidg; ngWtjw;F khzth;fisj; jahh; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fs; Mh;tj;Jld; Gjpa nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mth;fisj;
jahh; nra;tNj Cf;Ftpj;jy; MFk;.
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:
• fw;gpj;jy; ghlg;nghUSld; njhlh;Gila Kd;dwptpid khzth;fs;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fsh vd;W Nrhjpj;jy;.
• fw;gpj;jy; ghlg; nghUSld; njhlh;Gila nray;fisAk;> epfo;r;rpfisAk;
$Wjy;.
• Jizf;fUtpfs; %yk; Gjpa nra;jpfisj; njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;.

• khzth;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL Gjpa nra;jpfis ,izj;jy;.
2. ghl tsh;r;rp: khzth;fis Cf;Ftpj;j gpwF ghlj; jiyg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fisj;

njspthff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ghlj; jiyg;igf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp
ghlj;ijj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlg;nghUspd; tsh;r;rp epiyfspy; khzth;fisg;
gq;Nfw;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghltsh;r;rpapd; ,ilapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fs;
khzth;fspd; ghlg;nghUs; mwptpidr; Nrhjpg;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
tpdhf;fis tFg;giwapy; cs;s midj;J khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb
jpl;lkpl;L tpdt Ntz;Lk;.
3. njhlh;G gLj;Jjy;: ghl tsh;r;rpapy; mspf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfSf;Fj; njhlh;ghd

rhd;Wfisj; njhlh;GgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfisj; njhlh;e;J mspj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl nry;yhky; xt;nthU ghlg;nghUSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fj;ij
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpf; fhl;rpf; fUtpfisg; ghlj;Jld; ,izj;J
xg;Gikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Kf;fpakhd ghlf;fUj;Jf;fis khzth;fshy;
vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.
4. nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;: Mrphpah; njhlh;GgLj;jypy; tpsf;fg;gl;;l

fUj;JfisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; jFe;j Kiwapy; nghJikg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
tpjpfisg; nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; %yk; Gjpa fUj;jpidg; ngw ,aYk;.
5. gad;gLj;Jjy;: khzth;fs;> nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;Jfis md;whl tho;tpy;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;;g;Gfisr; Rl;l Ntz;Lk;. nghJf; fUj;Jf;fis
#o;epiyAld; ,izf;Fk; NghJ md;whl tho;f;ifNahL xU njhlh;G
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. fw;wy; gapw;rp khw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjhy; fw;wy; epiy ngWfpwJ.
6. kPs;ghh;it: ,J ,Wjpg;gbepiy. kpf Kf;fpakhd ,g;gbepiyapy; khzth;fs;

vd;d fw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs; vd;gij Mrphpauhy; mse;jwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtwp ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;W kjpg;gPL
nra;a cjTfpwJ. n`h;ghh;l;bd; gbfs; midj;ijAk; vy;yhg; ghlq;fSf;Fk;
vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. vdNt> rpy ghlq;fSf;F
n`h;ghh;l;bapd; gbepiyfspy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpag; gbepiyfs; Mrphpah;fs;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jg;glyhk;. Mdhy; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlg;nghUspd;
jd;ik> khzth;fspd; juk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g rpy ghlq;fspy; rpy gb epiyfis
Kw;wpYkhf xJf;fplTk; nra;ayhk;.
ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisj; jahhp;j;jy;
ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Kjy; mbg;gil ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;. ghlk;
fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ rpy jiyg;Gfspd;fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpj;J
epiwT nra;;aNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J ,y;iy. gs;spf;F tUfpd;w xt;nthU
gps;isiaAk; xU ePh; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vd;W fUjp> ek;kplk; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lk;
vd;w ePiu mjd; jiyapy; jpzpf;f ,ayhJ. my;yJ xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; fspkz;
cUz;ilnadf; fUjp> Mrphpah; vz;zpagb> jkJ fUj;Jfisnay;yhk; mth;fs;
kdj;jpy; GFj;jp> mth;fisg; nghk;ikfshf;Fk; rpw;gp Nghy Mrphpah; mikj;JtplTk;
KbahJ. gps;isfs; xt;nthd;Wk; capUs;s [Ptd;. mth;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp itf;f

,ayhJ. mth;fs; kpFe;j RWRWg;Gld; nray;gLk; caph;fs;. MfNt mth;fSf;Fg;
ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ> mth;fisAk; fw;wy; nraypy; <LgLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt jw;fhy KiwahFk;.
tFg;gpy; gbg;gJ> glf;fhl;rpiaf; fhz;gJ my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs; jahhpg;gJ Nghd;w
nray;fs; kdj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtd. ntspgazq;fs; mikg;gJk;> Nrhjidfs;
nra;tJk;> nray;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLtJk; khzth;fis KOJk; <LgLj;Jk;
nray;fshFk;. nra;J fhl;Lk; Nrhjidfspy; rpy khztuJ ftdj;ij KOJk;
epiyepWj;Jtd. Fwpg;Gfs; vOjpf;nfhs;Sk;gb nra;jy;> khzth;fisr; nraypy;
<LgLj;jpdhYk; mr;nray; kpfr;rpwpa msNt ftdj;ij epiyepWj;Jk;.
tFg;gpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w xt;nthU nraYk; khzth; kdj;jpy; xt;nthUtpj
tpistpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. xU ghlg; gFjpapidf; fw;gpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; nray; xU rpy
khztUf;F vjph;ghh;f;Fk; gyid mspf;fyhk;. mNj nray; kw;nwhU rhuhUf;F
vt;tpjg; gaDk; mspf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. MfNt ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;F jpl;lkpLk; NghJ
gytpjr; nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;lhy; fw;wy; vy;yh khzthplj;Jk; ,ay;ghf epfOk;.
myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;
myFj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ ghlg;gFjpapd; Xh; myiff; fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLtjhFk;.
Xh; myF vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlf;fUj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlk;
fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
ehw;gj;ije;J epkplq;fSf;F xU ghlg;gFjpia kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLj;J mjw;Ff;
fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLtNj ghlfw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjy; MFk;. ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fs;
MrphpaUf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.
myFg; ghlj;jpl;lk;: tiuaiw
ghlg;nghUs; fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; jFe;jthW gphpf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Mrphpah;
mjidr; rhpahd myFfshfj; jpUj;jp mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpu];ld; d vd;gth;
fUj;Jg;gb> “Xh;
Xh; myF vd;gJ njhlh;Gila ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j nghpa
ghlg;gFjpahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd;
njhFg;ghf ,J mikAk;.”
Xh; myFj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpYs;s> xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlh;Gila ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. myFj;jpl;lk; mg;ghlg;gFjpiaf;
fw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghlNtisfisg; nghWj;J mikayhk;.
ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpYs;s ghlg; gFjpfisj; jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpj;Jf; fw;gpf;Fk;
nghOJ fUj;Jf;fspd; ,ilNa njhlh;gpy;yhky; Nghfyhk;. vdNt> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
myfpYs;s gFjpfspd; KOf; fUj;jpidAk; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;gb myFj;jpl;lk;
jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ey;y myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikfs;
1. khzth;fspd; epiy> rKjhar; #oypw;Nfw;g ghlg; gFjpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

2. khzth;fspd; Kd;dwpit ikakhf itj;J vspa fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; %yk;
mwpar; nra;Ak;gb itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. khzth;fspd; epfo;fhyj; Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;J tskhd tUq;fhyj;jpw;F
tif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
4. ghlg;gFjpapd; tsh;r;rp gbg;gbahf vspikahdjpy; ,Ue;J fbdk; Nehf;fp
nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
5. myFj;jpl;lk; fbdkhdjhf ,y;yhky; Mrphpah; NjitfSf;Fk;> nray;
KiwfSf;Fk; Vw;g nefpOk; jd;ik cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;
• fw;gpj;jy; nghJ Nehf;fq;fisAk;> rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;Jjy;

• khzth;fspd; Njit> Mh;tk;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
Mrphpah; jpl;lkpl cjTjy;
• MrphpaUk;> khzth;fSk; ,ize;J Rje;jpur; #o;epiyapy; nray;glj;
Jizepw;wy;
• fw;wypy; Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
• fhytpuak; jLf;fg;gLjy;
• khzth;fspd; cs;Szh;Tfisj; J}z;Ljy;
• nray;jpwd; Nkk;gLjy;
• mwpit tho;f;ifr; #o;epiyAld; ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;j cjTjy;
• khzth;fspd; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;j;jy;
• nray;jpl;l NtiyfSf;Fj; jpl;lkpl cjTjy;
• fw;gpg;gpjw;Fj; Njitahd fUtpfisj; jahhpf;f MrphpaUf;F cjTjy;
• ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpidr; rpwg;ghf mikf;f cjTjy;.
myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypYs;s gbepiyfs;
Mrphpah; myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpf;Fk; Kd; ghlg;nghUisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbepiyfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. jahhpj;jy;: ,J khzth;fis Mh;tj;Jld; fw;wypy; jahh; nra;a cjTfpwJ.
Gjpa jiyg;GfSf;F myFj;jpl;lkpLk; nghOJ tho;f;ifr; #o;epiyAld;
,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ ed;W.
2. Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpj;jy;: xU Gjpa myif khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk; Kd;>
ve;j mbg;gilapy; fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlq;FtJ vd;gijj; jpl;lkpl khzth;fspd;
Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ghltsh;r;rp: ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;>
nray;fs;> gapw;rp Kiwfs;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Mfpad jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wd.
4. njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghl myfpd; fPo; mike;j midj;J
cl;jiyg;GfisAk;> Xh; xOq;F Kiwapy; njhFj;Jf;$w myFj;jpl;lk; Jiz
nra;fpwJ.
5. kPs;ghh;it: KO myifAk; fw;gpj;j gpwF> fw;gpj;j gFjpfspy; khzth;fspd;
Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikia kPz;Lk; kPl;lwptjw;F kPs;ghh;it cjTfpwJ.
ghlg;nghUis xl;ba rpW tpdhf;fspd; %yk; kPs;ghh;it nra;ayhk;.

6. kjpg;gpLjy;: ghl ,Wjpapy; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gpLjy;
mikfpwJ. kjpg;gpLjypd; KbTfis Muha;e;J mjw;F kPz;Lk; ghlj;ij
jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
myFj; jpl;lk; vOJjy;
Xh; myFj; jpl;lj;ij vOJtjw;Fg; gy;NtW tbtikg;Gfs; cs;sd. vdpDk;
xU ey;y myFj;jpl;lk; fPo;f;fz;l $Wfisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;;:
• myfpd; jiyg;G
• myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
• ghlj;jiyg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s fUj;Jf;fs;
• ikaf;fUj;J
• fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
• Jizf;fUtpfs;
• fhy msT
• xg;gilg;G
• kjpg;gpLjy;
myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;G
khjphpg; gbtk; -1
myfpd; ngah; :
myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; :
ghlk; :
tFg;G :
t. ghlj; ghlq;fspd; ghlg;nghUspd; fw;gpj;

gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fhy
vz;. jiyg;Gfs; vz;zpf;if ikaf;$Wfs; Kiwfs; fUtpfs; msT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
khjphpg;gbtk; 1 I epug;gpa gpd; gbtk; 2d; mbg;gilapy; myFj;jpl;lk;

mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
gbtk;-2
myfpd; ngah; :
myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; :
ghlk; :
tFg;G :

t. ghl ghl fw;wy;
vz;. cl;fUj;Jfs; vz;zpf;if fw;gpj;jy; xg;gilg;Gfs; kjpg;gPLfs;
Kiwfs;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; tbtikj;jy;

ghlg; nghUSf;F Vw;gTk;> khzth;fspd; juk;> taJ> tFg;G> kdtsh;r;rp>
czh;T mbg;gilapYk; tFg;giwr; nray;fis mikf;Fk; jpl;lNk ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;
jpl;lkhFk;.
fhh;lh; tp.Fl;:“fw;gpg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fis Xh; xOq;F Kiwg;gb mikf;Fk;

jpl;lkhFk;. ,jpy; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs;> gbf;f Ntz;ba Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fs; kw;Wk;
xg;gilg;Gfs;> tpdhf;fs; Nghd;witfs; mlq;Fk;.”
ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjypy; mlq;fpAs;
pAs;s $Wfs;
$Wfs
xU ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ fPo;f;fhZk; $Wfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
• Mrphpahpd; nray;fs;
• Mrphpahpd; ghlg;Gyik
• khzth;fisg; gw;wp Mrphpah; mwpe;jit
• Mrphpah; mwpe;Js;s fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;
• fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlg;nghUs;
• fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
GSk; vd;ghhpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghL
fy;tpahsh;fs; tiuaWj;j Nehf;f tifg;ghL gy ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Ws; rpwe;jjhf
ngQ;rkpd; GSk; tbtikj;jJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,tUila tifg;ghl;by;
khzthpd; tsh;r;rp %d;W nghpa gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
1. mwpTg; gFjp
2. czh;Tg; gFjp
3. cs-,af;fg; gFjp vdg;gLk;.
mwpTg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
fy;tpapy; khzth;fs; nra;jpfisg; ghlkhf kl;Lk; fw;fhky; mtw;iwg; Gjpa
#o;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jTk;> tha;g;G fpilj;jhy; mth;fSila Nky;epiyg; gbg;gpw;Fk;
gad;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.

1. mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
mbg;gil mwpitf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,jpy; fUj;Jfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjiy Fwpg;gpLtJ. epidthw;wiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
nra;jpfSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wjy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUjy;> nra;jpfisj;
njhlh;GgLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tptuq;fis mlf;fpaJ.
3. gad;gLj;Jjy;
fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk ngw;w mwpitg; Gjpa #oypy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
MFk;. ,J khzth;fspd; gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F
gad;glf;$bajhFk;.
4. gFj;jhuha;jy;
nghJthd fUj;Jfspy; ,Ue;J mjd; gFjpfisg; gy;NtW gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J>
me;j gphpTfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;Gfis mwpar; nrhy;tJ MFk;.
5. njhFj;jhuha;jy;
xU jiyg;gpy; mike;j jdpj;jdp nra;jpfis xUq;fpizj;J nghJf;
fUj;Jfis nra;jpfis mikf;Fk; jpwd; MFk;. gFj;jYf;F Neh; vjpuhd
nray; MFk;.
6. kjpg;gpLjy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;tpid mwpa mstpLjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
kjpg;gpLjy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
czh;Tg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
khzth;fspd; kd vOr;rpia tsh;f;fpd;wd. ,J mbg;gilapy; khzth;fSila
ghuhl;Lzh;it tsh;j;J> mth;fSf;F fUj;Jfspd; kPJ Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mtw;iw
ed;Fzh;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;Ak; kdg;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
rpy #o;epiyfisAk;> J}z;ly;fisAk; Mh;tj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
czh;El;gk; MFk;. J}z;liyg;ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; ftdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ftdk; J}z;liy ePl;bf;fpwJ.
2. Jyq;fy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nray;> Gyd;fshy; ed;F czug;gl;lgpd; njhlh;e;J Jyq;fy;
eilngWk;. ,e;epiy njhlh;e;J ftdj;Jld; Jyq;fSf;fhf vOr;rp miltjhFk;.
3. kjpg;gspj;jy;
kjpg;gspj;jy; vd;gJ xU nraiyg; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
kjpg;gspj;jypy; kjpg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> kjpg;gpw;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLj;jy;>
nghWg;Gzh;jy; vd;w %d;W $Wfs; cs;sd.
4. xOq;fg;gLj;jy;
kjpg;gpLjypy; fpilj;j nra;jpfis ,izj;J KbTfis cUthf;FtJ
xOq;Fg;gLj;JjyhFk;.

5. gz;ghf;Fjy;
,J gz;gpid tsh;j;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. rhpahd kjpg;gpLjypypUe;J
xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l nra;jpfisj; njhlh;e;J gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik tho;f;ifapy;
gz;ghf cUthfpwJ.
cs-
cs-,af;fg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;
,J kd ,af;fj;Jld; cly; jirfs; xUq;fpiztjhy; nra;ag;gLk;>
kdg;ghq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; nray;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. Gyf;fhl;rp
cw;WNehf;Fjy; jpwd;> gpur;ridia czUjy; jpwd; kw;Wk; Ra Mh;tj;ij
tsh;j;jy; jpwd; Mfpaitfisg; Gyd; fhl;rp nray;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
2. Nghyr;nra;jy;
jpUk;gj;jpUk;g> xNu khjphpahd nray;fis epfo;j;Jtjw;Fk;> rpe;jid
mbg;gilapy; xj;jpirTr; nray;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,g;gFjp fhuzkhfpwJ.
3. jhNd nra;jy;
#o;epiyf;F cfe;jthW Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;jp mNj khjphpahd Mdhy;
khWgl;l topKiwfis cs;slf;fpa nray;fs; ahTk; ,g;gFjpiar; Nrh;;e;jJ.
4. Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jy;
,jpy; Nrhjidfs; mikj;jypy; nghUj;jKilik> nraw;gLj;Jjypy; Jy;ypak;>
fUtpfisj; jtwpd;wpf; ifahSk; jpwd; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
5. fiyahf;
fiyahf;fy;
fiyahf;fypy; jh;f;fhPjpahd rpe;jid> fzf;fpLjy; jpwd;> kdj;jpwd; Nghd;w
cl;$Wfs; mlq;Fk;.
6. ,ay;ghf;Fjy;
xU nraiyj; jpUk;gj;jpUk;gr; nra;Ak; NghJ mJ ,ay;ghd gof;fkhfptpLfpwJ.
ntw;wp miljy; jpwd;> gy;tif nray;fis eph;tfpj;jy; jpwd;> xUq;fpizj;jy;
jpwd; Nghd;w cl;$Wfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ehd;F fl;l fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;l ml;ltizapd; mikg;G
xt;nthU MrphpaUk; tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F Kd;ghf>
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fw;gpj;jy; nray;fis ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lg; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;ij
vOj Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; etPd El;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ghlk;
fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; gpd;tUk; tbtj;jpy;
vy;NyhuhYk; vOjg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; tbtikg;G
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mDgtq;fs; Nehf;fq;fisg; nghWj;Jk;> Nehf;fq;fis
miltjw;fhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; ghlg;nghUisg; nghWj;Jk; mbg;gilapy;
mikfpd;wd. Nehf;fq;fspd; milit mse;jwpa kjpg;gpLjy; gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt
ghlg;nghUs;> Nehf;ff;$Wfs;> fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;> kjpg;gPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; thpir
mbg;gilapy; njhlh;Gilad. 45 epkplq;fSf;fhd ghlg;nghUs; rpWrpW gFjpahfg;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpah; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij vOJtjw;F Kd; mg;ghlg;gFjpiag; gw;wpa

Mo;e;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlg;gFjpia ed;F
gbj;Jg; nghUSzh;;e;j gpd;dh; jhd; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij vOj Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gpj;jy;
fw;gp;j;jy; vd;gJ khztUila elj;ijapy; (mwpTg;Gyk;> czh;Tg;Gyk;>
clypaf;fg; Gyk; Mfpa Gyq;fspy;) khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mrphpah;
tFg;giwapy; toq;Ffpd;w nra;iffSk; nray;fSk; MFk;.
,d;W> nghJthf Mrphpah;fs; fw;gpg;gjw;F Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;
KiwfisAk;> Foe;ij ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; tFg;giwapy;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
fw;wy;
MrphpauJ nray;fspd; J}z;lypdhy;> khzth;fspd; elj;ijfspy; ntspg;gLk;
epue;jukhd khw;wq;fs; fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. xU ghlj;ijf; fw;w gpd;G khzth;fs;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; elj;ijfis Mrphpah; fz;zhy; ghh;f;f ,aYk;;: me;elj;ijfisr; rpy
msTNfhy;fshy; msf;f KbAk;. nghJthf> khzth;fs; jhq;fs; fw;wijg; NgRjy;>
vOJjy;> xg;gpj;jy;> nra;J fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w elj;ijfspy; ntspg;gL;j;Jth;.
fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa $Wfs;
Xh; Mrphpah; jdJ fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij ehd;F $Wfs; cs;s Kiwapy; vOjpj;
jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. ghlg;nghUs;: xU ghlj;jpy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;f tpUk;Gk; kpf
Kf;fpa ghlf;fUj;Jf;fs; ghlg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,ijf; fw;gpg;gjhy; xU
khzthplk; mwpjy; Gyk;> czh;Tg; Gyk;> clypaf;fg; Gyk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> khzth;fsplk; mwpT> czh;T> jpwd; Mfpad tsh;r;rp
milfpd;wd.
2. elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;: ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khzthplk; Vw;gLk;
elj;ijapd; tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf> elj;ij
tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fz;zhy; fhzf;$ba nray; rhh;e;j tpidr;
nrhw;fisj; ‘jy;’ tpFjp gad;gLj;jp vOj Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh. $W-$Wjy;> vOJ-
vOJjy;> ghL-ghLjy;> tiu-tiujy;> xg;gpL-xg;gpLjy;> xg;gp-xg;gpj;jy;.)
3. fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;: fw;wy; mDgtq;;fs; vd;gJ xU ghlg;nghUisf; fw;f
tFg;giwapy; Mrphpah;> khzth; Mfpa ,UtUk; nra;Ak; nray;fshy; fpilf;Fk;
gapw;rpfshFk;. Mrphpah; fw;gpf;f tpUk;Gk; ghlg;nghUis vg;gb fw;gpf;fg;
Nghfpwhh; vd;w Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.(,J Mrphpah; nray;) fw;gpj;j
ghlg;nghUis khzth;fs; fw;gjw;Fr; nra;Ak; gapw;rpfs; vd;ndd;d vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; (,J khzth; nray;.)
4. kjpg;gPL: tFg;gpy; khzth;fs; ngw;w fw;wy; mDgtq;fspd; fhuzkhf
mth;fspilNa fw;wy; epfo;e;Js;sjh vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> Mrphpah;
vd;ndd;d Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;ghh; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xU ey;y
fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; Neh;Nfhl;L cwtpy; fPo;f;fz;lthW mikAk;.

ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; - khjphpg;gbtk;
khzt Mrphpah; ngah; :
tFg;G / gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; :
gs;spapd; ngah; :
ghlk;
ghlk :
myF :
jiyg;G :
fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
khzth;
khzth;
…………………………………………epidT$h;jy;
…………………………………………tpsf;Fjy;
…………………………………………cjhuzk; jUjy;
…………………………………………thpirg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;
…………………………………………NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy;
…………………………………………Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;
topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; / tsq;fs;:
,Ughpkhd> Kg;ghpkhz khjphpfs;> tiuglq;fs;> Royl;ilfs;> nrhy;Nyzp>
glj;njhFg;G Nghd;;w topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; tsq;fisg; gl;baypLjy;.
fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :
khzth;fisf; fw;wYf;Fj; jahh;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> ghlg;nghUs; njhlh;ghd
Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhfTk; Mrphpah; khzth;fis vspikahd tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L
Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghlg;nghUs; fw;wypd; fw;wy; mDgtk; kjpg;gPL
elj;ijf; $Wfs;
njhlh; nray;ghLfs; (VNjDk;):
topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;
ehd;F fl;l ml;ltizapd;gb khjphp fw;gpg;Gj;

Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;

KbTiu
ghlq;fw;gpf;fr; nry;Yk; Mrphpah;> tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;YKd; ghlg;gFjp
njhlh;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nray;fis Kd; $l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L vOjp itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; Jizf;ifNaNl ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; MFk;. ,J khzth;fs; mila
Ntz;ba fw;wy; tpisTfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> GSkpd; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfis
gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jiy njhlq;FKd; vij>
vt;thW> vg;gbf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
mtrpak; vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,J fhytpuaj;ijj; jLg;gJld;> tFg;giw Ntiyfis
thpirahfTk;> xOq;fhfTk; nray;gLj;j cjTk;.
(ciueil) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;
khzt Mrphpah; ngah; : xxxxxxx
gs;spapd; ngah; : rhujh Nky;epiyg;gs;sp
tFg;G/gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; : xd;gjhk; tFg;G ‘m’ gphpT
ghlk;
ghlk : ciueil
myF : czNt kUe;J
jiyg;G : cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik
khzth;:
czNt kUe;J ghlj;jpy; cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik vd;w ghlg;gFjpia

thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh.;
thh.
cly;eyk;> cseyk; ngWk; Kiwfisg;gw;wp fw;gpj;jg; ghlg;gFjpapy; Mrphpah;
Nfl;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gjpYiug;
gjpYiug;ghh;.
nghUe;jpa czT> nghUe;jh czit jdJ nrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; vOJthh;
vOJthh.
jtph;f;f Ntz;ba czT tiffis fz;lwpe;J vOJthh;
vOJthh.
cztpd; ,d;wpaikahikg; ghlg;gFjpia njhFj;Jf;$Wthh;.
topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;/ tsq;fs;:
rkr;rPh; czT - tiuglj;jhs;

czT mtw;wpd; gad;fs; - nghUj;jl;il
kUe;jhd czTg; nghUl;fs; - khjphpfs;
Neha;fSk;> Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;JfSk; - Royl;il

Mrphpah; fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fs; %yk; khzth;fspd; Ke;ija mwptpid Nrhjpj;jy;
cq;fSf;F njhpe;j kUe;J tiffs; ahit?
cztpy; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; cz;lh?

cztpy; cs;s kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; rpy $Wf.

/fUj;
fUj;J elj;ijf;
$Wfs;
kUe;Jg; thrpj;jy; Mrphpah; cztpy; cs;s 1.kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk;

nghUl;fs; $Wjy; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; czTg; nghUl;fSf;F
epidT$h;jy; vitnait vd tpdTfpwhh;. ,uz;L cjhuzk;
vOJjy; Mrphpah; jahhpj;j thrpg;G> $Wf.
fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy.; 2. kUe;jhd czTg;
khzth;fs;; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fspd; ngah;fis
nghUl;fis epidT vOjp;f;fhl;Lf.
$h;fpd;wdh;.
cztpd; thrpj;jy;>
,d;wpaikahik tpsf;fpf;$Wj Mrphpah; cztpd; ,d;wpaik- 1.clYf;F typik
y;vOJjy; ahikia tpsf;fpf;$Wfpwhh;. jU- git ahit?
fUk;gyifapy; vOJfpwhh;. 2.cztpd; ,d;wpaik-
khzth;fs; Nfl;Lf; ahikia thrpj;Jf;-
Fwpg;ngLf;-fpd;wdh;. czT fhl;Lf.
cz;z Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij 3.cztpd; ,d;wpaik -
thrpj;Jg; goFfpd;wdh.; ahikia Fwpg;Ngl;by;
vOJf.
,aw;if czT thrpj;jy;
Kiw njspthf;Fjy; Mrphpah; ,aw;if czT 1.,aw;ifahd czT
vOJjy; Kiw-apidAk;> ,aw;ifNahL Kiwapd; gaidf;
,iae;j $Wf.
gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; 2.cly;eyk; ngWk;
njspthf thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. Kiwiaf; $Wf.
czTk; mtw;wpd; gad;fSk; 3.cseyk;
vOjpa nghUj;jl;ilia ngWtjw;fhd
fhl;Lfpwhhh;.; fhuzq;fis
khzth;fs; ,aw;if czit vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
filgpbg;gjd; %yk;
fpilf;ff;-$ba cly;
eyj;ijAk;> cs-eyj;ijAk;
Neha; ePf;Fk; thrpj;jy;> FOthf mkh;e;J thrpj;J
kUe;Jg; cjhuzk; goFfpd;wdh;. 1.Neha; ePf;Fk;
nghUl;fs; $Wjy;> kUe;Jg; nghUl;Sf;F
vOJjy; Mrphpah; Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;J ,uz;L cjhuzk;
nghUl;fSf;F cjhuzk; $wp jUf.
khjphpfisf; fhl;Lfpwhh;;. 2. Neha; ePf;Fk;
khzth;fs; Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;
khjphp kUe;Jfisf; ftdpj;J ghlg;gFjpia

NkYk; rpytw;iw thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cjhuzkhff; $Wfpd;wdh;.
ehk; cz;z thrpj;jy;>
Ntz;ba czT thpirg;gLj;jp; 1.fhiyapy; ehk;
f; $wy;> Mrphpah; ehs;NjhWk; ehk; cz;z Ntz;ba
vOJjy cz;z Ntz;ba czT czT tiffisf;
Kiwfis tiuglj;jhs; $Wf.
%yk; thpirg;gLj;jp;f; 2.,utpy; ehk; cz;z
$Wfpwhh.; Ntz;ba czT
khzth;fs; Mrphpah; Kiwfis
thrpg;gij ftdpj;Jf; vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
FOthfg; gphpe;J thrpj;Jg;
Jhpj thrpj;jy; goFfpd;wdh;.
czTKiw Rl;bf;$Wjy;
vOJjy; 1.clypw;F nghUe;Jk;
Mrphpah; jtph;f;f Ntz;ba nghUe;jh czTfisf;
czT tiffis Rl;bf;$Wf.
Rl;bf;$Wfpwhh;. 2.jtph;f;f Ntz;ba
khzth;fs; Mrphpah; $wpa czT KiwfSf;F
Jhpj czTfspd; jPq;fpid ,uz;L cjhuzk;
FOTld; Ngrpg;gfph;e;J jUf.
nfhs;fpd;wdh;. 3.Jhpj czTKiwapd;
thrpj;jy; jPq;fpidg; gw;wp vOJf.
rhptpfpj gl;baypl;Lf;
czTfs; $wy;;
Mrphpah; tiuglj;jhspy; 1.rkr;rPh; czT
rkr;rPh; cztpid gl;baypl;L vd;why; vd;d?
thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. 2.rhptpj tpfpj
fUk;gyifapy; vOJfpwhh;. cztpw;F cjhuzk;
khzth;fs; ekJ clypw;Nfw;w jUf.
rhptpfpj czTfis 3.clypw;Nfw;w rhptpj
njhFj;Jf; tpsf;fpf; $Wfpwhh;. czT gl;baiy
fw;gpj;j ghlg; $wy; vOJf.
gFjpapYs;s RUf;fpf;$wy; gbj;j ghlg;gFjpapYs;s
Kf;fpaf; Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fisr; fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapy;
fUj;Jf;fs; RUf;fpAk; njhFj;Jk; nrhy;yp ,Ue;J cztpd;
khzth;fs; FOthfg; gapw;rp ,d;wpaikahikg; gw;wp
nra;fpd;wdh;. njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yf.
2.fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapy;
,Ue;J czNt kUe;J
gw;wp RUf;fp vOJf.

fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;

1. cztpd; ,d;wpahikia gw;wp xU rpW fl;Liu tiuf.
2. kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gw;wp cd; tPlb
; y; cs;s
nghpath;fsplk; Nfl;L vOjp tUf.
3. nghUe;Jk;-nghUe;jh czTg; nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
ehspjo;fspypUe;J Nrfhpj;J tUf.
topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt

khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;
(nra;As;) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;
khzt Mrphpah; ngah; : xxxxxxx

gs;spapd; ngah; : rhujh Nky;epiyg;gs;sp
tFg;G/gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; : xd;gjhk; tFg;G ‘m’ gphpT
ghlk;
ghlk : nra;As;
myF : ghQ;rhyp rgjk;
jiyg;
jiyg;G : tpJuidj; J}Jtply;
khzth;:
ghujpahh; gw;wpa Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.

ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpd; E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.
‘tpJuidj; J}Jtply;’ nra;Ais xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh;
thh.
‘jk;gp’ vdj;njhlq;Fk; nra;AspYs;s Gjpa nrhw;fSf;F nrhw;nghUisf;
$Wthh;.
nra;Aspd; ikaf; fUj;jpid tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.
nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gpid njspthf
vLj;Jiug;ghh;
hh.
nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;.
nra;Aspd; fUj;jpid njhFj;Jf; $Wthh;
$Wthh;.

topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;/ tsq;fs;:
ghujpahh; gw;wpa Fwpg;G (my;yJ) cUtg;glk; - tiuglj;jhs;

mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; - nghUj;jl;il
,e;jpu khefh; kz;lgk; - khjphp
Mrphpah; fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fs; %yk; khzth;fspd; Ke;ija mwptpid Nrhjpj;jy;
kfhghujk; ahiug; gw;wpa fij vd;W njhpAkh?
ghz;lth;fspd; ngah;fisf; $Wf.

ghz;lth;fspd; kidtp ahh;?
jpnusgjpapd; NtW ngah; vd;d?

/fUj;
fUj;J elj;ij
$Wfs;
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G epidT $h;jy;> Mrphpah; tiuglj;jhsp- ghujpahh; gw;wpr; rpy

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G ypUe;J ghujpahiug; gw;wp Fwpg;Gfisf; $Wf.
$Wjy; $Wfpwhh;.
khzth;fs;
tiuglj;jhis ghh;j;J
ghujpahh; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis epidT-
$h;fpd;wdh;.
E}y; Fwpg;G E}w;Fwpg;G 1.ghQ;rhyp rgjk;

$Wjy; Mrphpah; thrpg;G vd;Dk; E}y; ve;j
ml;ilapypUe;J E}iyj; jOtp
E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wfpwhh;. vOjg;gl;lJ?
ghQ;rhyp rgjk; E}ypd; 2. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; E}y;
Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpidf; $Wf.
E}w;Fwpg;gpid khzth;fs;
jq;fSf;Fs; gbf;fpd;wdh;.

‘jk;gp’ vdj; xypeak;

njhlq;Fk; Njhd;w Mrphpah; nra;Ais ‘jk;gp’ vdj; njhlq;Fk;
nra;As; thrpj;Jf; xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf; nra;Ais xypeak;
fhl;Ljy; fhl;Lfpwhh;. Njhd;w thrpj;Jfhl;Lf.
khzth;fs; rpW
FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J
xypeaj;Jld; thrpj;Jg;
goFfpd;wdh;.
nra;Aspy;
cs;s Gjpa nrhw;nghUs; 1.klg;gpb> Ee;ij –
nrhw;fs; $Wjy; Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; nghUs; tpsf;fk; $Wf.
,lk;ngw;w klg;gpb> 2. fspf;f- vd;gjd;
fspf;f> Ee;ij Nghd;w nghUis
Gjpa nrhw;fSf;F fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.
nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;
$Wfpwhh;.
khzth;fs;
nra;AspypYs;s Gjpa 1.‘jk;gp’
vdj;
nrhw;fSf;F nghUs;
njhlq;Fk; nra;Ais
tpsf;fk; nrhy;ypAk;>
xypeak; Njhd;w
nra;Aspd; nra;Aspd; vOjpAk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
nghUs; ikaf;
2.nra;Aspd; ikaf;
fUj;jpidf;
fUj;jpidf; $Wf.
$Wjy; Mrphpah; nra;Aspd; ikaf;
fUj;jpidf; $Wfpwhh;.
mij khzth;fs;
Fwpg;Nghl;by;
vOJfpd;wdh;.
vOjpaij khzth;fs;
FOthfr; Nrh;e;J gbj;J 1.‘khefh;’ - ,yf;fzf;
njspthf kfpo;fpd;wdh Fwpg;G $Wf.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G vLj;Jiuj;jy; 2.‘rhh;e;jth;’ -
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gf;
$Wf.
Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; tUk;
nrhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzf;
Fwpg;gpid njspthf
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. 1.fle;J – gFgj
Rl;bf; fhl;Ljy; khzth;fs; nra;Aspy; cWg;gpyf;fzk; $Wf.
gFgj tUk;
cWg;gpyf;fzk; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gfis
ifNal;by; vOJfpd;wdh;.

2.nry;thd; - gFgj
Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; cWg;gpyf;fzj;ij
,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F Fwpg;Ngl;by;
gFgj ,yf;fzj;jpid vOjpf;fhl;Lf.
fUk;gyifapy;
Rl;bf;fhl;b tpsf;fk;
njhFj;Jf; mspg;ghh;. 1.tpJuidj; J}Jtply;
fw;gpj;j nra;As; $Wjy; khzth;fs; nra;As; gFjpapd;
gFjpapd; RUf;fkhff; mt;tpyf;fzj;ij ed;F fUj;jpid RUf;fkhff;
Kf;fpa $Wjy; ftdpj;J jdJ $Wf.
fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpg;Ngl;by; 2.tpJud; topapy; fz;l
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;thh;. fhl;rpfis njhFj;Jf;
$Wf.
gbj;j nra;As;
ghlg;gFjpapYs;s
Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fisr;
RUf;fpAk; njhFj;Jk;
nrhy;yp khzth;fs;
FOthfg; gapw;rp
nra;fpd;wdh;.
fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;

1. kfhghujf; fijia %y E}ypypUe;J my;yJ nghpNahh;fsplk; Nfl;Lj;
njhpe;J tUf.
2. ghujpahhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidg; gw;wp xU rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
3. #o;r;rpr; rUf;fj;jpd; fijr; RUf;fj;ij fye;Jiuahly; nra;f.
topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. n`h;ghh;bd; ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd gbepiyfis tpsf;Ff.

2. myFj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? xd;gjhk; tFg;G ghlj;jpw;F myFj;jpl;lk; xd;W
jahhpf;f.
3. GSkpd; fw;gpj;jy; tifg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff.
4. xd;gjhk; tFg;G nra;As; ghlk; xd;wpw;F ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; xd;W jahhpf;f.

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;
• fiyr;nry;tp.nt >(2014) nghJj;jkpo; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;> <NuhL: rQ;rPt;

ntspaPL.
• godpNtY.Qh (2011)>nre;jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; nghJj;jkpo;> jQ;rht+h;: ejpgg;sp\u;].;
• NtZNfhghy; ,.gh. (2014)> ige;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id: rhujh
gjpg;gfk;.
• kfhftp ghujpahh; >(1997)> ghujpahh; ghly;fs; > nrd;id: Fkud; gjpg;gfk;.
• Gyth; Foe;ij> (2007)> ePjpf;fsQ;rpak;> nrd;id: rhujh gjpg;gfk;
• th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp>
jrhk ,J fy;tp Afk;> nrd;id: ghujp gjpg;gfk;.

myF–3
myF 3 fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;
,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;wg; gpd;du; khzt Mrphpau;fs;>
o jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
o FWepiyf;; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;.
o ciueil> fl;Liuf; fw;gpj;jYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;.
o nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Fupa rpwg;G cj;jpia Nkw;;nfhs;tu;.
o ,yf;fzj;jpd; ,dpikia vLj;Jiug;gu;.
Kd;Diu
fw;gpj;jy; xU jpwd; kl;Lkd;W@ fiyAkhFk;.E}ywpT kl;LNk fw;gpj;jy; jpwid
tsHj;J tplhJ. NgUe;J Xl;lf; fw;gtH> NgUe;jpd; cWg;Gfs;> ,af;fk; Mfpad gw;wpa
nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa E}iyg; gbj;J milT ngw;W tpl;Nlh> NgUe;J Xl;lypy; Vw;gLk;
rpf;fy;fs; vd;gJ gw;wp E}ystpy; njupe;Jnfhz;Nlh NgUe;ij Xl;btpl KbahJ.
NgUe;J Xl;Lk; jpwd;> NgUe;J xl;bg; ghHj;Jg; goFtpg;NghH mwpTiufshYk; goFNthH
Kidg;ghYk; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;Sk; jpwj;jhYk;
ngWtjhFk;.mNjg;Nghy; fw;gpj;jy; jpwDk; mj;jd;ikaNj!MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk;
ehs;fspy; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspYk; gbepiyfspYk; gapw;rp ngwy;>
ciueil >nra;As;> ,yf;fzk;> fl;Liu Mfpadfw;gpf;fg; gapw;rp ngw;why; vjpHehspy;
fw;wiyj; jaf;fkpd;wp fw;gpf;f ,aYk; Cf;fk; gpwf;Fk;. Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ,tw;iw>
MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk; fhyj;J mwpe;J NjHtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
fw;gpj;jy; - tpsf;fk;
fk;
“khztUf;F mwpitg; Gfl;Lk; Nehf;fpy;> Mrpupau; khztUf;fpilNa epfOk;

Clhl;lNk fw;gpj;jy;”vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.khztd; kdj;jpy; epiyngwr;
nra;aNtz;Lkhapd;>Ik;Gyd;fSk; czUkhWfw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;by; gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;J VNjDk;
xU ghlg;nghUis tpsf;FtJ rpwe;jJ MFk;.
fw;gpg;G elj;ijfshf ntspg;gLk; nray;fisf; fy;tpahsHfs; jj;jk;
mZFKiwfSf;F Vw;g tifg; gLj;jpAs;sdH. mtw;iwf; fw;gpj;jy; Mw;wy; vd;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs; vd;Wk; nfhs;tH.
Kf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;
y;
Kf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fshf fPo;fz;lj; jpwd;fs; mikfpd;wd.mit:
1. njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;
2. tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;
3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;
4. tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;
5. Jhz;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;
6. nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd;

7. tYTl;ly; jpwd;
8. Kbf;Fk; jpwd;
9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;
,it> xd;gJ jpwd;fisAk; Mrpupa khztu; ngWtjw;fhff; FWepiyf;
fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;
fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwapy; ghlj;ijj; njhlq;Fk; Kiw rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpwJ. ghl mwpKfk; nra;Ak; jd;ikahy;> MrpupaH rpyH khztHfspd; ftdj;ij
mg;ghlk; KOtJk; <Hj;J tpLfpd;wdH. “ey;y njhlf;fk; ghjpg; gzpia Kbj;jjw;F
xg;ghFk;" vd;gJ fw;gpj;jypYk; nghUj;jkhf mikfpwJ.
• Kd;dwpTj; njhlH
Gjpa mwpit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vspa nrayd;W. vdNt> Gjpa mwpTg;gFjpiaf;
fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ khztHfsJ Ke;ija mwpitAk; jFe;j Kiwapy;
,izj;Jj; jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Vw;w tpil je;jik

Kd;G ngw;w mwpit epidt+l;LjYf;fhf tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;nghOJ> mtw;wpy;
Vw;w tpil je;jjid vj;jid vd mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Vw;w tpil je;jit
kpFjpahapUg;gpd; ghlk; ed;F njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk;> Vw;w tpilfs; ,y;iyahapd;
njhlf;fk; rupapy;iy vd;Wk; ehk; mwpayhk;.
• njhlHr;rp
MrpupaH $Wk; njhlHfs;%yk;> ngWk; Gjpa mwpT> khztHfs; Vw;nfdNt ngw;w
mwptpd; njhlHr;rp Nghd;wjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. njhlHfs;> mj; njhlHr;rpia
czHj;Jfpd;wdth vd;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij> mLj;j fUj;J njhlHe;J
,ay;ghf mikAkhW Ngr;R mikjiyNa njhlHr;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
• nghUj;jkhd njhlH - Gwk;ghd njhlH

nghUj;jkhd njhlHfs; kpFjpahf tUk;gbAk;> ghl Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj
njhlHfs; tuhjgbAk; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• njhlq;FKiw
Gjpa ghlj;Jld; xg;GikAila fUj;Jfisf; $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;
tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L tpilfis tutioj;Jj; njhlq;Fjy;.
tpsf;Fjy;> tUzpj;jy;> nrhw;nghopTfs; %yk; njhlq;Fjy;.
Fijf; $wp; njhlq;Fjy;.
ebj;jy; Kiw %yk; njhlq;Fjy;
Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlq;Fjy;
nra;Jfhl;ly; %yk; njhlq;Fjy;

vdg; ghlj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpj; njhlq;Fjy; rpwg;GilaJ vdg;
gapw;rpngw;w MrpupaH gyH jk; gl;lwptpdhy; $Wfpd;wdH.
tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;
MrpupaH ghlk; fw;gpj;jypy;> tpsf;Fjy; jpwd; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. jpwk;ngw
tpsf;Fjy; eilngw;why;> khztHfs; ghlg;nghUis ed;F czHthHfs;.
tFg;giwapy; tpsf;FjYf;F epiwa tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ~vt;thW> vg;NghJ> ahH>
vit> Vd;> vg;gb> vJ| vd;Dk; tpdhf;fis vOg;gp tpsf;Ftjhy;> mtw;wpw;F cupa
tpiliar; nrhy;Ytjhy; khztHfs; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wdH.nkhopg;ghlj;jpy;
ghly;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJk;> tpsf;fq;fs; kpFjpahf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt>
tpsf;Fjypy; jpwd;ngWjy; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.
• njhlq;Fk; njhlH
ghlg;gFjp vitahapDk; rup> tpsf;Fk;NghJ njhlq;FnjhlH ikaf;fUj;ij
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vjidg;gw;wp tpsf;f ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gjidj;
njhlq;Fk;nghONj mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fs;
fs;
xd;iw tpsf;Fk;NghJ> xU fUj;NjhL kw;nwhU fUj;ij ,izj;J> ,iaGgLj;jpf;
$Wtjw;F ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JNthk;. mj;jifa ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fSs;
Vw;wtw;iw ,lkwpe;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpy njhlH ,izg;Gr;nrhw;fs;> fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mdhy;> MfNt> mt;thW> ,t;thW>
mNjhL> Mifahy;> vdNt> gpd;dH>
gpd;> Kd;> Vnddpy;> vg;gbnadpy;>
vt;thnwdpy;> ,jd; fhuzkhf> ,jpypUe;J>
,J njhlHghf> mjd; fhuzkhf> ,jd; tpisthf>
mj;jifa> ,g;gbapUg;gpd;> ,y;yhjpUe;jhy;>
,jdhy;> ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> mNjhL$l.
• Kw;Wtpf;Fk;njhlH
fw;gpj;jy; gFjp vg;gb ey;y njhlf;fk; mikfpwNjh> mNjNghd;W njspthf KbT
ngWjYk; Ntz;Lk;. KbTngWjy; jpwk;gl mike;jhy;> khztHfs; fw;wtw;iwj;
njhFj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
• tpsf;Fjypy; tpdhf;fs;

tpsf;Fjypy; mike;j tpdhf;fs; midj;Jk; Vw;w tpilfs; ngWkhapd;> tpsf;Fjy;
jpwk;gl eilngw;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;
nra;ASf;F ciueil tbtpy; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mikAk;.,J nra;ASf;Nf
nghUj;jKilajhFk;.“nra;As; Kjypatw;wpd; nghUisj; jpul;b> njhFj;Jf;
$Wjy;nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;” vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L>“njhl;
> lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp khe;ju;f;Ff;
fw;widj;J}Wk; mwpT”.
nghopg;Giu
kzpypd;fz; Nfzp Njhz;ba mstpw;F ePh; CWk; mJ Nghy kf;fSf;Ff; fw;w
mstpw;F Vw;g mwpT kpFjpahFk;.
4.tpdhf;Nfl;ly; jpwd;
Mrpupau; fw;gpj;jYf;F cWJizahf miktJ tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;; MFk;.
ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F mtH tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. mtw;iwf; fw;gpj;jy;
tpdhf;fs; vd;gH. fw;gpj;j gpd;dH mtHfs; ghlg; nghUis ed;F mwpe;Js;sduh vd
mwpaTk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. mtw;iwj; NjHe;jwp tpdhf;fs; vd;gH. ,t;thW
tpdhf;fis MrpupaH kpFjpAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH.
vjpHghHf;Fk; tpilfisg; nghWj;J tpdhf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
• vspa epiy tpdhf;fs;>

vspa epiy tpdhf;fs; epidthw;wiy ikakhff; nfhz;L tpil ngWtd.
Vw;nfdNt ,Uf;Fk; mwpT epiyiar; Nrhjpg;gd. ,t;tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfspy;
khztuJf; fUj;Jfs; ntspahtjpy;iy.
• ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;>
,it fUj;JzHjy; epiyapy; tpilfisg; ngWtd. xU njhlupd; nghUis
tpsf;Fjy;> njhlupd; nghUs; czHe;J xg;gply; Nghd;wit ,e;j tifiar;
rhUk;.khztHjk; mwpitg; Gjpa #o;epiyapy; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ikahdtw;iwf;
Fwpf;Fk; tpdhf;fis ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs; vd;gu;.
• caHepiy tpdhf;fs;
caHepiy tpdhf;fs; khztH mwpe;jjpypUe;J mjw;F mg;ghw;gl;l mwpTg;
gFjpfis milaj; J}z;LtdthFk;. jhq;fs; ngw;w mwptpdpd;W NkYk; nrd;W
gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy; Nghd;w tw;iwr; nra;J tpil jUk;gbahf ,it
mikAk;. GjpHjPHj;jy;> Kd;$l;bNa ca;j;JzHjy;> jPHkhdpj;jy;> jhNd
gilf;Fkhw;wiyj; jUjy; Nghd;wit caH epiy tpdhf;fshy; tpistdthk;.NkYk;

mwpT epiy tpdhf;fs;

fUj;JzHjy; tpdhf;fs;
mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs;
rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;
,t;tif tpdhf;fSs; mwpT epiy tpdhf;fis>vspa epiy tpdhf;fs; vd;Wk;>
fUj;JzHjy;> mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tpdhf;fis ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;
vd;Wk;> rpe;jid tpdhf;fis caHepiy tpdhf;fs; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
5.J}z;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;
,j;jpwd; gy;tif J}z;ly; vdTk; ngaH ngWk;. mit:
• MrpupaH ,l khw;wk;
k
MrpupaH xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahf epd;W fw;gpf;fhky; efUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy;> khztHfs; mUNf nrd;W ghuhl;ly;> ehl;Lg;glj;jpy; XH
,lj;ijf; fhl;Ljy;> Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhuplk; nry;Yjy; Nghd;w nray;fs;
,lepiykhw;wk; my;yJ mirT vdg;gLk;.
• nka;g;ghLfs;
ghlg;nghUspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g czHTfis MrpupaH ntspg;gLj;JtJk;>
iriffisg; gad; gLj;JtJk; cz;L. ,tw;iwNa nka;g;ghL vd;gH. ~FWfyhdJ>
mfd;wJ> cUz;ilahdJ> ePskhdJ| vd;Dk; njhlHfisf; $Wk;NghJ> MrpupaH
iriffisf; fhl;LtJk;> czHTfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ Kfk; Rspj;jy;> KfkyHr;rp
Mfpatw;iw Kff;Fwpfshy; fhl;LtJk; nka;g;ghLfisNa rhUk;. vdNt> czHit
ntspapLk;NghJk;> msT> ,af;fk;> tbtk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJk;
nka;g;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. nrhw;fNshL$l> nka;g;ghLfSk; ,izAk;NghJ ftd
<Hg;igAk;> ftd epiyg;igAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpwJ. iffshy; kl;Lkd;wp> jiy>
cly; Mfpa cWg;Gfspd; %yKk; nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;WkhW nra;ayhk;.
• Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;T

xNu rPuhd Ngr;R> xypg;G vd;gJ rypg;Gj; jd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. mjd;
fhuzkhff; ftdk; epiyf;fhJ@ fw;wYk; epfohJ. vdNt> fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ Fuypy;
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> khWjy;fs; Ntz;Lk;. tPu ciuiag; gbf;Fk;nghOJk;> ,uf;f
czHr;rpgw;wpf; $Wk; nghOJk;> Nfhgj;ij czHj;Jk; nrhw;fisg; gbf;Fk; nghOJk;
Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpdh> czHr;rp thf;fpaq;fis mit
ntspg;gLj;Jk; czHTf;F Vw;g xypf;f Ntz;Lk;. capHg;GlDk; czHTlDk; Fuy;
xypapy; Vw;w ,lq;fspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mike;jhy;> ftd <Hg;G Vw;gl;L> fw;wy; kpf
mjpf mstpy; eilngWk;.
• ftdk; <Hj;jy;
MrpupaH ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ>“,g;nghOJ nrhy;tJ kpfKf;fpak; ftdpAq;fs;"
vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; %yk; khztHfspd; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;@ my;yJ nrhw;fspy;
mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpatw;Ws; rpytw;iw mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAk;

tz;zq;fshy; vOjpf;fhl;bAk; khztHfs; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;. tiuglk;> glk;
Mfpatw;wpy; Rl;bf;fhl;LjYk; khztHfspd; ftdk; <Hj;jYf;Nf ahFk;. ,t;thW
gytopfspy; khztHfs; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;.
• ,iltpid khw;wk;
k
fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ MrpupaH NgRfpwhH@ khztHfs; Nfl;fpd;wdH. vdNt>
fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ jhk; nray;gLtNjhL> khztHfSk; nray;glj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
khztHfsplk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> mtHfisg; gjpy; $wr;nra;jy;> khztHfisf;
fUk;gyifapy; vOjr; nra;jy;> xUtiu tpdh Nfl;fr;nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
khztHfs; nray;gl tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. ,JNt ~tpidkhw;wk;| vdg;gLk;. ,jid
~,il tpidkhw;wk;| vdTk;> ~khztH gq;fspg;G| vd;Wk; $WtH. ,t;tpid
khw;wj;ij>
MrpupaH - tFg;G MrpupaH - khztH
khztH - khztH vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; nfhs;syhk;
• epWj;jk;
MrpupaH njhlHe;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ ,ilapy; rw;Wg; Ngr;ir
epWj;jpdhy;..... khztHfs; midtUk; ftdpf;fj; njhlq;FtH. tpsf;fk; jUk;NghNjh>
epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghNjh> tpdhf;fs; Nfl;Fk;NghNjh> njhlHe;J Ngrpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNjh> jpl;lkpl;L Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Ngr;R epWj;jk; nra;tJ ftdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;JtNjhL rpe;jidiaAk; J}z;Lk;.
• Gyd; khw;wk;
k
tFg;gpy; MrpupaH NgRk;nghOJ khztHfs; Nfl;fpd;wdH. khztHfsJ nrtpg;Gyd;
(Nfl;ly;) gad;gLfpwJ. fUk;gyifapy; vOJk;nghOJk;> glq;fisf; fhl;Lk;nghOJk;>
nghUs;fisf; fhl;Lk;nghOJk; mtw;iwg; ghHf;fpd;wdH. mg;nghOJ khztHfsJ
fl;Gyd; (ghHj;jy;) gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW nrtpg;GyDk; fl;GyDk; (Nfl;ly;> ghHj;jy;)
nray;gl tha;g;gspg;gNj ~Gyd;khw;wk;| vdg;gLk;.
ve;jg; ghlkhf ,Ue;jhYk; fhl;rp> Nfs;tp mikg;gpy; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;e;jhy; fw;wy;
rpwg;GWk;. fhl;rp - Nfs;tp epfo;Tfs; khwpkhwp mikjy; ey;yJ. fPo; tFg;Gfspy;
KfHjy; GyidAk;> njhLjy; GyidAk; ifahSk; tha;g;G Vw;gbd;> MrpupaH
mtw;iwAk; ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW miktjidg; ~Gyd;tifj;
J}z;ly; khw;wk;| vd;Wk;> RUf;fkhfg; ~Gyd;khw;wk;| vd;Wk; $WtH.
6.nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif nkhopj;jpwd;
MrpupaH fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ tFg;giwapy; mtUila Njhw;wk;> nkha;g;ghL
Kjypad khztupd; ftdpj;jiyAk; fw;wiyAk; Cf;Ftpg;gdthFk;.
MrpupaH khztHfs; ftdpg;gij cWjpnra;aTk; fw;gpg;gpd; ghy; khztHfs;
<Hf;fTk; gy cj;jpfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; nka;g;ghLfs; rpwg;gplk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
nka;g;ghLfspd; %yk; MrpupaH gy fUj;Jfis typikahf czHe;j KbAk;.

,tw;iw “irifnkhop" vdTk; $WtH. tFg;gpy; 40 Nkw;gl;l khztHfs;

,Uf;fpd;w #oypy; MrpupaH xt;nthU khztiuAk; ngaupl;L miof;f Kbahj #oypy;
tpuyhy; Rl;b miof;fyhk;.
tFg;giwapy; ftdpf;fhJ FWk;G nra;Ak; khztHfis MrpupaH jk;
ghHitapdhy; vr;rupf;if ,aYk;.
tpuiy ePl;Ljy;> nrhLf;Fjy;> Kfj;ij jpUg;Gjy;> khztupd; Jyq;fSf;F Vw;g
Kfg;ghtizfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> Xuf;fz;zhy; ghHj;jy;> Kiwj;J ghHj;jy; Nghd;w
irifnkhopfSk; MrpupaUf;F NjitahFk;.
MrpupaH xNu Nghf;fpy; ciuahb nfhz;L ,Uf;fhky; mt;tg;NghJ nka;g;nghUs;
%yk; ghlk; nghUf;F Vw;w Ritfis ntspg;gLj;JtjYk; fw;gpj;jiy tsg;gLj;j
KbAk;. RUq;f$wpd; tFg;giw MrpupaH jdp ebg;G epfo;jJ
; k; xU NkilahFk;.
7.tYt+l;ly; jpwd;
MrpupaH tFg;gpy; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. tpdhf;fSf;F
khztH tpil aspf;fpd;wdH. kpfr; rupahd tpil mspf;fpd;wNghJ MrpupaH xd;Wk;
nrhy;yhJ> mLj;J NtW tpdh Nfl;lhy; khztH kfpo;r;rp milahH. fw;wypy; Cf;fk;
ngwhH. rupahd tpilahdJ Mrpupauhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd MrpupaH
nrhy;yhNyh> gpw Fwpg;GfshNyh njuptpg;gpd; khztH kfpo;TWtH. mt;thW ed;F
gbj;J Kiwahf tpilaspj;jYf;F MrpupauJ nray; tYt+l;LfpwJ. mjid
~tYt+l;b| vd;gH. ghuhl;ly; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
tYt+l;bfs; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg; gLkhdhy;>
• jq;fs; tpil rup vd;W njupe;J nfhs;s tha;g;G cz;L.

NkYk; gbf;f khztiuj; J}z;Lk;
khztH eLtpy; r%f Vw;G epfo;tjhy; fw;wy; #oypy; tpUg;gk; Vw;gLk;.
khztUf;F kfpo;r;rp Vw;gLk;
ey;y nray;fs;> elj;ijfs; tYg;gLk;
tFg;G eilKiwr; nraypy; khztH gq;Nfw;G kpFjpahFk;
mLj;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis vjpHNehf;fr; nra;Ak;. ,jdhy; ftdk;
ngUFk;.
Mdhy;> vjpHkiwapyhd tYt+l;bfs; (jtW-jg;G-rupapy;iy Nghd;wit) fw;wYf;Fj;
JizGupt jpy;iy@ ,jdhy; khztH NtnwhU epiyapy; tpiljuj; jaq;fpg; gpd;
thq;fp tpLtH. vdNt tYt+l;bfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; fw;wy; rpwf;Fk;.
Njitapy;yhj NghJk;> mjpfkhfTk; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; $lhJ.
tYt+l;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fPo; cs;s fUj;Jfis kdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ ed;W.
1. tYt+l;bfis khztH gyUk; ngWkhW nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpyH kl;LNk
ngw;why;> ehsiltpy; kw;wtHfs; tpil jUtjpy; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;.

2. tYt+l;bfspy; gytw;iwAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpilapd; juj;jpw;Nfw;g>
,tw;wpd; jFjpAk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; khztH MHtk; Fiwe;J
tpLk;.
3. tYt+l;bfisf; fz;lgb gad;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;jjd;W. mt;thwhapd; ,jd; tY
Fiwe;JtpLk;.
• nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfs;

khztH rupahd tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ> ed;W> rup> kpf ed;W. mUik> Mfh> kpf
mUik> rpwg;ghdJ> moF> Mk; NkYk; njhlHf> NkYk; nrhy;Yf... Kjypa njhlHfs;
nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfshk;. ,tw;iw MrpupaH ed;F gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• jpUk;gf; $wy;
khztH $Wk; rupahd tpilia MrpupaH Nfl;L mjid tFg;G KOikf;Fk;
jpUk;gf; $WfpwhH. mg;gbf; $Wk; nghOJ khztd;>“jd; tpilia> khztH
midtUk; mwpa MrpupaH $wpdhH" vd;W kfpo;fpwhd;. ,t;thWk; ghuhl;lyhk;.
• NtW tifapy; $wy;

$wy
khztd; XusT rupahd tpil $wpdhy;> MrpupaH mijj; jpUj;jpr; nrk;ikahf;fpf;
$wyhk;. jd;Dila tpilapYs;s nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;jp MrpupaH tpsf;fpdhH vd;W
mwpe;J khztd; kfpo;thd;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L>
M: ehfupfj;Jf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?
kh: ehfupfk; vd;gJ Gw xOf;fk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ.
M: ehfupfk; vd;gJ Gw xOf;fk; gz;ghL vd;gJ mf xOf;fk;. GwxOf;fk;
ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk;. mf xOf;fk; kdpj ,dj;Jf;Nf nghJthdJ.
,t;thW khztd; tpilia Vw;W NtWtifapy; $wyhk;.
• nkhopr; rhHGil xypfs;

xypfs
khztd; tpil $Wk; NghJ MrpupaH ~k;| ~k;|vdf; $wp khztid NkYk;
tpiliaf; $Wk;gb nra;jNy nkhopr; rhHGil xypahFk;.
• cjTk; iriff; Fwpfs;

Fwpfs;
khztd; rupahd tpil $Wk; NghJ MrpupaH jk; jiyairg;ghy; Vw;wy;> rpwpJ
Gd;KWty; nra;J NkNy nrhy;Yk;gb ifahy; fhl;Ljy;> mUNf nrd;W jl;bf;
nfhLj;jy; Nghd;wd khztidg; ghuhl;Lk; iriff; Fwpfshk;.
8.Kbf;Fk; jpwd;
fw;gpf;Fk; xU ghlj;jpd; ghlg;gFjpapd; rpwg;ghd fUj;Jfs;> nfhs;iffs;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld vd;Dk; epiy Njhd;Wk;NghJ mtw;iw Kbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
fw;wYf;Fg; ngUe;Jizg; GupAk;. mt;thW Kbj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJjhd; ghlq;

fw;NghUf;F xU epiwT Vw;gLk;. Kbf;Fe; jpwdpd; cl;$Wfshff; fPo; cs;sdtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
• fUj;Jfisj;
fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;
ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ MrpupaUk;> khztUk; gy fUj;Jfisf;
$wpapUf;fyhk;. ghl ,Wjpapy; mtw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd;
fw;NghH vtw;iw ehk; fw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk; vd;W mwpe;J> mwpit xOq;FgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
• Gjpa mwpitg; gad;

gad;gLj;j tha;g;G
Gjpa nra;jp> fUj;J> tpjpfs; fw;gpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fkhapd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
tha;g;Gfisf; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;dpd;d #o;epiyapy; ,d;dpd;d tifapy; ,e;jg;
Gjpa mwpitg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vdf; $wp mt;tpj tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
jhq;fs; Nfl;Nlh> ghHj;Njh ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJjhd; mjid mtHfs;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
• Kd;dwpTld; ,izg;G
ghl Ntisapy; fw;w Gjpa mwpit khztupilNa Kd;dH mJ njhlHghf
Vw;nfdNt cs;s mwpTld; ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ,izj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ
me;jg; Gjpa mwpT njspthf czug;gl KbAk;. khztH mwptpy; tsHr;rp ngw;wjhf
czu KbAk;.
• NkYk; fw;wYf;F tha;g;G

khztH ngw;w Gjpa mwpit> mLj;Jg; ngwg; NghFk; mwpNthL njhlHGgLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,d;dpd;dtw;iw mwpe;J nfhz;BHfs;@ ,tw;iwj; njhlHe;J>
,d;dpd;dtw;iw ePq;fs; NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;tPHfs; vd;W $Wk; nghOJ khztH
mwpT epiyapy; nkd;NkYk; tsHr;rp ngwj; jahuhfpwhHfs;.
rpwg;ghfg; ghlk; Kbj;jiyf; FWfpa njhFg;G vd;W $wyhk;. fw;gpj;jypd; rhuk;
vd;W miof;fyhk;. ghl ,Wjpapy; jhd; ,t;thW Kbj;jiyj; jpul;bj; juy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ghlkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;l ghlg; gFjpfshf
tpsq;Fk;. mg;ghlg;gFjpfis vy;iyahff; nfhz;L mt;nty;iyf;Fl;gl;l gFjpia
clNdNa Kbj;J tplyhk;. mt;thW Kbg;gJ ,d;Dk; rpwg;Gila jhFk;.
,t;thW nra;tjhy;> jpl;lkpl;l ghlk; ghlg;gFjp epiwT ngWk;NghJ khztH ngw;w
Gjpa mwpT njspT ngWfpd;wJ. mt;twpitg; gad;gLj;jj; J}z;ly; NeupLfpwJ.
NkYk;> ,t;thW Kbj;jy; khztupilNa xU rhjidiar; nra;j czHitj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy;; ruskhf Ngr fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.jq;Fjilapd;wp NgRjy;
ed;W. Nfl;gtu;fs; vspjhf Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; thu;j;ijfisf; $Wjy;
rpwe;jJ.Ngr;R cWg;Gfisr; ruptu gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mNjhL nrhy; mikg;igg;
Gupe;J itj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

NgRk;NghJ jiyia epkpu;j;J NgRtJ rpwe;jJ>thia NghjpasT jpwe;J>
cq;fs; fOj;J>jhil>cjLfs;>Kf jirfs;>njhz;il jirfs; Mfpatw;iw jsu;j;j
goFq;fs;.cq;fs; epiyiar; Nrhjpj;jwptjw;F>rj;jkhf thrpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ cjtpahf
,Uf;Fk;.
fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp
ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) gpd; tUk; gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypd;
ypd; Kf;fpa gbfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; gbepiyfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;Js;sd. mit:
1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;
2. ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;
3. ,iltpidg; Ngr;R
4. kPsr; rpe;jpj;jy;
5. njhFj;Jf; $wy;
1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;
fw;wYf;F MjhukhfTk; fw;gpj;jYf;F cWJizahfTk; miktJ Cf;Ftpj;jy;
MFk;.rpW ghlk;(Mini lesson) fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ ghlj;ij Kd;G mwpe;j
nra;jpfSld; epidTg; gLj;jp fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.Cf;fg;gLj;jp> ey; ciuahbf;
fw;gpf;Fk; ghlNk rpwg;ghd fw;wYf;F toptFf;Fk;. ,e;jg;gbepiy>fw;Nghu; midtupd;;
kdepiyr; rpjwhky; jq;fspd; KOftdj;ijAk; xUKfg;gLj;JtjhFk;. NkYk;
fw;wYf;F Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LtjhFk;.
2. ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;
Cf;Ftpj;j gpd; fw;gpf;fg;NghFk; ghlj;jpd; jiyg;gpidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp
gpwF ghlj; jiyg;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthfg; GupAk; tz;zk;
vLj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ehSk; tsu;e;J tUk; jfty; njhopy; El;gk;(PT)
nfhz;Lk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
“ghlj; njhlf;f NtisapypUe;J epiwT tiur;nry;Yk; fw;gpj;jy;

tsu;r;rpiag;ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;” vd gl;lwpT kpf;f fy;tpahsu; $Wfpd;wdu;”.
ghl tsu;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf miktJ> fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;ij ed;Fg; Gupe;J
nfhs;SjyhFk;. ,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf cs; tsu;r;rpfisf; nfhz;L mikAk;. fw;gpf;Fk;
Jizf;fUtpfs; nfhz;L fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> fhl;rpg; nghUspypUe;J
fUj;Jg; nghUSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;>njsptpypUe;J rpf;fYf;Fr; nry;Yjy; vd;gjhf
mikAk;.
3. ,iltpidg;
,iltpidg; Ngr;R
,iltpid vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; fw;wy; ,ilNa epfOk; nrhy;yhly;(Discourse)
MFk;.“Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpj;jy; nraiy Nehf;fpa gpd;du>; fw;gtUf;F Vw;gLk;
Iaq;fisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtu; Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpg;G Kiwfspd; mbg;gilf;
fhuzq;fis mwptjw;Fk; gad;gLtjhFk;”.MrpupaUld; fye;JiuahLfpwNghJ

tho;f;ifNahLj; njhlu;Gila Gjpa nra;jpfisf; fw;Nghu; mwpa tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;ghf> ,iltpidf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy mr;rkpd;wp fw;gpf;f Mrpupa
khztupilNa toptFf;fpwJ. khztHfspd; gq;fspg;G Vw;gLfp;.
4. kPsr;rpe;
pe;jpj;jy;
kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ fw;wtw;iw kPz;Lk; rpe;jidapy; Vw;WjyhFk;.
ghlj;jpypUe;J fpsu; tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L fw;NghiukPsr; rpe;jpf;fr;nra;aKbAk;> kPsr;
rpe;jpg;gjd; thapyhfg; Gjpadtw;iw cUthf;Fk; jpwd; Vw;gLfpwJ.
5.njhFj;Jf;$wy;
“njhFg;G” vd;gJ ghl Kbg;G MFk;.rpW ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy; elj;jpa

midj;Jf; fUj;JfisAk; njhFj;Jf; $WtjhFk;.
fw;gpj;jy; gbfis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp
ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) – FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;Dhl;lk;
toq;Fjy; gpd; tUkhW mike;
mike;Js;sJ.
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; - tpsf;fk;
• ,J ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpwd;fisg; ngWtjw;Fupa xU gapw;rp cj;jpahFk;.
• ,J eilKiwapyhd fw;wy; #o;epiyfis Vw;gLj;jp fw;wy; jpwd;fis

Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
• ,J fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Mo;e;j jpwid cUthf;FfpwJ.
• ngupa ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;F Kd;Ndhl;lkhd gapw;rpahf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ.
• rpy epkplq;fspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Nghf;fhFk; Mdhy; ,J gpd;dhspy; tFg;giwapy;

ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f topfhl;LfpwJ.
• ,g;gapw;rp 20 epkplq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ tof;fkhFk;.
• ,f;fw;gpg;Gf; fhyk; 20 epkplq;fNs MapDk; Kiwahd fw;gpj;jYf;F rpwe;j

mbg;gilia mikj;Jj; jUfpwJ.
rpW ghlk; (Mini Lesson) -khjpup
khzt Mrpupau; ngau;:………………..

ghlk;: jkpo;
jiyg;G: jpUf;Fws;
cl;jiyg;G: xOf;fKilik (Kjy; jpUf;Fws;)
Njjp:…………………
Njjp:
fhyk;:fhiy 10.00kzp Kjy; 10.20 tiu

Nehf;fq;fq;fs;
nkhopg;ghlj;jpy; fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fis nkhopj;jpwd;> ghlg;nghUs; Mfpad rhu;e;J
jdpj;jdpNa tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
o jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;Gfisg; vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
o Fwspy; mike;Js;s fhuz>fhupa nkhop mikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
o jpUts;Stupd; ngUikia czu;j;Jk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisj; jUjy;;
o xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; $wy;.
o ey;nyhOf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Jizf; fUtpfs;
gtu; ghapz;l; eOtk; (PPT)

kpd; ml;ilfspy; nrhw; - nghUs;
Kjypad .,it cs;slf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g Jizf;fUtpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;fpd;wd.
cs;slf;f tiuT :xOf;fKilik(Kjy; nra;As; kl;Lk;)
Fws; ntz;ghtpd; mikg;G.

jpUf;Fws;> jpUts;Stupd; ngUik.
xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G –tpsf;fk;
tho;f;ifNahL ,iaGg; gLj;jp xOf;f cau;itf; fw;gpj;jy;;
fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;:
njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;
tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;
nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;
tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;
gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;
Kbf;Fk; jpwd;
fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk;
KiwfSk; nray;ghLfSk;
1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;
tzf;fk; khztu;fNs>
Mrpupah;: cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j gjpnzd; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs; Fwpj;Jf; $Wq;fs;?
khzth;: ehybahu;>jpupfLfk;>,d;dh ehw;gJ>,dpait
ehw;gJ>Vyhjp>ehd;kzpf;fbif>jpUf;Fws;.
Mrpupah;: jpUts;Stu; rpiyia vq;nfy;yhk; ghu;j;jpUf;fpwPu;fs;?
khzth;: nrd;id ts;Stu; Nfhl;lk;>fd;dpahFkup flypy; 133 mb cau
rpiy…….
Mrpupah;:jpUf;Fws; vg;ghtifapy; mike;Js;sJ?
khzth;: jpUf;Fws; Fws; ntz;gh mikg;gpy; cs;sJ.
Mrpupah: jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fis $Wf?
khzth;: jpUf;Fws; 133 mjpfhuq;fs; MFk;.
Mrpupah;: jpUf;Fws; vj;Jizg; gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? $Wf.

khzth;: jpUf;Fws; 3 gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mrpupah;: mwj;Jg;ghypy; xOf;fKilik ve;j mjpfhuj;jpy;; cs;sd.
khzth;;: xOf;fKilik 14 tJ mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;sJ.
Mrpupah;: ,d;iwa tFg;gpy; jpUf;Fwspy; “xOf;fKilik” gw;wp gbg;Nghk;.
(njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;)
2. ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;
Mrpupah; : Fws; ntz;gh vd;gJ ntz;gh tifapd; ,uz;L mb
cs;tifahFk;.,t;tifapd; mbg;gilapy; miktJ jpUf;Fws; MFk;.
(tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;)
Mrpupah;: jpUf;Fwspy; “xof;fKilik” mjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; jpUf;Fws;>
“xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd;> xOf;fk;
caphpDk; xk;gg; gLk;”
- vd;gjhFk;
nghUs;: xUtw;F midj;Jr; rpwg;GfisAk; jUtJ xOf;fNk; Mjyhy;>
mt;nthOf;fj;ij capupDk; Nkyhdjhff; fUjpf; fhj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.
(nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;)
ek; xt;nthUtUila tho;f;ifapYk; xOf;fNk jiyr;rpwe;j fUtpahFk;.
3. ,iltpid
Mrpupau; : ,j;jpUf;Fwspy; kpFjpahf mike;Js;s nrhy; vJ?
khztu; : xOf;fk;
Mrpupau; : capiu tpl kpFjpahf ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vJ?
khztu;: capiu tpl kpFjpahf ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ xOf;fkhFk;.
Mrpupau; : Xk;gg;gLk; vd;gjd; nghUs;?
khztu;: ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;
(tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;)
4. kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;
Mrpupau; :Fws; ntz;gh vd;why; vd;d?
Mrpupau; :jpUf;Fws; cdf;Fj; njupe;j jpUf;Fwisf; $Wf.
Mrpupau; :xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; - ,t;tbapy; $wg;gLtJ xOf;fj;jpd;
rpwg;gh?Njitah?

Mrpupau;:jpUf;Fwisg; gbj;J fhz;gpf;f.
gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; -irif nkhop)

Mrpupau;: k;k;k;…………(gy;
5. njhFj;Jf;$wy;(Mrpupau; ikaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $wy;)

“cyfg; nghJkiw” vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J 1330 jpUf;Fws;fis cilaJ.
nja;tg;Gytu; jpUts;Stu; xOf;fj;ij capupDk; Nkyhdjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,jdhy;
tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fj;ijf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;;.”
( Kbf;Fk; jpwd;)
-------------
FWepiyg; ghlj;ij> gapw;rp ngUk; Nehf;fpy; goFtNj tFg;giw capNuhl;lk;
MFk;.MrpupaH fy;tp ngWNthH> gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisAk; gbepiyfisAk;
xUq;fpizj;J rpW ghlk; xd;wpizj; jahH nra;J fw;gpj;jiyg; goFtu;. FWepiyg;
fw;gpj;jiyf; Fiwe;jJ 20 epkpl mstpyhtJ goFjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ij tFg;giw
capNuhl;lk; vdTk; $wyhk;. tFg;giw capNuhl;lj;ij MrpupaH fy;tpahsH fzpg;gJ
gad;juj; jf;fjha; mikAk;.nfhLf;fg;gl;l gbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>FWepiy
fw;gpj;jYf;fhd gpd;D}l;lk; ngwyhk;. MrpupaUk; cld; gapy;NthUk; FWepiy
fw;gpg;gpid cw;WNehf;fp gpd;D}l;lk; toq;FtJ rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sg; gbtq;fspy; cs;s $Wfs; rpW ghlj;ijf;fw;gpf;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
jpwd;fisf; fzpg;gjw;F cupajhFk;.
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fk; gbtk;
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rp
fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;
cld; gapy;NthH / MrpupaH fzpg;G
Fwpg;G: ,g;gbtj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ntspg;gLk; fw;wy; $WfSf;F vjpNu
nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; ( ) ,f;Fwpapl;Lf; fhl;Lf.
kjpg;gpLjy; : ruhrup = 1> ed;W = 2> kpf ed;W = 3
khzt MrpupaH ngaH: fhyk;: 20 kzpj; Jspfs;
fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs; ruhrup ed;W kpf ed;W nkhj;jk;
njhlq;Fjy;
tpsf;Fjy;
tpdTjy;
gy;tifj; J}z;ly;

nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj;
jpwd; my;yJ irif
njhopj;jpwd;
tYt+l;ly;
Kbj;jy;
ruskhfg; NgRjy;
nkhj;jk;
kjpg;ngz; tPr;R : 8-24

rpWepiy fw;gpj;jypd; nghJ fzpg;G
ruhrup: ed;W: kpf ed;W:
kjpg;ngz;fis EZFjy;
ruhrup : 8
ed;W : 9-16
kpf ed;W : 17-24
cw;WNehf;Fgtu; ifnahg;gk;
FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpapd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis xUq;fpizj;jy; gbtk;

fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;
cld; gapy;NthH / MrpupaH fzpg;G
Fwpg;G: ( ) ,f;Fwpia ,Lf.

kjpg;gpLjy; : ruhrup = 1> ed;W = 2> kpf ed;W = 3
khzt MrpupaH ngaH: fhyk;: 20 kzpj;Jspfs;
fw;gpj;jy; ruhrup ed;W kpf ed;W nkhj;jk;
gbepiyfs;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;
toq;FFjy;
,iltpidg;Ngr;R
rpe;jidapy; Vw;wy;
njhFj;jy;
nkhj;jk;
kjpg;ngz; tPr;R: 5-15

fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfspd; nghJf; fzpg;G

ruhrup: ed;W: kpf ed;W:
kjpg;ngz;fis EZFjy;
ruhrup : 5
ed;W : 6-10
kpf ed;W : 11-15
cw;WNehf;Fgtu; ifnahg;gk;
ciueil fw;gpj;jy;
,jpy;>ciueilapd; nghUs; >ciueilf; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk; > ciueil
fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs; > nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; > mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;
>nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ciueilapd; nghUs;
ghlE}ypy; kpfg; ngUkstpy; ,lk;ngWk; nkhoptbtk; ciueilahFk;.
fl;Liu>ciuahly;>ehlfk; Mfpad ghlE}y;fspy; ciueil tbtpy; ,lk;ngWk;
tbtq;fshFk;.,tw;Ws; Xt;nthd;Wk; nkhopf; fy;tpapy; nkhopj;jpwd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg;
nghUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ> eilKiwg; gad;ghL fUjpAk;> gy ,yf;fpa tbtq;fisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s ikahYk; ciueil nkhopf; fy;tpapd; ,d;wpaikahj
tbtkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ciueil fw;gpj;
pj;jypd; Nehf;fk;
o nkhopj; J}a;ik mwpjy;
o nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk; miljy;
o gpioawg; NgRk; vOJk; jpwd; ngWjy;
o eilKiw ,yf;fzj;jpy; gapw;rp ngwy;
o xypaiktpid mwpjy;
o nrhy; kugpid mwpjy;.
o ghlg;gFjpapd; ikaf;fUj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
o nrhw;nwhlu; mwpjy;
o gj;jp mikf;Fk; tpjj;jpid mwpjy;
ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;
xt;NthH ciueilg; ghlj;ijAk; khztH tpUk;gp Vw;Fk; tz;zk; jf;f
MHt%l;bj; njhlq;fpf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlj;jpw;Nfw;g Kiwfis

MrpupaH tFj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ed;W. vdpDk; nghJthfg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fupa fw;gpj;jy;
gbfs; tUkhW:-
• MHt%l;ly;
khztHfSld; ,ay;ghd #o;epiyapy; ciuahlj; njhlq;fpg; ghlj;Jf;Nfw;g
fUj;Jfis epidt+l;lyhk;. ghlf; fUj;Jfis tpUk;gp Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w
nra;jpfisf; $wp MHt%l;lyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ~khky;yGuk;| vd xU ghlk;
,Ug;gjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. ,q;F gy mofhd rpw;gq;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;br;
rpw;gf;fiy rpwg;Gg; gw;wp khztuplk; ciuahLjy; MHt%l;Ljyhf mikAk;.
• Kd;Diu
Nkw;$wpathW ghlj;jpw;Nfw;w nra;jpfisf; $wp MHt%l;ba gpd;dH> mf;Fwpf;fg;gl;l
ghlj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd Kd;Diuiaf; $w Ntz;Lk;. rpy ghlq;fspy; MHt %l;Ljypy;
$Wk; nra;jpfNs Kd;Diuahf mikjy; $Lk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ~khky;yGuk;|
ghlj;jpw;F MHt%l;ba gpd;dH khky;yGuk; gw;wpAk;> gy;yt kd;dH gw;wpAk; $Wjy;
ghl Kd;Diuahf mikAk;.
Fwpg;G:-:- MHt%l;ly;> ghl Kd;Diu Mfpait xt;NthH ciueilg; ghlj;ijAk;
Gjpjhfj; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. njhlH ghlkhf mikapd; Kd; ele;j
ghlg; gFjpapy; rpy tpdhf;fs; Nfl;Lf; fw;w ghlg;gFjpg; nghUis epidt+l;bj;
njhlHe;J fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ghlg;gFjpia MrpupaH gbj;jy;

y
mLj;J> MrpupaH Gjpa ghlg; gFjpiag; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ciueilg; ghlk;
KOikAk; gbf;f Ntz;ba jpy;iy. jhk; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpy; mg;ghl Ntisapy;
vj;jid gj;jpfisf; fw;gpf;fpwhNuh mtw;iw kl;Lk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaH ,UKiw
gbj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; ed;W. gpd;dH> gj;jp gj;jpahfg; gbj;Jf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW xU gj;jpiag; gbf;fj; njhlq;FKd; khztuplk; ~ehd; Kjw;gj;jpiag;
gbj;jJk;> mjd; ikaf; fUj;J ahJ vd cq;fisf; Nfl;Ngd; gFjpia ed;F
ftdpf;f|> vd;W $wpg; gbj;jy; ed;W. mtHfsplk; ikaf;fUj;ijj; jFe;j tpdhf;fs;
%yk; tutiof;f Kay Ntz;Lk;. Kbatpy;iynadpy; Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhJ MrpupaH
ikaf; fUj;ijf; $wpf; fUk;gyifapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
• nra;jpfisf; $wp tpsf;Fjy;

gj;jpiag; gbj;J mjd; ikaf; fUj;ij khztuplkpUe;J tutioj;Njh> MrpupaNu
$wpNah fUk;gyifapy; vOjpa gpd;dH xt;nthU thf;fpakhfg; gbj;Jg; Gjpa
nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;Nfhshf NtW E}y;fspypUe;J rpy mbfs; nfhLf;fg; ngw;wpUg;gpd; me;E}y; gw;wpa
Fwpg;G> Nkw;NfhshfTs;s mbfs; jtpu mr;nra;Aspd; gpw mbfs; Mfpatw;iwf; $w
Ntz;Lk;.
ghlf; fUj;Jfis kl;Lk; mg;gbNa tpsf;fpr; nry;yhJ tho;f;ifAld; njhlHG
gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; jFe;j ehl;Lg;glk;. gpwehl;Lf; fhl;rpg;

glq;fs;> nghUs;fs;> ,lq;fspd; glq;fs; Nghd;w Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;
ghlg;gFjpapd; fUj;J> nra;Al; gFjpapy; ,Ug;gpd; mj;Jld; ,izj;Jk;> ,yf;fz
tpjpfisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Vw;wjhf ,Ug;gpd;> ,yf;fzg; ghlj;Jld; ,izj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mwptpay; nra;jpfs;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gpd; mt;tg;ghlq;fSld;
,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; ed;W. ,t;thW ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; khztUf;Fg; ghlj;jpy;
MHt%l;LtJld;> ghlg;nghUs; kdj;jpy; ed;F gjpaTk; cjTk;.
• nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;
paspj;jy;
xU ghlNtisapy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba gFjpiaf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghONj mupa
nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;fr; nra;jy;> njhlHfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;fr;
nra;jy;> kuGj; njhlHfs;> gonkhopfs;> ctikfs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw mikj;J
thf;fpaq;fs; vOjr; nra;jy; Kjypa nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; thf;fpa
tiffisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b thf;fpa khw;wq;fs; gapw;rpAk; mspf;fyhk;. cld;ghL-vjpHkiw>
nra;jp-tpag;G> NeH$w;W-maw;$w;W> nra;tpid-nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpa khw;wq;fs;
tFg;G epiyf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; ,k;nkhopg; gapw;rpapy; ,lk; ngWk;. ciueilg; ghlj;jpy;
nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; khztH nkhopj;jpwd; ngwg;ngupJk; cjTk;.
• khzhf;fiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy;

ngUk;ghyhd MrpupaHfs; jhk; ghlg;gFjpiag; gbj;jJk; rpy khztiug; gbf;fr;
nra;fpd;wdH. ,k;Kiw mj;Jiz rpwe;jjd;W. Vnddpy;> Gjpa ghlg;gFjpapy; Gjpa
nrhw;fSk;> mUQ;nrhw;nwhlHfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; fUj;Jk; Gjpajhf
,Uf;Fk;. Gjpa nrhw;fis xypg;gjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLk;. nghUs; tpsq;Fk; gFjpiar;
NrHj;Jg; gbg;gjpYk; khztH jtW nra;jy; $Lk;. Mjypd;> mg;gj;jp KOikiaAk;
MrpupaH ed;F fw;gpj;j gpd;dNu khztiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ MrpupaH Jizf;fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mupa nrhw;fis vOjpf; fhl;lTk;> Gjpa nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOjTk;> nrhw;fisg;
gpupj;Jf; fhl;lTk; MrpupaH fUk;gyifiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. NtWghL
czHj;jTk;> ftdj;ij ,Of;fTk; tz;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; ed;W.
CH ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; fhl;lTk;> nry;Yk; topiaf; fhl;lTk;> ehl;bd; vy;iyfisAk;
fhl;lTk;> ehl;Lg; glq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ghlg;nghUSf;Nfw;w
Jizf;fUtpfis MrpupaH jFe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy; ed;W.
• ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;
ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;j gpd;dH> fw;gpj;j gFjpia mwpe;J nfhz;lduh vdj;
NjHe;jwpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy; vd;Nghk;. Gjpa
nrhw;fspd; nghUs; Nfl;ly;> nrhw;fis> njhlHfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikf;fr; nra;jy;>
ghlf; fUj;J gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Mfpad jpUg;Gjypy; mlq;Fk;. ghlj;ijf;

fw;gpj;j gpd;dH MrpupaH fl;lhakhfj; jpUg;Gjy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J
ey;y tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpahfTk; mikAk;.
• fUk;gyif Ntiy
ghlj;jpw;FMHt%l;ba gpd;dH ghlj;jiyg;gpidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jpapd; ikaf; fUj;J vOJjy;> mUQ;nrhw;fSk; nghUSk; vOJjy;> nrhw;fisg;
gpupj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;> y>s>o> xypNtw;Wikahy; nghUs; NtWgLk; nrhw;fis vOjpf;
fhl;Ljy;> Njitahd glk; tiue;J fhl;Ljy; Kjypa gy nray;fs; fUk;gyif
Ntiyahf mikAk;> fhjhy; Nfl;gijtplf; fz;zhy; ghHg;gJ nra;jp kdj;jpy; ed;F
Gjpa cjTtjhy; MrpupaH fUk;gyifiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• tPl;L Ntiy
ghl ,Wjpapy; jpUg;Gjy; tpdhf;fshff; Nfl;l tw;wpw;F khzhf;fH tha;nkhopahf
tpil $wpdH. mt;tpdhf;fSf;F tPl;by; tpil vOjp tUk;gb tPl;L Ntiyahff;
nfhLf;fyhk;. mjd; %yk; khztH vOj;Jg; gapw;rp ngWtH. tpdhf;fSf;Fupa
tpilfisg; gbj;J tur; nra;ayhk;. mtHfsJ kdg;ghl Mw;wy; tsUk;. ,t;thW
nkhog; ghlj;jpy; tPl;L Ntiy mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ciueil> nra;As; vd;gd tbtk; gw;wpa NtWghl;il czHj;Jtd. tuyhW>
kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;wit nghUs; gw;wpa NtWghl;il czu;j;Jtd.
tuyhW nra;As; eilapYk; ciueilapYk; mikAk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
nra;As; tbtj;jpNyNa mike;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mit ciueilapYk; mikfpd;wd.
rpWfij> Gjpdk;> gazf; fl;Liu Kjypad ciueilapYk; mikfpd;wd. rpWfij>
Gjpdk;> gazf; fl;Liu Kjypad ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;
xUtH kpFjpahd nrhw;fis mwpe;jpUe;jhy;jhd; gpwH NgRtijf; Nfl;lwpaTk;>
Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;jwpaTk; KbAk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; nrhy; njhFjpia mwpe;j nrhw; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH. fUj;JfisAk;>
czHr;rpiaAk; ntspgLj;Jk; nrhy; njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH.
,t;thW mwpe;j nrhw;fsQ;rpak; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fsQ;rpak; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
mwpe;j nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij kpFjpg;gLj;JtJld; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;
nrhw;fsQ;rpakhf khw;WtNj nkhopg; ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg;
ngUf;Fk; Kiwfisg; nghJ Nehf;fq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; gbj;jPHfs;. mtw;Ws; Vw;w
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;
ve;j xU ciueil ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJk; mjpy; mike;Js;s Gjpar;
nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd vspa nrhw;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs;
ciueilg; ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;
nra;tJ md;whl khztu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fs; tpiuthfg; gbf;f ,r;nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk; cjTfpwJ. xU nrhy; gy
nghUs; cila nrhw;fis khztu;f;F vOj gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nra;As; fw;gpj;jy;;
,jpy; nra;Aspd; nghUs; - nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk; - nra;As;
fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs; - nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs; Mfpad
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nra;As; nghUs;
nra;As; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUs; tpsq;fr; RUf;fkhfr;
nra;ag;gLtJ.Xiria mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lg; ghlg;gLtJ nra;As;. ,J xU
,yf;fz tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;Nl mikaNtz;Lk;. nra;As; Xir eak; kpf;fjhf
tpsq;FfpwJ.
nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
o ,yf;fpa eak; $wy;
o fw;gid Mw;wiy tsu;j;jy;
o nrhw;Ritf; $wy;
o njhil eak; mwpjy;
o ,iwAzu;tpid Cl;ly;
o mzp eyk; fhzy;
o moFzu;r;rpia tsu;j;jy;
o ehl;Lg; gw;wpid tsu;j;jy;
o nkhopg;gw;wpid tsu;j;jy;
o gz;ghl;bidg; Nghw;wy;
o Xir eak; ngwy;
nra;As; gFjpapYs;s gDty;fis %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit
nra;As;> ftpij> mUl;ghly; vd;gdthk;. xt;nthU tifr; nra;AisAk;> jdpj;jdpg;
ghly;fisAk; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ> rpwg;G Nehf;fk; ghliyg; nghUj;J NtWNtwhf
mikAk;. vdNt> rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fs; mt;tg; ghliyg; nghWj;J mikAk;@
nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;
nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fs;> ciueiliaf; fw;gpf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fspdpd;Wk;
NtWgl;lit. vdNt> nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;Kiw> me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjhf
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;Aspd; fUj;JzHjYf;F ,k;Kiwfs; Njit. vdpDk;>
nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ> gjTiu nghopg;Giu $WjiyNa Kjd;ikahd
Ntiyahff; nfhs;Sjy;$lhJ. ,tw;wpw;F khwhf> nra;As; fUj;JzHjy;> czHr;rpapy;
xd;WgLjy;> eak; czHe;J Nghw;Wjy;> ghbg;ghb ,d;gkiljy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSk;
epiwNtWk;tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ fPOs;s
Kiwfspy; Vw;Gilatw;iwf; ifahsyhk;.
nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Nfw;w #o;epiyaikj;jy;
ve;jr; nra;AisAk; khztHfSf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;Kd;G jFe;j #o;epiyia
cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;ftpUf;Fk; nra;Aspd;fUj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw

MHtj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwk;> gs;S> FwtQ;rp> fyk;gfk; Kjyhd
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xU gFjpapidNah> jdpg;ghly;fisNah> tUzidg;
ghly;fisNah fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ ,J rpwe;j KiwahFk;.
· Kd;Diu $wy;
jFe;j #o;epiyaikj;j gpd;dH> fw;gpf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nra;As;> vr;nra;As;
gFjpapd; njhlHr;rp vd;gijr; nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. njhlHepiyr; nra;As; gFjpahapd;
Kd;fijg; gFjpiaf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. jdpg; ghlyhapd;> mg;ghly; ghlg;ngw;w #oy;
epfo;r;rpiaf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Njitahd Kd;Diuiaf; $wpr;
nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
· nra;Ais ,yf;fpak; eak; Njhd;wg; gbj;jy;
y
ghlg;gFjpaha; mike;j nra;Aisf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fupa #o;epiyia
cUthf;fpagpd;dH> Kjd;Kjy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjid ,irAld; ghLjy;
rpwe;jJ. ciueiliag; gbg;gJNghy; gbj;jhy;> nrhw;fspd; xyp eaj;jpid khztHfs;
czu KbahJ. ,irAld; ghLjypy; jFe;j jpwik jkf;fpy;iynad MrpupaH
fUjpdhy;> rPHgpupj;Jr; re;jmikg;NghL Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld; gbj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJ jhd; ciueilapdpd;Wk; nra;As; NtWgl;lJ vd;gjid khztHfs;
czHtH.
· fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlUk;Kiw
fw;gpf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nra;Al;Fupa Xirapy; gbj;Jf; fhl;ba gpd;dH> nra;Al;
fUj;ij> ghlypd; czHr;rpia> khztHfs; mwpar;nra;tJld;> mjd; eaj;jpidAk;
czuj; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; kpfr;rpwe;j> Rit kpFe;j
gFjpahFk;. MrpupaH nra;As; eaj;jpy; <Lgl;L ciug;gjhYk;> khztHfs; njhlHe;J
Nfl;L tUtjhYk; nra;As;eak; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
· ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;
nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jgpd;dH> rpy tpdhf;fis vOg;gp> khztHfis ghly;
fUj;ij KOikahff; $wr; nra;ayhk;. ctikiag; nghUnshL nghUj;jpf;fhl;lr;
nra;ayhk;. mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wk;gb Nfl;fyhk;. ,itaidj;Jk;> jpUg;Gjy;
tpdhf;fshf mikAk;.
· Jizf;fUtp
nra;As; gFjpiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fj; jahupj;j Jizf;fUtpfis cupa ,lj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jpg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;As;gFjp ,lk;ngw;w E}iyg; gw;wpa
fhyf;fzpg;Gr; nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gpd;> mtw;iw Kjypy; Rl;bf;fhl;b> vf;fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;wpa E}iyg; gbf;fpNwhk; vd mwpar;nra;ayhk;. E}y; tpsf;fg; ghlj;ijf; fhl;b>
mjpy; vg;gFjpia ehk; gbf;fpNwhk; vdf; $wpg; ghlj;ijj; njhlq;fyhk;. rpNyil eak;
mike;j ghlg;gFjp jf;f tpsf;fg; glq;fisj; Jizf;fUtpfshfg; ngw;wpUf;Fkhapd;>
xt;NthH mbia tpsf;Fk;nghOJk;> njhlupd; ,U nghUs;fisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fisf;
fhl;b tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Jizf;fUtpfis MrpupaH jf;fKiwapy;
ifahz;L ghlj;ijr; rpwg;ghff; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
· tPl;L Ntiy
nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jgpd;dH> khztHfSf;F tPl;L Ntiyahfr; rpy gapw;rp
tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpdhf;fisf; fUj;JzH tpdhf;fs;> eaKzH
tpdhf;fs;> nra;Kiw Ntiy tpdhf;fs; vd %tifahf mikf;fyhk;. njhlHfspd;

nghUisNah> ghly; fUj;ijNah vOjptur; nra;jy; fUj;JzH tpdhf;fs; tifiar;
rhHe;jit ahFk;. eaKs;s njhlHfis vLj;njOJjy;> vJifj; njhlHfis vOJjy;
Nghd;wit eaKzH tpdhf;fs; tifiar; rhUk;. nra;As; fUj;Jf;Nfw;w glk;
tiuar;nra;jy;> rpNyilia tpsf;fg;glk; tiuar;nra;jy;> fhl;rpiag; glkhf
tiuar;nra;jy; Nghd;wit nra;Kiw Ntiyg; gapw;rpiar; NrHe;jitahFk;. jFe;j
tPl;LNtiyia Kd;djhfNt MrpupaH jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhLj;J> ghlypd; fUj;ijAk;
eaj;ijAk; khztHfs; czu cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs;

· MrpupaH tuyhW $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; vr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpg;gjhapDk; mjidg; gilj;j MrpupaH
tuyhw;iwf; $wpNa fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FtH. MrpupaH tuyhW> mtupaw;wpa gpwE}y;fs;>
mtH fhyj;Jg; gpwGytHfs;> Mjupj;j ts;sy;> mtuJ fhyk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wp
Kbj;Jtpl;Lr; nra;As; gFjpiaj; njhlq;Fk;nghOJ> khztHfs; fisg;giltH.
Fwpg;gpl;l Mrpupaupd; tuyhw;iw mwpa Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtk; khztHfs; cs;sj;jpy;
vohjhifahy;> mr;nra;jpfs; rypg;Gj; jUtdthf mikAk;. vdNt> MrpupaH
tuyhw;iwf; $wpr; nra;As; gFjpiaj; njhlq;Fk;Kiw rpwe;jjd;W. mt;thwhapd;
MrpupaH gw;wpa Fwpg;ig vg;nghOJ $Wtnjd;w tpdh vOkd;Nwh? nra;Aisf;
fw;gpj;jgpd;> ,Wjpapy;> ~,t;tsT RitkpFe;j ghliyg; ghbatH ahH njupAkh?| vd;w
tpdhit naOg;gp MHt%l;b> mtH tuyhw;iwf; $wyhk;. njhlf;fepiy tFg;Gfspy;>
MrpupaH gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; FiwthfTk;> caH tFg;Gfspy; me;j MrpupaH fhyj;Jg;
gpwGytHfs;> E}ypaw;wpa tuyhWNghd;w Fwpg;GfSld; tpupthfTk; $Wjy; ed;W.
· mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fpj; njhlq;Fjy;

rpy MrpupaHfs;> fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mUQ;nrhw;fs;
midj;ijAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> mtw;wpw;Fg; nghUs;fisf; $wptpl;Lr; nra;Aisf;
fw;gpf;fpd;wdH. ,k;Kiwapy; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ nra;Aisg; gbj;jJk; khztHfs;
nghUs; czHe;J nfhs;tH vd vjpHghHf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> xUtpjj; njhlHGkw;w
epiyapy; rpy nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUs;fisAk; Kjypy; fw;gpf;fj;
njhlq;Ftjhy;> khztHfSf;Fr; rypg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. md;wpAk;> nrhw;fs;
jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; czHj;Jk; nghUSk;> nra;Aspy; mJ mike;j ,lj;ijnahl;b
czHj;Jk; nghUSk; NtWgLjy; $Lk;. Mjypd;> ,k;KiwAk; rpwe;jjd;W. nra;Aisf;
fw;gpj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;wepiyapy;> ghlypd; fUj;ij czHe;J Nghw;Wtjw;Nfw;w
tifapy;> mjpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mUQ;nrhw;fspd; nghUis czHj;JjNy ed;W.
· gpd;dzp $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;

ftpQupd; czHr;rp mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wfpw nra;As;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyapy;
cUg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mr; #o;epiyia nkhopMrpupaH mwpe;J tpsf;fp> mjd;gpd;
nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;fyhk;. ,JNt> #o;epiy $wpj; njhlq;Fk; KiwahFk;.
ftpQH ve;jr; #o;epiyapy; nra;Aisg; ghbdhH vd mwpe;Jnfhz;lhy;> nra;Aspd;
czHr;rpiag; ngWjYk;> eak; czHe;J Nghw;WjYk; vspikahFk;. ,J rpwe;jnjhU

KiwNa. ngUk;ghYk; jdpg;ghly; nra;As;fis ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpj; njhlq;fyhk;.
,it jtpu> gpwnra;As;fSf;F ,k;Kiw nghUe;Jk; vd;W $Wtjw;fpy;iy. Mjypd;>
jdpg; ghly;fshf mike;j nra;As;ePq;fyhf NtW nra;As;fSf;F> NtW jFe;j
Kiwiaf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
· MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy;
fw;gpf;f ,Uf;fpd;w nra;Aspd; fUj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtj;ij
khztHfsplj;jpy; vOg;gpg; gpd;dHr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FjNy MHt%l;bj;
njhlq;Fjy; KiwahFk;. ,jw;Fj; jFe;j #o;epiyia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt>,jidr; #o;epiyaikj;Jj; njhlq;Fk;Kiw vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
Vnddpy;> jFe;j #o;epiy aike;jhy;jhd;> khztHfSf;Fr; nra;Aisg; gbf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtk; vOk;. njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fspd; xU gFjpapidNah> Fwk;>
FwtQ;rp> fyk;gfk; Mfpa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; xU gFjpapidNah> tUzidr;
nra;As;fisNah fw;gpf;f ,J rpwe;j KiwahFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fspd; RitkpFe;j
gFjpfis ed;F tpsf;Ftjd;%yk; MHt%l;lyhk;. khztHfSf;Fr; rpwe;j MHtj;ijj;
J}z;btpLNthkhapd; ghlg; gFjpahfTs;s nra;As;fisg; gbg;gjpy; ngUtpUg;gj;Jld;
<LgLtH. mj;Jld; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l fhtpaj;jpd; gpw gFjpfisNah> mf;ftpQH ,aw;wpa
NtW E}y;fisNah gbf;fTk; Kw;gLtH.
· gpupj;Jf; $Wk;Kiw
nra;Aisg; gbj;J> gjTiu> nghopg;Giu> fUj;Jiu> ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G> njhil
eak;> mzp eak; vdg; gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwiag; gpupj;Jf;$Wk;
Kiwnad;gH. ,k;Kiw nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;jYf;F Vw;w rpwe;j Kiwad;W. vdpDk;>
kpff; fbdkhd nra;Al;fs; ,k;Kiwahy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpo;nkhop fy;tpapy; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ nra;As; fw;gpg;gjhfk;. Ke;ija ghlj;jpy;
$wg;gl;l nkhop fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; gy nra;As; fw;gjhy; epiwNtW fpd;wd.
nra;As; ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fhky; jkpo; nkhop fy;tp epiwT ngwhJ. Mifahy; nra;As;
fw;gpg;G KiwfSk;> Nehf;fq;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.NkYk;>
ciueil>nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; NtWghLfs;
nra;As; ciueil
1.Xir eak;> Xypaikjp> nrhy; kuG> njhlu; kuG>gj;jp
nrhw;Rit>nghUs;Rit>moFzu;T kuG>nkhopj;J}a;ik>nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;>
Mfpatw;wpd; topahf khztu;fspd; eilKiw ,yf;fzk; Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf
gz;ghl;il tsu;g;gJ nra;As; khztu;fspd; nkhopawpit tsu;j;J KOik
ghlj;jpd; rPhpa Nehf;fkhFk;. ngwr;nra;J ciueilg; ghlj;jpd; cahpa
Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. nra;Al; ghlj;jpy; eaKzu;e;J ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhw;fsQ;rpak;

Nghw;Wjy; jiyaha Nehf;fk;. ngUf;FjYk;> nrhy;yhl;rpj;jpwd; tsu;j;jYk;
jiyaha Nehf;fq;fs;.
3.nra;Aspy; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs;
ciu nrhy;t; ciueilahf;FtJ nrhy;tJ> nrhw;fisj; njhlu;fspy;

nra;Al; gbg;igr; Ritaw;wjhf;Fk;. mikf;fr;nra;tJ Nghd;wit gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
4. nra;Al; ghlj;ij Mrphpau; ciueilg; ghlj;ijg; gj;jp gj;jpahfg;

,irAld; gbj;J>eakhd gbj;J Mrphpau; tpsf;fpr; nrhy;thu;.
gFjpfisf; $wp kfpo> khztu;fs;
mt;tofpy; <LgLtu;.
5. nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhy;ypd; ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhy;ypd;
gz;Gg;nghUs; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;. Neu;nghUSf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gLk;.
mjid tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
6.nra;Al; xypeak; czu;e;J kfpo ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; fUj;Jzu;jy;
Ntz;Lkhifahy;> tha;tpl;Lg; Nehf;fkhifahy;> tha;f;Fl; gbj;jy;
gbj;jy; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;. gbg;gbahfr; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;.
,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jy;
,jpy; ,yf;fzj;jpd; nghUs; - ,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; - ,yf;fzk;
fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;: tpjptUKiw>tpjptpsf;FKiw - ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij
,dpikahf;Fjy; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yf;fzj;jd; nghUs;
xU nkhopapd; gad;ghl;L tpjpfis ,yf;fzk; vdyhk;. nkhopapd; mikg;igAk;
gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; tiuaiw nra;Ak; tpjpfisr; Rl;LfpwJ.nkhopf;F ,yf;fhfg;
nghUe;jpa ,ay;jid ,yf;fznkdj; jkpo;g; ngupNahu; toq;Ftu;.
jkpo; nkhop>,aw;wkpo;>,irj;jkpo;>ehlfj;jkpo; vd 3 gpupTfis cilaJ.,itNa
Kj;jkpo; vd miof;fg;gl fhuzkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. nra;As;>ciueil Mfpatw;wpd;
,aw;wkpohFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wkpopy; fpilj;Js;s kpfg;gioa ,yf;fz E}yhFk;.
,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;
• gpioapy;yhky; NgRtjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

• eilKiw vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; $Wjy;.
• fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wij ciuj;jy;.
• xyp mikg;G> nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;G ,yf;fz tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy;
czuitj;jy;.
,yf;fzk;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
,yf;fz fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ tpjptUKiw >tpjptpsf;F Kiw Mfpa ,U
Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. mt;tpU KiwfisAk; gw;wp tpupthf mwpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;.
• tpjptU Kiw
khztHfSf;Fj; njupe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; nfhz;L mtw;wpilNaAs;s xw;Wik>
Ntw;Wikfis Muha;e;J xU nghJ tpjpapid tUtpj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; tpjptU

KiwahFk;. tpjpapid Kjypy; $whJ khztH tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
nrhw;nwhlHfspypUe;J khztHfNs tpjpapid mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;tjhy; ,J rpwe;j
KiwahfpwJ. rpwe;j Ngr;R Kiwapy;> jpUe;jpa vOj;J Kiwapy; mike;Js;s
,ay;gpid tiuaWj;Jf; $WtNj> ,yf;fz tpjpnad;gjidAk; khztH ew;FzHtH.
nrhw;nwhlHfis my;yJ vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJtjw;F
khztuplk; ,ay;ghf ciuahLtJ Nghy; MrpupaH njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. ciuahlypd;
,ilNa rpy njhlHfis MrpupaH jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> khztH
m/J ,ay;ghf Vw;gl;ljhf vd;Dk; gbaikjy; ed;W. ,t;thW mikapd; ghlk;
Ritkpf;fjhf tpsq;Fk;.
MrpupaH xU epfo;r;rpiaf; $Wtjhfj; njhlq;fyhk; “tUk; topapy; xU rpWtd;

khkuj;jpd; kPJ fy;nywpe;jhd;@ Njhl;lf;fhud; tUtJ fz;L Xbdhd;@ fPNo
tpOe;jhd; mtd; fhnyhbe;jJ..." ,t;thW rpytw;iwr; nrhy;yp epWj;jpr; rpWtd; vd;d
nra;jhd;? fy;nywpe;jhd; vd;Dk; mtDf;F vd;d NeHe;jJ? fhnyhbe;jJ vd;W
tpdhf;fs; %yk; tpil tutioj;Jj; jdpj;jdpNa fUk;gyifapy; vOjpg; gpupj;J vOjr;
nra;ayhk;. fy; vwpe;jhd;. fhy; xbe;jJ vdTk; vOJtH. ,jidj; njhlHe;J
nghd;dhir> jd;dpay;T> ngha;Aly;> gy;yhz;L Nghd;w njhlHfisAk; gapUaHe;jJ.
thafd;wJ> gokpdpj;jJ Nghd;w njhlHfisAk; fUk;gyifapy; tifg;gLj;jp vOjyhk;.
epiy nkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpypd; gpd; tUk; xw;W> tUnkhop Kjypy; capH te;jhy;
,ul;bf;Fk; jd;ikia mtHfisNa $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; “jdpf; Fwpy;
Kd; xw;W capHtupd; ,ul;Lk;" vd;Dk; tpjpapidf; $wr; nra;ayhk;.
tpjptU Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;
,t;tpjptU Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjpy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. (1)
khztHfs; jhq;fs; mwpe;j gy nrha;jpfspypUe;J> mwpahj xU nghJ tpjpapid
mwpe;J nfhs;tH. fw;gpj;jypy; njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w
cstpay; nfhs;iff;F ,J nghUj;jkhAs;sJ. (2) khztH Gjpa tpjpapidj; jhNk
vz;zpg; ghHj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtHfs; kdj;jpy; mJ ed;whfg; gjpfpwJ (3)
,k;Kiwapy; khztHfSf;Fg; ghlj;jpy; MHtk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jhq;fshfNt xU tpjpiaf;
fz;L gpbj;jjhf czHr;rp Vw;gLtjhy; mtHfsJ jd;dk;gpf;if tsHfpwJ.
,k;Kiwapd; %yk; fw;gpg;gjpy; rpy FiwfSk; cs;sd. (1) ,k;Kiwapd;gb gy
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisg; ghHj;J> khztH xt;nthU nghJtpjpapid mwptjw;F ePz;l
NeukhFk;. (2) ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpj;jhy; khztH ngw Ntz;ba ,yf;fz
mwpT KOikiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jy; ,ayhjjhFk;. (3)
khztidf; ~fz;L gpbg;Nghd;| epiyapy; itj;J> vLj;Jf; fhl;lfs; %yk; mtidNa
nghJ tpjpapidf; fz;Lgpbf;fr; nra;tjw;F MrpupaH jdpj;jdpik tha;e;jtuhjy;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; MrpupaH xU ghlj; jiyg;Gf;Nf ePz;l Neuk; jahupj;jy; Njitg;gLk;.
tpjptpsf;F Kiw:
Kiw
khztHfNs vspjpy; fz;Lzu Kbahj rpy tpjpfis MrpupaH tpjptpsf;F
Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;. ,yf;fz tpjpnahd;iwf; $wp mjidg; gy vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs;
%yk; tpsf;Fjy; tpjptpsf;F KiwahFk; ,k;KiwNa goq;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fzk;
fw;gpj;jypy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l KiwahFk;.

nka;aPw;Wg; GzHr;rpapy; z> fu> d fu <w;Wg; GzHr;rpiaf; $Wk; ed;D}y; tpjp>
“z d ty;ypdk; tul;lwTk;> gpwtupd;
,ay;GkhFk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk;@ my;topf;F

midj;J nka;tupDk; ,ay;ghFk;Nk"
vd;W $wp> mjd; gpd;dH xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; vLj;Jf; fhl;L nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpapy; ty;ypdk; tu zfu nka;-lfu nka;ahfTk;> dfu nka; wfu
nka;ahfTk; khWk;.
kz; + Flk; - kl;Flk;@ nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk;.
Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpapy; nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; tuzfuKk;> dfuKk;
,ay;ghfNtapUf;Fk;.
kz; + kiy - kz;kiy@ nghd; + td;ik - nghd;td;ik
mt;topg; GzHr;rpapy; tUnkhop Kjypy; %tpdKk; tuzfuKk;> dfuKk; ,ay;ghfNt
,Uf;Fk;.
nghd; rpwe;jJ@ tpz; epiwe;jJ.
,t;thW tpjpiaf; $wp vLj;Jf; fhl;bd; %yk; tpsf;fpr; nry;tjhy; tUk;
ed;ikfshtd:
(1) ,yf;fzg; ghlg;gFjpia kpf tpiuthff; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
(2) ,yf;fz tpjpfSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSk; E}ypy; nfhLf;fg; gl;bUg;gjhy; MrpupaH
kpf vspjhff; fw;gpj;jy; $Lk;@ ePz;l Neuj; jahupg;G Njitapy;iy.
tpjptpsf;F Kiwapy; rpy FiwfSk; cs;sd
(1) fw;gpj;jypy; njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
cstpay; nfhs;iff;F ,k;Kiw Kw;wpYk; khwhdJ. (2) MrpupaH ,yf;fz tpjpia
tpiuthff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J tplyhk;. Mdhy;> khztH tpjpia ed;whf mwpe;J
nfhz;lhHfs; vd;W cwjpahfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. (3) ,k;Kiwapd; gb MrpupaH
nrhy;tij khztH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gijj; jtpu NtW Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy.
Mjyhy;> fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,yf;fz mwpT neLehs;fSf;F epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W
nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy.
tpjptpsf;F Kiw> tpjptUKiw Mfpa ,U KiwfspYk; FiwfSk;> epiwfSk;
cs;sd. MrpupaH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk; Vw;w
Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpjptU KiwAk;> tpjp tpsf;F KiwAk; fye;jnjhU
Kiwg;gb fw;gpj;jYk; eyk; gag;gjhFk;.
,UKiwfSf;FKs;s NtWghLfs;

tpjptpsf;F Kiw tpjptU Kiw
1. nghJ tpjpiaf; $wp vLj;Jf; 1.vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisf; $wp mtw;wpdpd;Wk;
fhl;Lfis tpsf;FfpwJ. nghJ tpjpia mikf;fpwJ.
2. Gjpa mwpT KjypNyNa 2. ghl Kbtpy; Gjpa mwpT ngWfpd;wdH.

toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. tpiuthff; fw;gpf;fyhk;. fhyr; 3.nkJthfr; nry;Yk; Kiw Neuk;
nryT FiwT. mjpfkhFk;.
4. ngWk; ,yf;fz mwpT 4.ngw;w ,yf;fz mwpT cWjpahf epiy
cWjpahf epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk; vdf; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
$w KbahJ.
5. njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; 5.csE}y; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wKiw.
nry;Yjy; Nghd;w csE}y;
nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wKiwad;W.
6. Ra rpe;jidf;F ,lkpy;iy 6. rpe;jid nra;J nghJ tpjpiaf;
fz;L gpbg;gjhy; jd;dk;gpf;ifia
tsHf;fpd;wJ.
7. ,yf;fz E}ypy; cs;s 7. khzhf;fH jk; taJf;Fk; mwpT
E}w;ghtpidAk; vLj;Jf; epiyf;Fk; Vw;g vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisj;
fhl;LfisAk; $Wtjhy; MrpupaH jahupf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; MrpupaUf;F
Ntiy vspjhfpd;wJ. Ntiy mjpfkhfpd;wJ.
,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;fy;

kf;fs; jq;fsplk; ,ay;ghf mike;jpUe;j xypnaOg;gk; jpwidr; rpwpJ rpwpjhfg;
nghUs; jUk; xd;whfr; nra;J nkhopiag; gilj;Jf; nfhz;ldH vdf; fz;Nlhk;. xypf;
FwpaPLfs; nrg;gkile;jgpd; Ngr;R nkhop cz;lhapw;W. fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y kf;fs;
jk nrtpfshy; czuty;y xyptbtkhd FwpaPLfSf;Ff; fz;fshy; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;
$ba tuptbtf; FwpaPLfis mikf;f Kad;W ntw;wp ngw;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf
vOj;J nkhop cz;lhapw;W. Ke;ijNahH Ngrp te;j mNj Kiwapy; Ngrp xUtUld;
xUtH fye;J gofpdH. ve;jr; nrhy;iy> vg;nghUspy;> caHe;NjhH toq;fp te;jdNuh
mr;nrhy;iy mNj nghUspy; kw;wtUk; toq;fpd.;
~vs;spdpd;Wk; vz;nza; vLg;gJ Nghd;W ,yf;fpaj; jpdpd;Wk; vLf;fg;gLtJ
,yf;fzk;| vd;W ~Ngufj;jpak; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. vd; ey;y vs;shf ,Ug;gpd;>
vz;nza; ey;yjhf miktJ Nghd;W ,yf;fpak; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpd; ,yf;fzKk;
rpwe;j xd;whf mikAk; vd;gJ njspT. ed;D}y; ,aw;wpa ~gtze;jp KdptUk;|
~,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ay;gypd;| vd;W $wpAs;shH.
,yf;fzk; - Njd;
NtW rpyH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;L nkd;fpd;wdH. ,g;ghlj;jpy;
khztH ey;y NjHr;rp ngWjy; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;Wk;> ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy; NjHr;rp
ngw;w gpd;Ng ,yf;fpak; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ,tHfs; $Wfpd;wdH.
goq;fhyj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; fw;w gpd;Ng ,yf;fpak; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l
njd;gijAk;> rpy ehLfspy; njhlf;fg; gs;spfis ,yf;fzg; gs;spfs; vd;Nw

mioj;jikiaAk; ,tHfs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ,yf;fz tpjpfis Kiwahfg;
gapyhtpby; nkhopiar; nrk;ikAwf; fw;wjhff; nfhs;sy; KbahJ. vdNt ,yf;fzg;
ghlj;ij midj;J tFg;GfspYk; xU jdpg;ghlkhff; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tHfs;
fUj;jhFk;.
~,yf;fzk; Njd;| vd;ghUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; rpyH nkhopiag; gpioawg;
NgrTk;> vOjTk; Njitg;gLk; ,yf;fz mwpitg; ghlj;NjhL ,izj;Jf; fw;gpf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;W nrhy;fpd;wdH. nkhopawpit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,yf;fzk; xU
JizahfNt cs;sJ vd;gjid ehk; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fzk; vd;gJ nkhopapd; nghJ tpjpfisf; $Wtjhy; mtw;iw mwpe;J
nfhs;sf; $ba gUtj;jpy; ,yf;fz mwpT toq;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W nfhs;syhk;.
Kiwahd ,yf;fzg; ghlk; njhlq;fg; ngWtjw;F Kd; ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fis> mwpKfg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l Fiwfs; NeuhjthW ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;jhy; ,yf;fzg;
ghlk; khzhf;fH tpUk;gpf; fw;Fk; ,dpa ghlkhf khWk;. fPo; cs;stw;Wf;F MrpupaH
rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; ed;W.mit:
tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; $Wjy;.

ciueil> nra;As; ghlj;NjhL ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;.
Royl;ilfs;> tpsf;f ml;ilfs; Nghd;w Jizf; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
,yf;fz tpjpfis khzhf;fH tpUk;Gk; nky;ypir nkl;Lfspy; mikj;Jf;
$Wjy;.
tpisahl;L Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; tpjptUKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
MrpupaH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy; <LghLf; nfhz;L NguhHtj;Jld; fw;gpj;jy;.
fl;Liu fw;gpj;jy;
,jpy; fl;Liuapd;; nghUs; >fl;LiuapDila tiffs;> Fwpg;Gfisnahl;b
fl;Liu vOJjy;>topfhl;Ljiynahl;b fl;Liu tiujy;> nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;
Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fl;Liuapd; nghUs;
“cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wtijf; fl;Liug;gJ fl;Liu”. moF epuk;gpa jd;ikiaf;

fl;loF vd;W nrhy;tJ Nghd;W mikg;goF epuk;gpa ciuiaf; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;.
RUf;fkhff; $wpdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU nghUisg; gw;wp xU fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gld; ahtiuAk;
ftUk; Kiwapy; mikf;fg; gLtijf; fl;Liu vdyhk;.
xUtuJ Ngr;R vjpNu Nfl;gtiuj; jk; ghy; gpzpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
NfshjtUk; mtH Ngr;irf; Nfl;f tpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt Ngr;rhw;wYf;F moF
vd;W ts;StH $Wk; ,yf;fzk; vOj;jhw;wYf;Fk; nghUe;JtjhFk;. NkYk;> xU rpwe;j
fl;LiuahdJ gilg;ghspapd; mwpthw;wiy ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL gbg;Nghupd;
rpe;jidiaAk; J}z;Ltjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ek; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fUj;Jfis ntspaplTk; nra;jpfisg; gpwUf;Ff;
$wTk; ek; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; ehk; Ngr;irAk; vOj;ijAk;
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,tw;Ws; vOJjy; vd;gJ jdpj;jpwd;> vy;yhuhYk; vspjpy; ifahs
Kbahj xU jpwd;. Mjypd; vOJjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; fl;Liug; gapw;rp vd;gJ
nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; XH ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
fl;LiuapDila tiffs;
• glf; fl;Liu
xU fij epfo;r;rpfisg; glq;fshf mikj;J> mg;glq;fisg; ghHj;J epfo;r;rp
Kiwg;gb vOjr; nra;tJ glf; fl;LiuahFk;. ,t;tpjkhfg; glq;fs; fij $Wtdthf
mikahky; xU epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikayhk;. ,uapy; epiyaf; fhl;rp. tPL
neUg;Gg; gpbj;J vupjYk; kf;fs; jPaizj;jYk;> kio nts;sf; fhl;rp - Nghd;w
fhl;rpfisg; glq;fshff; fhl;b mit Fwpj;J xU gj;jp vOjr; nra;jy; glf;
fl;Liuahf mikAk;. khztH jk; fw;gidapy; epfo;r;rpfis vz;zpg; ghuhJ NeNu xU
fhl;rpiag; ghHg;gjhy; mJ Fwpj;J vOJtJ vspjhfpwJ.
• fijf; fl;Liu
njhlf;f epiyapy; fijfis vOJtJ khztH kdk; tpUk;gp <LgLk; xU
nrayhFk;. vdNt> Rit kpf;f fijfisf; $wp mtw;iw vOjr; nra;ayhk;. Kjy;
epiyahff; fijiar; RUf;fkhff; $wyhk;. my;yJ XupU Kiw gbj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
mijf; Nfl;l khztH fij epfo;r;rp> njhlH midj;ijAk; mwptH. Mjyhy;> mtHfs;
vspjhf vOJtH. ,uz;lhk; epiyahf> fij KOtijAk; $whky; ,d;wpaikahJ
Njitg;gLk; Fwpg;GfisAk; njhlHfisAk; $wpf; fijiaf; $WtH. gpd;dH> khztiu
vOjr; nra;ayhk;. %d;whtJ epiyahf fijapd; Fwpg;Gfs; njhlHr;rpahfTk;>
kpFjpahfTk; ,uhky; fijj; njhlHigf; Fwpf;Fk; XupU nrhw;fshf mikAk;. mtw;wpd;
cjtp nfhz;L khztH fijia vOJtH.
fijf; fl;Liufis Kjypy; vOjg; gof;Ftjhy; khztH Vw;w nrhw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jTk;> njhlHr;rpahf vOjTk;> epfo;r;rpfSf;F Vw;g gj;jp gpupf;fTk; gapw;rp
ngWtH. mtHfs; nkhopj;jpwd; tsUk;.
• rpe;jidf; fl;Liu (m) tpsf;ff; fl;Liu

xU nghUisg; gw;wpg; gy fUj;Jfisj; jpul;b ed;F rpe;jpj;J vOjg; ngWtJ
fUj;jpay; fl;Liuahk;. ,jidr; rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vd;Wk; $WtH. ,it gz;ghL>
murpay;> r%fk; ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpwf;Fk;. md;Gilik> tha;ik>
ehl;Lg;gw;W> nkhopg;gw;W> Kaw;rp> nry;tk;> fy;tp> ehl;L xUikg;ghL Kjyhd gy
jiyg;Gfspy; vOjg; ngWk;.
gy E}y;fspy; gbj;j fUj;JfSld; jhNk rpe;jpj;J mwpe;J nfhz;l fUj;JfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; thapyhf miktjhy; ,it tUzidf; fl;Liu vOJjiy tpl
mupadthk;. jk; fUj;Jf;Nfw;w njhlHfis mikj;jy;> Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ljy;> tpsf;fk;
jUjy; Kjyhdit ,tw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;.

• tpthjf; fl;Liu (m) jUf;fpay; fl;Liu

xU nghUs; Fwpj;J mjd; jd;ikfisAk; mJ gad;gLk tpjj;ijAk; vOJtJ
vspjhf mikjy; $Lk;. Mdhy; xU nghUs; Njitah> Njitapy;iyah vd MuhAk;
nghOJ mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;. xU nray; ed;ik jUkh> jPik
jUkh vd Ma;e;J ,Ugf;ff; fUj;J Fwpj;Jk; vOJjy; tpthjf; fl;Liu my;yJ
jUf;fpay; fl;LiuahFk;. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshy; ed;ikah> jPikah? mZthw;wy;
ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg; gLtJ Mf;fj;jpw;fh> mopTf;fh Nghd;w fl;Liufs; jUf;fpay;
fl;Liufshk;.
• tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu
fy;tpawpit tpuptilar; nra;tJ tuyhW. tuyhw;iwj jdp kdpjupd; tuyhW>
ehl;L tuyhW> rKjha tuyhW> ehfupf tuyhW vdg; gytifg; gLj;jyhk;.
,t;tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjdhy; xU ehlbd; gz;ila tuyhw;iw ehk; mwpayhk;. kf;fs;
tho;f;ifia mwpayhk;. rhd;NwhH xUtupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjd; %yk;
ek;ik ehk; newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ehl;L tuyhw;W mwpthy; ekf;F ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;>
nkhopg; gw;Wk; cz;lhfpd;wd.
tuyhw;wf; fl;Liu ,U tifg;gLk;. xUtuJ tho;f;ifiag; gpwH vOJk; nghOJ
mJ ~tho;f;if tuyhW| vdTk;> xUtuJ tho;f;ifiaj; jhNk $WtJ Nghy;
miktJ ~jd; tuyhW| vdTk; miof;fg; ngWk;. gs;spfspy; kf;fs; ahtUk;
gpd;gw;wj; jf;f Kiwapy; tho;thq;F tho;e;j rhd;NwhHfspd; tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfisj;
njhFj;njOJk; fl;Liufis vOjr; nra;ayhk;.
tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liuia vOjg; GFk; rhd;Nwhupd; gpwg;G> ngw;NwhH> ,sik
tho;T> fy;tpg; gzpGupjy;> ,y;tho;T> Mw;wpa mUe;njhz;Lfs;> Nghw;Wjw;Fupa gz;G
eyd;fs;> ngw;w rpwg;Gfs;> KbTiu vd tFj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufs; fijf; fl;Liufis tplr;rw;W caHe;j epiyapy;
cs;sdthFk;. epfo;r;rpfs; Fwpg;Gfisj; jpul;bg; gz;G eyd;fisAk; tpsf;f
Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; fijf; fl;Liufisj; njhlHe;J ,t;tiff; fl;Liufs; vOjg;
gapw;rpaspf;fyhk;.
• tUzidf; fl;Liu
xU nghUis tUzpj;Jf; $WtJ tUzidf; fl;Liu vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,aw;iff;
fhl;rpfs;> ehL> efuk;> kiy> MW> fly;>Nkfk;> kio> gUtfhyq;fs; gw;wpAk;> Jsrpr;
nrb> ky;ypiff; nfhb> Ntg;g kuk; Kjyhd kuk; nrb nfhbfs; gw;wpAk;> ,Uk;G>
jq;fk; Kjyhd cNyhfq;fs; gw;wpAk; vOjyhk;. NkYk;> ,e;jpa ehL> jkpo; ehL>
nrd;id> jpUney;Ntyp> ts;StH Nfhl;lk; Kjyhd ehL efuq;fs;> rpwg;ghd ,lq;fs;
gw;wpAk; vOjyhk;.
tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> fijf; fl;Liufis tpl ,t; tUzidf; fl;Liufs; rw;W
caHe;j epiyapy; cs;sd thFk;. tUzidf;F Vw;w njhlHfisj; NjHe;njLj;jy;>
fw;gidj; jpwNdhL tUzpj;jy; Nghd;wit ,tw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;. tpag;G thf;fpaq;fs;>
tpdh thf;fpaq;fs;> cld;ghL> vjpHkiw thf;fpaq;fs; vdg; gytif thf;fpaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;j NeupLk;. vdNt> tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufis vOJtjpy; XusT gapw;rp ngw;w
gpd;dH ,t;tUzidf; fl;Liufis vOjr; nra;ayhk;.
(vLj;Jf; fhl;L)
~kapy;| gw;wpa tUzidf; fl;Liuf;Fupa Fwpg;Gfs; fPo; cs;sthW mikayhk;.
Kd;Diu: ,aw;ifr; nry;tk;-gwitfspd; jd;ik kapypd; jdpr; rpwg;G.
nghUSiu: Njhw;wk;-MLk; moF-fz;Zf;F tpOe;J-czTk; ciwtplKk;-gz;Gk;
gaDk;-,yf;fp aj;jpy; kapy;.
KbTiu: ehl;bag; gwit-ehl;Lg; gwit.
• ciuahly; fl;Liu
xU nghUs; Fwpj;Jr; nra;jpfisj; njhlHr;rpahf vOJtijtpl mf;fUj;Jfis
,UtH NgRtJ Nghy ciuahlyhf mikg;gJ gbg;gjw;Fr; RitahapUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;
fhl;lhf> ~mQ;ryfk; Mw;Wk; gzpfs;| gw;wpj; njhlHr;rpahf vOJtijtpl xt;nthU
Jiw gw;wp xUtH tpdhf;fs; Nfl;gjhfTk; kw;wtH tpil nrhy;tjhfTk; miktJ
ciuahlyhFk;. ,jidNa ciuahly; fl;Liu vd;gH. tpohf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;>
Gjpa nghUs;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Nghd;wit ciuahly; fl;Liuf;F Vw;witahk;.
Fwpg;Gfisnahl;bf; fl;Liu vOJjy;
jpul;ba nra;jpfis mg;gbNa vOjp itj;jhy;> vOj ,Uf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;F
Ntz;ba nra;jpapid> my;yJ Nkw;Nfhis vLj;jhSjw;Fr; rw;W rpukk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt
mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nkhop Fwpj;jit> tuyhW
gw;wpait> mwptpay; njhlHghdit> fzpjk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> Gtpapay; gw;wpa
nra;jpfs; vdg;ghl thupahf tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. my;yJ cld;ghlhdit>
tpohf;fs; gw;wpait> ,yf;fpak; njhlHghdit vd tifg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
Vw;w jiyg;Gfspy; nra;jpfis tifg;gLj;jp vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTjy;
fl;Liug; ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whFk;.
xU gonkhopapd; tpsf;fj;ijNah> ctikapd; tpsf;fj;ijNah gbj;J Kbj;jJk;
Fwpg;Ngl;by; gonkhopiaNah> ctikiaNah vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ehk; vOJk;
fl;Liuapy; mjid vLj;jhSk; nghOJ mjid tpupj;J vOjj; njupjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,Nj Nghd;W ntt;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; nra;jpfisj; jpul;Lk; nghOJ mtw;iwr;
RUf;fkhf XupU njhlHfspy; vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. Njitahd NghJ mjid
tpupj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tpupj;J vOJk; nghOJ vLj;Jf; fhl;L $wp
tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfis tpupj;J vOJk; jpwid xU Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
ehk; khzhf;fiug; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
topfhl;
topfhl;Ljiynahl;bf; fl;Liu tiujy;
khzhf;fiuf;fl;Liu vOjr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ mtHfs; #oypy; cs;s
nghUs;fisg; gw;wpAk;> gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpAk;> gbj;Njh> Nfl;Nlh
mwpe;j nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; vOjr; nrhy;fpd;Nwhk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; fUj;Jg;
nghUs;fis tplf; fhl;rpg; nghUs;fSf;F Kjyplk; jUfpd;Nwhk;. jhq;fs; vLj;Jf;

nfhz;l jiyg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfis KOikahf mwpe;jpUf;fpwhHfsh vd;gij
tpdhf;fs; %yk; mwpe;J Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;J mtw;iwj; njhFj;J
mwpar; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj; njhFj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;S
jiyNa nra;jpfspd; njhif vd;fpNwhk;. nra;jpfisf;j; njhFg;gjw;F khzhf;fH
fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> nra;jpj; njhFg;Gfs; mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp> Nghd;w E}y;fisg;
gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F MrpupaH mtHfSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
gy E}y;fspypUe;J jpul;ba nra;jpfisj; jdpahff; Fwpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liuapy; mika Ntz;ba nra;jpiag; gyuplk; Nfl;Nlh> Gj;jfq;fisg;
gbj;Njh khzhf;fH mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ
khzhf;fuplKs;s fUj;jhok;> mtHfsplKs;s nrhw;fsQ;rpak; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g
mtuJ eilaikAk;> gpw MrpupaUila njhlHfis kdg;ghlk; nra;J mg;gbNa
vOJjiyj; jtpHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gonkhopfs;> ctikfs;> tUzidj; njhlHfs;>
Nkw;Nfhs; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; rpWrpW thf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;
gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; mt;thwhapd; fUj;J tsj;Jf;Fk; nrhy; tsj;Jf;Fk; Vw;gj;
jdpeil mikAk;.
E}y;fisAk; fl;LiufisAk; gbf;Fk; NghJ khzhf;fH jk; cs;sk; fUtk;
nrhw;nwhlHfs;> tUzidj; njhlHfs;> kuGj; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iw xU Fwpg;Ngl;by;
vOjp tur; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;Ak; nghOJ mupa nrhy;yhl;rpfis
mtHfs; mwptH. ,j;jifa gof;fk; khzhf;fH fUj;ij typAWj;jTk; cjTk;. vdNt
khzhf;fH jk; nra;jpawpit tsHj;jw;Fk; nkhopj; jpwid tsHj;jw;Fk; top fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;
khzhf;fH ,ay;ghfNt fw;gidahw;wy; kpf;ftHfs;. mt;thw;wy; ntspg;gLk;
tz;zk;> tFg;G epiyf;F Vw;w jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Fiwf; fijfis Kbj;jy;> xU nghUs; jd; tuyhW (fw;gid) $WtJ Nghy;
vOJjy; Nghd;wit khztH jk; fw;gidj; jpwidg; ngupJk; tsHf;Fk;.
xt;Nthuhz;Lk; Xupuz;L fl;Liufs; fw;gidj; jpwid tsHg;gdthf nrhe;jkhf
fl;Liu mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU nghUs; Fwpj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J vOJtJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liu. E}y; my;yJ
Mf;fpNahH fhyk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp> caHe;j E}y;fspd; xj;j fUj;Jfs; gw;wpa
Muha;r;rp> rpwe;j E}y;fspd; ctik> nrhy;> mzpfs;> ahg;G epiy gw;wpa Muha;r;rp
ahTk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; mlq;Fk;.
fl;Liu vOJtjw;F fl;Liuj; jiyg;G gw;wpa nra;jpapidAk;> mr;nra;jpapid
ntspapLk; nkhopj; jpwidAk; khztH ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt khzhf;fHfisg; gy
E}y;fisg; gbf;Fk; gb J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;G E}yfj;jpy; gy;tpjkhd E}y;fis
mikj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j fl;Liufis MrpupaH tFg;gpy; gbj;Jk;
fhl;lyhk;. ,t;thW khztH nra;jptsj;ijg; ngUf;FtJld; mtHfs; nkhopj;jpwd;
ngwTk; top fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

khztH jhk; $w epidf;Fk; nra;jpfis Kiwahff; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. fUj;Jf;Nfw;g
mjid xU gj;jpahf mikj;J> gj;jpapd; ikaf; fUj;Jf;Nfw;g gpw nrhw;nwhlHfis
vOJk; jpwDk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nrhe;jkhf fl;Liu vOJk; Kiw
khzhf;fiuf; fl;Liu vOjr; nra;jYf;F MrpupaH rpy top Kiwfisf;
ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjd; Kjy; tFg;G epiyf;Nfw;w fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfisj;
NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH mj;jiyg;G gw;wp khztUld; ciuahb tha;
nkhopf; fl;Liuahf mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dHj; Njitahd nra;jpfisj; jpul;lr;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH> fl;Liuapy; toq;fg;gLk; fUj;JfSf;Nfw;gg; gj;jp gpupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G> nkhopeil Nghd;wtw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;b vOjr; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; RUf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
fl;Liuj; jiyg;G
XH ,lj;jpy; gapw;rp vd;Dk;> ehSk; Fwpg;gpl;l gpd;dH> fl;Liuj; jiyg;ig
gf;fj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; rw;Wg; ngupa vOj;Jfspy; vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mbf;Nfhbl;Lk; fhl;lyhk;.
tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp
fl;Liu ghlNtis ,U ghl Ntisfhsf mikayhk;. Kjy; ghlNtisapy;
jiyg;G gw;wpf; Foe;ijfsplk; ciuahbf; fl;Liug; nghUisg; gw;wpa midj;Jr;
nra;jpfisAk; midtUk; mwpar; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfis
tutiof;Fk; nghONj Kd;Diuahff; $wNtz;bait> fl;Liug; nghUspy; ,lk; ngw
Ntz;bait. KbTiuahff; $w Ntz;bait vdg; gpupj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ljy;
fl;Liuapy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;ba nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ciuahLk; nghOJ NkYk;
Njitahd nra;jpfis ve;nje;j E}y;fisg; ghHj;Jj; jpul;bf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLjy; ed;W. vLj;Jf; fhl;£f> ~nra;jpj; jhs;fs;| gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJtjhapd;>
Kjd; Kjy; nra;jpj;jhs; vg;nghOJ ntspaplg; ngw;wJ> ntspapl;ltH ahH vdf;fiyf;
fsQ;rpak; ghHj;Jr; nra;jp jpul;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuf;Fj; Njitahd Nkw;Nfhs;fs;>
gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; E}y;fisg; ghHj;J vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
gj;jp gpupj;jy;
nra;jpiaj; jpul;ba gpwF fl;Liuiag; gFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;Diu> nghUs;> KbTiu vd %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthd;wpYk; vt;ntr;
nra;jpfis ,lk; ngwy; Ntz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghUs;
gFjpapy; gy fUj;Jfisf; $w Ntz;bajpUf;Fk;. xt;nthU fUj;Jf;Fk; xU gj;jpahf
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Kd;Diu xU gj;jp> nghUs;> fl;Liuj;
jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g ehd;ife;J gj;jpfs;> KbTiu xUgj;jp vdg;gpupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G
Nkw;$wpathW gj;jpaikf;Fk; nghOJ kpfkpf Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fspy;
vt;tifahd nrhw;nwhlH mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;

ed;W. tpag;G thf;fpak;> tpdh thf;fpak;> cld;ghL vjpHkiw thf;fpaq;fs;>
ctikfs;> gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
nkhopeil
fl;Liuapd; nkhopeil ed;fika Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liug; nghUis ed;FzHe;J
ciuahLk; nghOJ (tha; nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; NghJ) gad;gLj;jpa nrhw;fisAk;>
njhlHfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW vOJ Kw;gbd; jk; czHr;rpf;Fk;
nrhy; tsj;Jf;Fk; Vw;gj;jpdp eil mikAk;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
fl;Liuapy; jhk; vOJk; fUj;ij cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf mq;fq;Nf jf;f
Nkw;Nfhs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhis vOjpa gpwF milg;Gf;Fwpapy;
Nkw;Nfhisf; $wpa MrpupaH my;yJ NkwNfhs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}iyf; Fwpf;fyhk;.
,t;thW vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu kpfr; rpwe;j fl;Liuahf mikAk;.
kPs;ghHitapLjy;
hHitapLjy;
vg;nghUisg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOjpdhYk;> vOjp Kbj;jgpd; mjidg; gbj;Jg; ghHf;f
Ntz;Lk;. kuGg; gpio> ,yf;fzg; gpio> vOj;Jg; gpio> re;jpg; gpio Mfpait
,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;F kPs;ghHit gad;gLk;. Mjypd; kPs;ghHitapLjiy XH
,d;wpaikahg; gzpahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ifnaOj;J
fl;Liuapy; nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;J vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> vOJNthupd;
ifnaOj;J ed;whf mikatpy;iyahapd; mJ gadw;wjhfp tpLk;. fUj;NjhL
ifnaOj;Jk; rpwg;ghf ,Ug;gpd; ~nghd;kyH ehw;wk; ngw;wJ| Nghy; fl;Liu NkYk;
rpwg;GilajhFk;.
fl;Liu vOJk; gapw;rpahy;
pahy; ed;ikfs;
nra;jpapidj; njhlHghf vz;zp xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf Kiwahf vOJtjw;Fj;

Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.
ve;jg; nghUs; gw;wp vOJk; nghOJk; jf;f Kd;Diu aikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;.
,Wjpapy; rpwg;ghf Kbj;Jf; $Wtjw;Fk; gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
xt;nthU fUj;Jf;Fk; xUgj;jpaikj;J mjidj;jf;f vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSlDk;>
tpsf;fkhfTk; vOJtjpy; khztHmwpT ngWfpd;wdH.
jhk; fw;Wf; nfhz;l njhluikg;G Kiwapidg; gpd;gw;wp nkhop kuG nflhky;
vOJtjpy; gapw;rp jUfpd;wJ.
nra;jp thf;fpak;> tpdh thf;fpak;> tpag;G thf;fpak; cld;ghL> vjpHkiw
thf;fpaq;fs; vd khztH fw;w gy thf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gj;
jUfpd;wJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs; gw;wpf; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy;> Fwpj;j mstpy; vOJk; gapw;rp
mspf;fpd;wJ.
khztHfs; jhq;fs; mwpe;j nrhw;fisnay;yhk; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fshf khw;wpj;
jk; nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwidg; ngUf;f cjTfpd;wJ.

khztHfs; gy E}y;fspy; mofhff; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jfis Nkw;Nfhshff;

fhl;lTk; tha;g;gspf;fpd;wJ.
vy;yhf; fUj;JfisAk; jhNk vz;zpg; ghHj;Jj; jk; czHr;rpf;Nfw;gr;
nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;J vOJtjhy; mtHfSf;nfd;Nw jdpahf xU nkhopeil
cUthfpd;wJ.
jd; fUj;Jfisj; jpwikahf vOjpg; gpwiug; gbf;fr; nra;tjhy; khztHf;F
kdepiwT Vw;gLtNjhL jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; cz;lhfpd;wJ.
KbTiu
,t;tyF thapyhf Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd
jpwd;fisAk; gbepiyfisAk; mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; ciueil >nra;As;> ,yf;fzk;>
fl;Liu Mfpadfw;gpf;fg; gapw;rp ngwy;. vjpHehspy; fw;wiyj; jaf;fkpd;wp fw;gpf;f
MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk; fhyj;J ,r;nra;jpfis mwptJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopr; rhu Fwpg;Gfspy;
NjitapidAk;>gad;ghl;bidAk; tpthjpf;f.
2. nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk;> ciueil fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
3.,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.
4.MrpupaH fy;tpapd; NghJ toq;fg;gLk; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpfs; gw;wp tpupj;Jiuf;f.
5.FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;

myF – 4 nkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;

pLjYk;
Nehf;fq;fs;
,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;wg; gpd;du; khzt Mrphpau;fs;;
o cl;nfhs;Sk; (Nfl;ly;>gbj;jy;) jpwd;fis vLj;Jiug;gu;.
o ntspapLk; jpwd;fis (NgRjy;>vOJjy;) vLj;Jiug;gu;.
o gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fis tsu;g;gu;.
o nkhopj;jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLtu;.
Kd;Diu
nkhopg;ghlk; xU jpwd; ghlk;. nkhopf; fy;tp ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1.nkhopiaf; fw;gJ. 2. nkhopapy; mike;j ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gJ. nkhopiaf; fw;w
gpd;dHjhd; nkhopapYs;s ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;ftpaYk;. nkhopiaf; fw;Fk; Nghf;fpd;;
Kjy;gb> mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisg; ngWjyhFk;. nkhopapd; gad; xUtUf;Ff;
Fiwtpd;wpf; fpilf;f> mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisj; njhlf;fj;jpYk; caHepiyapYk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fs;> mit ngwg;gLfpd;w epiyapy;> nfhs;jpwd;>
ntspapL jpwd; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. Nfl;lYk; gbj;jYk; nfhs;jpwd;fs;. NgRjYk;
vOJjYk; ntspapL jpwd;fs;. ,it: Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;> vOJjy; vd
tupirg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fy;tp Vw;ghl;by;> jkpo;nkhopf; fy;tp> njhlf;f epiy tFg;GfspypUe;Nj
,lk;ngWtjhy; ,e;ehd;F jpwd;fSk;> jha;nkhopr; #oypYk; eilKiwg; gad;ghl;L
mbg;gilapYk; njhlf;fepiy tFg;GfspypUe;J tsHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nfl;ly; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;
xypiaf; fhJ Vw;Fk; nray; Nfl;ly; vdg;gLk;. ,J capupay; topj; jug;gl;l
tiuaiwahFk;. fy;tpapy; Nfl;ly; vd;gJ NkYk; gue;Jgl;l nghUisf; nfhz;lJ.
ntspg;gLk; xypfisr; nrtpapy; Vw;W> mtw;wpw;Fupa nghUis czHtJNt Nfl;ly;
MFk;. Nfl;lypd;NghJ capuw;w nraYk; mr;nrayhy; cstpay; ,af;fKk;
eilngWfpd;wd. ,U nray;fSk; ,ize;j Nfl;liyr; nrtpkLj;jy; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
xypfshy; Md vOj;Jfs;> vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;> nrhw;fshy; mike;j
thf;fpaq;fs;> thf;fpaq;fshy; ntspg;gLk; nghUs; Mfpadtw;iwf; nfhz;lNj nkhop.
,k;nkhopiaf; fw;gjw;F Kjy;epiy thapy; nrtpNa.
“nry;tj;Js; nry;tk; nrtpr;nry;tk; mr;nry;tk;
nry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy.”

vd ts;StUk; nrtpapd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;jpAs;shH. nrtp mwpTf;F
xypia Vw;gjw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp> mwpitg; ngWk; thapyhfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lnkdf;
fUjpa ts;StH>
“Nfl;gpDk; Nfshj; jifaNt Nfs;tpahy;

Njhl;fg; glhj nrtp”

vdf; $wpdhH.
Nfl;ly; jpwdpd; nghUs;
Ik;nghwpfisf; fw;wpypd; thapy;fs; vd;gH. Ik;nghwpfSs; xd;W nrtp.
nrtpNa Nfl;lYf;FupaJ. eilKiw tho;f;ifapYk;> fy;tpf; fhyj;jpYk; Nfl;lYf;Nf
tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahf Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nfl;ly; topjhd; fw;wypd; ngUk;gFjp epfo;fpwJ.
fw;gjpy; 80 tpOf;fhl;bw;FNky; Nfl;ly;top epfo;fpwJ.
vdNt> fw;wypd; msit Nkk;gLj;jf; Nfl;ly; jpwd; tsHr;rp ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
• NgRtjw;F Kd;nray;
ngw;NwhUk; kw;NwhUk; NgRtijf; Foe;ij Nfl;fpwJ. Nfl;l gpd;dH mJ Ngr
KidfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; Nfl;ly; mstpidg; nghUj;Nj> nkhopiag; NgRk; msTk;
jpwDk; mikfpd;wd. vtUk; Ngrhj #oypy; Foe;ij tsUkhapd;> mJ
CikahfptpLk;.
• NgRjy; njhlHG
NgRjy; jpwd; ngWtjw;Ff; Nfl;ly; ,d;wpaikahjJ Nghy> Nfl;ly; jpwid
tsHg;gjw;F ~NgRjy;| epfo;T ,d;wpaikahjJ. Nfl;lyhy; NgRjy; jpwDk;> NgRjyhy;
Nfl;ly; jpwDk; tsHtd. ,k;kWjiyg; Nghf;F> Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;Fk; Kiwfis
tFg;gjw;F topfhl;LfpwJ.
• NgRjypy; tpisit Vw;gLj;jy;

xU nkhop> mk;nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; midtuhYk; xNu jd;ikaha;g;
Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy. ney;iy khtl;lj;jtH Ngr;Rf;Fk; nrd;id efuj;jtH Ngr;rpw;Fk;
NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. jkpo;nkhopia xUtH NgRfpd;w Nghf;fpypUe;J> ve;j khtl;lj;jtH
vdf; fzpf;f KbfpwJ.
• Nfl;ly; #oy; ,ay;Gfs;

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Nfl;ly; #oy;fspd; ,ay;Gfshf 1. ,ay;ghf
Ngr;R my;yJ ciuahLjy;> 2. Nfl;NghH vjpHghHg;Gk; Nehf;fKk;> 3. ghHj;jYk;
Nfl;lYk; ,izjy;> 4. Nfl;Fk; Nghf;fpy; Jyq;fy;> 5. NgRgtiu <Hj;jy; Mfpad
mwpag;gLfpd;wd.
Nfl;ly; topNa fw;wy;
gd;ndLq; fhykhff; fijr; nrhy;Yjy;> ghlr; nrhy;Yjy;> ghbf; fhl;ly;>
ebf;fr; nrhy;Yjy; Kjypad MrpupaHfshy; njhlf;f tFg;Gfspy; toq;fg;gLk; goF
nray;fshFk;. ,it KjypU tFg;Gf; Foe;ijfisf; Nfl;lypy; <LgLj;JtdthFk;.;.
KjypU tFg;Gfspy; ,tw;iwf; Foe;ijfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;tNjhL epiwTngw
Ntz;Lk;.

• fl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nray;

nray;gLjy;
Nfl;ly; epfOk;NghJ> Nfl;gtH clDf;Fld; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Nghf;fpduhf ,Ug;gH. (Nfl;lypd; jd;ik) ,j;jd;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
tbtikf;fg;gLk; goF nray;fSs; xd;W fl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nray;gLjy; MFk;.
,r;nray;ghl;by;> MrpupaH Foe;ijfspd; KjpHr;rpf;F Vw;gf; fl;lisfis ,LtH.
xU fw;wy; gFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;stw;wpy; fw;wy; rpwg;Gf;Fupatw;iw kl;Lk;
Nehf;Fk; nray; NkNyhl;lk; MFk;. vjidAk; xJf;fhJ KOikahf Nehf;Fk; nray;
cs;Nshl;lk;. ~NkNyhl;l cs;Nshl;lg;| goF nraypy;> Nfl;ly; gFjpia
khztHfSf;Fg; gbj;Jf; fhl;b> mtw;wpypUe;J nghJf;fUj;J gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l
nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;;.fw;wy; gFjpfspd; nrhw;fsQ;rpak;> nghUs;
Mfpatw;wpd; fbd epiy Nehf;fp> mtw;iw cupa tFg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
neLe;Jyq;fy;> tpupTj; Jyq;fy; rhHe;j goF nray;fs;> Nky;epiy tFg;GfSf;Nf
nghUj;jKiladthFk;. nray;ghLfs; midj;jpYk; Nfl;ly; gFjp MrpupauhNyh> xyp>
xspg;gjpT ehlh topNah khztHfSf;F Kjypy; toq;fg;gl;L> gpd;dH nray;ghLfspy;
mtHfis <LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fl;lisfisf; Nfl;ly; epfOk;NghJ> Nfl;Fk; khztHfs; clDf;Fld; Jyq;fiy
ntspg;gLj;Jgtuhf ,Ug;ghHfs;. ,g; gapw;rpfis tpisahl;L Kiwapy; toq;fyhk;.
Nfl;ly; gof;fj;jpid tsHj;jy;

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; Nfl;lypd; ,ay;Gfshff; fhzg; gl;ltw;iwf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> tFg;giwf; fw;gpg;gpYk; mtw;iw cUthf;fpdhy; Nfl;ly;jpwd; tsUk;
tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahFk;. xU Kidapy; Nfl;ly; jpwd; tsHtjw;F> kWKidapy;
NgRjy; my;yJ Ngr;R Njit. mg;Ngr;R eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL nghUe;jpajhf
,Uj;jy; rpwg;G. MrpupaH NgRjiy khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;tjhy; kl;Lk;> Nfl;ly;
jpwd; tsHe;JtplhJ. ghlE}ypypUe;J xU gFjpia cuf;fg; gbg;gJ> Kiwahff;
Nfl;ly; ghlg; nghUs; MfhJ. mJ Nfl;ly; ,ay;Gfis epiwT nra;ahJ@ Nfl;ly;
jpwid tsHf;fTk; gad;glhJ. ,ay;ghd> jq;Fjilaw;w Ngr;Nr> Nfl;ly; jpwid
tsHf;fg; gad;gLk;.
Nfl;ly; #oypid Vw;gLj;Jk; MrpupaH> khztHfs; midtupd; ghHitapy;
glNtz;Lk;. Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHg;gjw;F> tof;fkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk;
xypg;gjpT ehlhittpl> xspg;gjpT ehlh rpwe;jjhFk;. xspg;gjpT ehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
NghJ NgRgtH> Nfl;gtH ghHitapy; gLfpwhH. vdNt> xspg;gjpT ehlhitg; ngUkstpy;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Nfl;lYk; Jyq;fYk; clDf;Fld; elf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;. Nfl;lYf;fhd
ghlg;nghUis toq;Fk;NghJ> Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; tha;g;gpid khztHfSf;Ff;
nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrhy;tijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;
,jpy; ~Nfl;ly;| vd;gjidg; NgRjiyf; Nfl;ly;> gbj;jiyf; Nfl;ly; vd
,Utifahff; $wyhk;. gbj;jypd;NghJ> nkhopapd; vOj;J tbtj;ijg; gbf;fpNwhk;.
mJ jpUe;jpa tbtpy;> nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. Ngr;R tbtpy; nfhr;irr;
nrhw;fs; fye;jpUf;Fk;. NgRgtUila ,ay;Gfisf;nfhz;L Nehf;fpdhy;> nrhw;rpijT>
,Wjp tpOq;fy;> ,ilnaOj;J tpOq;fy; Nghd;wd mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;. vdNt>
NgRjiyf; Nfl;L mwptjw;Fk;> gbj;jiyf; Nfl;L mwptjw;Fk; khztHfisg; gof;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• NgRjiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;
njhlf;fepiy tFg;Gfspy; khztHfsJ FLk;gk;> CH> CHj; jpUtpoh Nghd;wd
Fwpj;J mtHfs; mwpe;j jiyg;Gfisg; gw;wpg; Ngrp> mtHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dHr; rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; %yk;> khztHfs; Nfl;lijj; NjHe;jwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;. eLepiy tFg;Gfspy; nghJj;jiyg;Gfisg; gw;wpg; Ngryhk;@ fijfisf;
$wyhk;@ jiyg;Gfspd; fUj;Jfs; gw;wpAk;> fij epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpAk; tpdhf;fs;
%yk; NjHe;jwpayhk;.
• gbj;jiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;
gs;spapy; xt;nthU tFg;Gf;Fk; jkpo;g; ghlE}y; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlE}ypy;
cs;s ciueilg; ghlj;ijg; gbj;J> khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwF>
rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fyhk;. eLepiyg; gs;spfspy; ghlE}y;fisg; gad;gLj;JtNjhL>
E}y;epiyaj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l nghJ E}y;fspypUe;Jk; xU rpy gFjpfisg;
gbj;Jf;fhl;b khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;ayhk;. gpd;dHr; rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; thapyhf
khztHfs; Nfl;ltw;iwj; NjHe;jwpayhk;.
• fijiaAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;ly;

MrpupaH fij nrhy;Yjy;> khztHfis mtHfSf;Fs;Ns FOthfg; Ngrr; nra;jy;>
ghlr; nra;jy;> ebf;fr; nra;jy; Nghd;wit. gad; tpisit kpFjpahf;Fk; Nfl;ly;
gapw;rpfshFk;.
MrpupaH fij $Wk;NghJ> khztHfSf;F Vw;nfdNt mwpKfkhd fijfisAk;
mwpKfkhfhj fijfisAk; $wyhk;. mg;NghJ jk;ik khztHfNshL xUtuhf
Mf;fpf;nfhz;L $wNtz;Lk;@ Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T> nka;gg
; hL> ebg;G Nghd;wit
ntspg;gLkhW ghHj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> khztHfspd; Nfl;Fk; jpwd;
mjpfupf;Fk;.
ghly;fs; %yKk; Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;. ,jw;F Xir eaKs;s vspa re;jg;
ghly;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; ghbf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. khztHfisg; ghlitj;Jk; Nfl;ly;
jpwid tsHf;fyhk;.
• njhiy> miyNgrpapy; Ngrpg;goFjy;

xUtH Ngr;ir Neupy; Nfl;gij tpl njhiyNgrp my;yJ miyNgrpapy; Nfl;gJ rw;W
rpf;fy; epiwe;jJ MFk;. Neupy; Nfl;Fk; NghJ NgRgtupd; nka;g;ghLfs; fUj;Jzu

cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; njhiyNgrpapNyh> miyNgrpapNyh Nfl;Fk;NghJ me;j
tha;g;G ,y;iy. NkYk; mg;Ngr;Rfs; xU nghJthd Ntfj;jpy; mikAk; Nfl;gtUila
my;yJ NgRgtUila Rw;W#oy; ,iur;ryhy; vy;yh nrhw;fSk; njspthf ,Uf;fhJ.
vdNt Kd;gpd; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fis nfhz;L Cfpj;J rpy nrhw;fis njupa
Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt NgRgtuplk; jhk; Nfl;lij jpUk;gpr;nrhy;yp kPz;Lk; Nfl;f
njhlq;fpdhy; Nfl;ly; KOik ngWk;. njhiyNgrp my;yJ miyNgrpapy; Nfl;Fk;
gapw;rp mspf;f ciuahly; tbtpy; gapw;rpfis mikf;fyhk;.
nrhy;tijf; Nfl;L vOJjy;
tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH VNjDk; xU gFjpia ghlE}ypUe;J gbj;Nj jhkhf
njhlHfisf; $wpNa khztHfisf; Nfl;f nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;Fk; Nghf;fpy;
mt;tg;NghJ $Wtij epWj;jp $wpag;gFjpia vOjr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Kjy; ,U
tFg;Gfspy; xt;nthU nrhy;yhf $wp vOjr; nrhy;Yjy; %d;whk; tFg;gpy; njhlH>
njhluhf $wp vOjr; nrhy;Yjy;> ehd;F Ie;J tFg;Gfspy; thf;fpak;> thf;fpakhf $wp
vOj nrhy;Yjy;> vd vOJk; gapw;rpapy; fbd jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Nky;
tFg;Gfspy; MrpupaH> xU gj;jpia gbf;f mjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s Kjd;ikahd
Fwpg;Gfis khztHfis vOj nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;ly; gapw;rpapy; ,it Nghd;w
goF nray;fs; eilKiwapy; mwpjhfp tUfpd;wd. Mjyhy; khztHfSf;F gpw nkhop
jpwd;fs; Vw;gLtjpYk; rpf;fy;fs; NeHfpd;wd.
• njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly;

XH ciugFjpahy; ntt;ntW gFjpfis ntt;ntW khztHfis Nfl;f
nra;J gpd;dH Nfl;lg; gFjpfis xd;Wr; NrHj;J Kiwahf KOikg;gLj;JtJ njhlH
mWe;J Nfl;ly; gapw;rpahFk;.
tFg;giwapy; ,g;gapw;rpia Nkw;;nfhs;s ,UtH> ,Utuhf FOf;fs; gpupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. FOtpy; xUtH ciugFjpia $Wk;NghJ gpupnjhUtH $Wtijf; Nfl;L
vOj Ntz;Lk;. gpwF tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; NrHe;J jdpj;jdpNa vOjg;gl;l
ciugFjpia xd;wpizj;J KOikahf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Neu; gLj;jpf; Nfl;ly;
vOj;J nkhopAk; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cupajhapDk;>NeUf;F Neu; jfty;
gupkhw;wk; epfo;fpwJ.NeUf;F Neu; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fupa NgRjy; gpwtifj; jfty;
gupkhw;wj;ij tpl tpisg;gad; kpf;fJ.xUtu; Neupy; jUk; jfty;fs; vOj;J topj;jUk;
jfty;fis tplg; ghjpg;ig mjpfkhf;Fk;. NgRk; Ngr;Rf; fhw;NwhL nrd;whYk;
cs;sj;ij CLUt ty;yjhFk;. Neu;gLj;jpf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ NgRjy; jpwd; kpf;Nfhupd;
Ngr;rpy; ntspg;gLk; czu;Tfisf; fy;yhjhUk; czu KbAk;.
Nfl;ly; jpwid kjpg;gply;
Nfl;lYf;Fupa ghlg;nghUs; vk;Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;lhYk; Nfl;lypd; NghNj>
Nfl;ly; jpwd; ngWfpd;wdH vd mwpa> cupa NjHT my;yJ NjHNthL ,ize;j
nray;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

goF nray;fSk; NjHe;jwp KiwfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHGilait. ,tw;Ws;
xd;iwr; rpwpJ khw;wj;Jld; tbtikj;jhy; gpwpnjhd;whfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ngw;w mwpT
kdj;jpy; gjptjw;fhfg; gad;gLgit goF nray;fshFk;. khztH <Lgl;Lr; nra;Ak;
NtiyahFk;. goF nray;fspd; NghJ MrpupaH tpsf;fTiu> newpAiu> JizAiu
Nghd;wtw;iw toq;FfpwhH. goF nray;fNs NjHT Kiwfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ>
MrpupaH newpAiu kw;Wk; Fwpg;Giu toq;FtNjhL nray;fspy; <LgLk; jd;ikf;F Vw;g
kjpg;ngz;fs; my;yJ juf;FwpaPLfis toq;FfpwhH.
goF nray;fspy; khztHfspd; <LghL Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NjHtpy; khztH
milT Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. goF nray;fspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;> nray;
Jizfs; Mfpad toq;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;> NjHtpy; newpTiufNsh> Fwpg;GfNsh jhd;
toq;fg;gLk;.
NgRjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;
y
nkhopg;ghlj;jpd; jiyaha Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;W nkhopiaj; jpwikahfg;
Ngrg;gapw;WjyhFk;. Ngr;R> tha;nkhopahjyhy;> Ngr;Rg;gapw;rpia tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp
vdTk; $WtH. Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ngWtjw;F khztHfisg; NgRk; nray;fspy; <Lglr;
nra;J> ey;y topiaf;fhl;b> njhlHe;J ey;y gapw;rpAk; mspj;Jg; Ngr;Rj; jpwd;ngwr;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp vdTk; $WtH.
Nehf;fq;fs;
• jpUj;jkhfg; NgRjy;
• njspTld; NgRjy;
• mr;rkpd;wp NgRjy;
• czu;Tld; NgRjy;
• gpioapd;wpg; NgRjy;
• nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fpg; NgRjy;
• tl;lhu tof;if ePf;fpNgRjy;
• gFj;jwpTld; NgRjy;
,d;wpaikahik
gs;spf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dNu> gps;isfs; jk; tPl;bYs;NshH>
mf;fk;gf;fj;jpYs;NshH> cw;whH cwtpdH KjypNahUld; goFk; #oy;fspy; NgRjy;
jpwidg; ngWfpd;wdH. vdpDk;> mtHfs; Ngr;rpy; gy FiwghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
mtw;iwg; Nghf;FjYk; NgRjy; jpwid tsHj;jYk; ,d;wpaikahjd thFk;.

khztHfs;> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuzpd;wpj; njspthfg; NgrTk;> jaq;fpj; jaq;fp
xt;nthU nrhy;yhfg; Ngrhky; tpiuthfg; NgrTk;> tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp ,d;wpaikahj
jhFk;. tpiuthfg; NgRk;nghOJ> nghUs; tpsq;Fk;
gbahfj; jFe;j ,lq;fspy; epWj;jp> %r;R thq;fTk; Vw;w gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
vspikahfTk; jd;dpidg;gpd;wpAk; ,ay;ghfTk; NgRtjw;F tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp tha;g;G
jUfpwJ. ~nre;jkpOk; ehg;gof;fk;| vd;Dk; njhlH> gapw;rpapdhy;jhd; nkhopia
ed;whfg; Ngryhk; vd;Dk; fUj;ijNa typAWj;JfpwJ.
tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;. mit:
• jpUj;jkhfg; NgRjy;
NgRjy
Kjypy; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf xypf;ff; fw;Wj; juNtz;Lk;. gpd;dHj;
jpUj;jkhfj; njhlHe;J NgrTk; gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. $w vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fUj;Jk;>
mjw;Nfw;w nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd; rupahd xypg;Gk; nghUj;jkhf mikAk;NghJ jpUj;jk;
Vw;gLk;. njhlHfs; nghUj;jkhf mikahtpby;> Nfl;gtUf;Fj; njspthff; fUj;J
tpsq;fhJ@ Fog;gNk Vw;gLk;. Mjypd;> jpUj;jkhfg; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mOj;jkhfg; NgRjy;
rhjhuzkhf ehk; NgRk;nghOJ> rpy fUj;Jfisf; $w tpUk;GfpNwhk;. Nfl;gtH
ve;jf; fUj;ij mwpa Ntz;LNkh> mf;fUj;ijf; $Wk; nrhw;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jg;
NgRfpNwhk;. Nfl;gtupd; ftdk; mjpy; nry;tjhy;> fUj;ij czHfpwhH. ~Ntyd;
xd;gJ kzpf;Fg; gs;spf;Fg; Nghdhd;| vd;W $Wk;NghJ> ~xd;gJ kzpf;F| vd;gjpy;
mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwnghOJ> vj;jid kzpf;Fg; Nghdhd; vd;gijf; $w tpUk;GfpNwhk;
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ~Ntyd; xd;gJ kzpf;Fg; gs;spf;Fg; Nghdhd;| vd;gjpy;
~gs;spf;F| vd;gjpy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwNghJ> vq;Nf Nghdhd; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
,t;thW NgRk;nghOJ> xNu Fuypy; nrhw;fis xypf;fhky;> njuptpf;f Ntz;ba fUj;J
mlq;fpa nrhw;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jg; Ngrg;gof;f Ntz;Lk;.
• njspTld; NgRjy;
khztHfs; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;Jfisj; njspthfr; nrhy;yg; gapw;rp
mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; Iaj;jpw;Nfh> jpupGf;Nfh ,lkpUj;jy; $lhJ. njsptw;w
njhlH mikjYf;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L> vWk;G tuk; Nfl;l fij! kf;fs; fhyhy;
eRf;fpAk; ifahy; Nja;j;Jk; gy vWk;Gfisf; nfhd;WtpLfpd;wdH. ,t;thW Jd;gg;gl;l
vWk;G> jtkpUe;J ,iwtid tzq;fp> “ehd; fbj;jJk; kdpjd; rhf Ntz;Lk;" vd;W
tuk; Nfl;f tpUk;gpajhk;. Mdhy;> vjpupy; Njhd;wpa ,iwtdplk; gjw;wj;NjhL “ehd;
fbj;jJk; rhf Ntz;Lk;" vd;W tuk; Nfl;ljhk;. mjdhNyjhd; vWk;G fbj;jJk;
mjid mbj;Jf; nfhd;WtpLtjhff; fij $WtH. ~ehd; fbj;jJk; kdpjd; rhf
Ntz;Lk;| vd;W tuk; Nfl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> vWk;G Nfl;ljpy; tuj;jpd;
nghUNs khwptpl;lJ. ,J njsptw;w Ngr;rhy; Vw;gl;lepiy. nghUj;jkhd vspa
nrhw;fisf; ifahSjy;> Nfhitg;gLj;jpg; NgRjy;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlHGgLj;jpg;
NgRjy;> ,Wjpapy; RUf;fk; $wy; Mfpait Ngr;rpy; njspitr; NrHf;Fk;.

• mr;rKk; $r;rKkpd;wpg; NgRjy;
• xU kd;wj;jpNyh> mitapNyh Nkil Vwpg; NgRk;nghOJ gyUf;Ff; $r;rk;

Vw;gLk;@ rpyUf;F mr;rk; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy;> gy khztHfSf;F Mrpupauplk;
NgRk;nghONj mr;rKk; $r;rKk; Vw;gLtJz;L. mjdhy; nra;jpfis
KiwahfTk; njspthfTk; $wKbahky; ,lHg;gLthHfs;. khztHfis
MrpupaH mUNf mioj;J> md;NghL Ngrp> ,ay;ghd #o;epiyia
cz;lhf;fpdhy; khztHfsJ $r;rk; mfYk;.
• mstwpe;J NgRjy;
NgRtJ> ,aw;ifahd tpiuTld; $bajhf> ,ay;ghdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
kpfkpf epjhdkhfg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;NghUf;Fr; rypg;Gk; fisg;Gk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt>
gpwUf;Fg; GupAk;gb> Vw;w tpiuTld; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;R kpfkpf tpiuthf
mikAkhdhy;> Nfl;gtUf;Ff; fUj;J tpsq;fhJ Ngha;tpLk;. mjdhy;> gpiofSk;
Vw;glyhk;.
• czu;Tld; NgRjy;
NgRjy;
Ngr;rpid kw;wtH ftdj;Jld; Nfl;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> NgRtJ capHg;G cs;sjhf
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;Rf;F capHg;Gj; jUtd Fuypd; Vw;wj; jho;T> eifr;Rit>
msNthL NgRjy; Mfpad. Ngrg;gLk; nghUspd; jd;ik> Nfl;gtupd; kdg;gf;Ftk;
Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g tpiuT khWk;. fzf;Fg; ghlj;ij tpsf;Fk;nghOJ tpiuT ,Uj;jy;
$lhJ. Mdhy;> fij nrhy;Yk;nghOJ> ,lj;jpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; tpiuthfTk;
nkJthfTk; $w Ntz;Lk;.
• gpioapd;wp Ngrpg; goFjy;

tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd;NghJ gpioahd xypfisAk; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisAk;
ePf;fpg;Ngrg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it jtpu> fUj;Jfis Kiwahff; $whik>
Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glg; NgRjy; Mfpa gpiofSk; khztHfs; Ngr;rpy; vOjy;$Lk;.
tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpaspf;FKd;dH> fUj;Jfis epuy;gl vOjpitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;>
vtw;iw Kd;dHf; $w Ntz;Lk;> vtw;iwg; gpd;dHf; $w Ntz;Lk; vdj; jpl;lkplr;
nra;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; gof;Fjy;> tha;nkhopg;
gapw;rpaspg;gjd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whFk;.
• nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;
nrhw;fspd; njhFjp vdg; nghUs;gLk; nrhy; ~nrhw;fsQ;rpak;|. nkhopiaf;
ifahStjw;F mjDs; mike;j nrhw;fspd; mwpT ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. nkhopapd;
$Wfshf vOj;J> nrhy;> njhlH Nghd;wd ,Ug;gpDk; nghUs; KOikahfj; jUk;
nkhopapd; myF nrhy;yhFk;. NkYk; fUj;jpidr; rpe;jidapy; gjpg;gjw;Fupa nkhopf;
$W nrhy;yhFk;. xU nkhopapYs;s vOj;Jfs;> njhlH mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpahj epiyapYk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L XusT me;j nkhopiaf; ifahd KbAk;.
nghUz;ikfs; nrhw;fis myfhff; nfhz;Nl mikf;fpd;wd. nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg;
ngUf;f> fw;gpj;jy; epiyapy; mtw;wpd; xypg;G> nghUs; $Wfs; kw;Wk; njhlHGfs;

Mfpatw;iw mwptNjhL mtw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfisAk; nrhw;fsQ;rpa mwpitj;
NjHe;jwp KiwfisAk; MrpupaHfs; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghUs; jUk; KOikf; $whf mikAk; nrhw;fis xypg;G> Njhw;wk;> gad;ghL>
nghUl; $Wfs;> nghUs; njhlHGfs;> cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk;
fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; nghUe;jpa ey;ypay;Gfs;
ed;whff; fy;tp fw;W> mwptpy; rpwe;jtiug; nghd;kyUf;F xg;ghff; $WtH.
mwptpy; epiwe;J rpwe;j mtH> jk; fUj;ij vLj;Jf;$Wk; nkhopj;jpwidAk;
ngWthuhapd;> mg; nghd;kyH> kzKk; ngw;Wr; rpwg;igg; ngw;wjw;Fr; rkkhFk; vd;W
$WtH. mjidNa ehk; jpUe;jpa Ngr;R vd;fpNwhk;. ~fy;tpf;foF frlw nkhopjy;|
md;Nwh? ,dpj; jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW.
• njspthd xypg;G
jkpo;nkhopapy; Vwj;jho xj;j XirAila vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. y> s> o /
d> e> z / u> w Nghd;w vOj;Jfs; mike;j nrhw;fis xypf;Fk;nghOJ>
kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; nghUs; khWgLk;. ngUk;gpio
Vw;gLk;. ~ed;whfg; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;| vd;gij ~ed;whfg; ghHj;Jf;
nfhy;y Ntz;Lk;| vdf; $wpdhy; vj;Jiz jPik tpisAk;! xyp jtwhapd;>
nkhopapd; capNu NghdJNghyhFk;. rpwe;j Ngr;R> njspthd xypg;Gk;
jpUj;jkhd cr;rupg;Gk; cilajha; tpsq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T
fUj;Jfisf; $Wk;nghOJ> xNu Fuypy; NgRtjhy; Nfl;gtHf;Fr; rypg;G
Vw;gLk;. mJ kl;Lkd;W@ Vw;w czHr;rpNahL mtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; KbahJ.
rpdj;Jld; Ngrg;gLfpd;w njhlHfisAk;> ,uq;fp Ntz;Ljy; czHr;rpNahL Ngrg;gLk;
njhlHfisAk; Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;thy; czHj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW NgRq;fhy;> Nfl;NghH
tpUk;gpf; Nfl;gH. vdNt> Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld; NgRjy; jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay;
ghFk;.
• ntw;Wr; nrhy; jpd;ik

njhlHr;rpahfg; NgRk;nghOJ> rpy Foe;ijfs; Njitapy;yhj> nghUsw;w nrhw;fis
,ilapilNa NrHj;Jg; NgRtH. fUj;jpidj; njhlHghff; $w KbahikahYk;>
czHr;rp kpFjpahYk; ,t;thW Vw;glf; $Lk;. ~Mq;........> Mq;.........| vd;Dk; ~Ck;.....>
Ck;......| vd;Wk; rpy xypfisg; Ngr;rpd; ,ilapilNa vOg;GjYz;L. Ntz;lhj
xypfisg; NghyNt Njitaw;w nrhw;fisAk; rpyH NrHj;Jg; NgRtH. ~te;J.......>
te;J........|> ~mg;Gwkh..........| ~ghUq;f......| ~vd;ndd;dh......| Nghd;w gy nrhw;fs;
Njitaw;wdtha;g; Ngr;rpd; ,ilNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy;
NgRk;nghOJ vz;zpg; ghHj;J ,tw;iwj; jtpHf;fhjjhy;> ngupNahH rpyuJ Ngr;rpYk;
ehk; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

• nfhr;ir jtpHj;jy;
gbf;fhj nrd;idg; ghku kf;fs; “g\; jz;zpa vLj; %Q; fOtpfpdh> [y;G Gbr;rp
Nghr;" vd;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; nrhw;fisr; rpijj;Jg; NgRtH. (gr;rj; jz;zpa vLj;J
%Q;rpiaf; fOtpf; nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; [yNjh\k; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ). ,t;tifr;
nrhw;fisf; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; vd;gH. ~,J garh> Gr;rh> gr;j; jz;zp Fl;r;Nrd;>
~rq;fpNa mj;JfpZ Xbg;g+l;lhd;| vd;gd nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; mike;j njhlHfshk;.
~Ngha; tpl;lhd;| vd;gijg; ~g+l;lhd;| vd;gJNghy tpiuthfg; NgRtjhYk; nrhw;fs;
nfhr;irahf khwyhk;. nfhr;ir tbtq;fisAk; jpUe;jpa tbtq;fisAk; xypj;Jf;
• NtfKld; NgRjy;
Ntfkhd NgRjypy; Vw;gLtJ nrhy; neUf;fk;> my;yJ nrhw;nrwpT vd;gJk;
Fw;wkhFk;. mjdhy;> nrhy; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUe;jpa tbtk;
rpije;Jk; Nghfyhk;. ~nfhz;L th| vd;gJ ~nfhz;lh| vdTk; ~Nfl;BHfsh| vd;gJ
~Nfl;bash| vdTk; tpiuthd Ngr;rpy; mikAk;. ,g; gpiofisj; jtpHf;f> epWj;jp
epjhdkhd Ntfj;Jld; Ngrg; gapw;rp ju Ntz;Lk;.
• gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; goFjy;

nrhw;fisj; jtwhff; Nfl;gjhYk;> jtwhf xypg;gjhYk; khztHfs; gpioglg;
NgRthHfs;. tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd;NghJ gpioahd xypfisAk; nfhr;irr;
nrhw;fisAk; ePf;fpg;Ngrg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it jtpu> fUj;Jfis
Kiwahff; $whik> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glg; NgRjy; Mfpa gpiofSk; khztHfs;
Ngr;rpy; vOjy;$Lk;.
• jpUe;jpa Ngr;R
jk; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fUj;Jfis> nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; jfty;fis kw;wtUf;F
vLj;Jf; $Wk; Nehf;fj;Jld; kf;fshy; gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg; ngw;wNj nkhop. njspthd
xypg;G> jpUj;jkhd cr;rupg;G> ,lj;jpw;F Vw;w Fuy; vLg;G Mfpatw;iwj; jpUe;jpa
Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay;Gfshff; nfhs;syhk;. NgRk;nghOJ tpiuT> mr;rk;> $r;rk;> glglg;G
Kjypad ,y;yhky; jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL> czHr;rp ntspg;gLk; tifapy; Ngrpdhy;>
Ngr;R rpwg;gilAk;. NgRfpw Ngr;rpYk; ,yf;fz E}yhH $Wk; “$wpaJ $wy;>
khWnfhsf; $wy;> Fd;wf; $wy;> kpifglf; $wy;> ntw;nwdj; njhLj;jy;> nrd;W
Nja;e;jpWjy;> t*cr;nrhy; GzHj;jy;> kaq;fitj;jy; kw;nwhd;W tpupj;jy;" Kjypa
Fw;wq;fis ePf;fNtz;Lk;.
jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;rpy; njd;gLk; Fiwfs;
• jpUj;jkpy;yhg; xypg;G
rpyH NgRfpd;wnghOJ vOj;Jfisj; jpUj;jkhf xypg;gjpy;iy. ngUk;ghd;ikAk; d/z
y/s/o Mfpa vOj;Jfs; mlq;fpa nrhw;fisg; NgRk;nghOJ gpio nra;tH. rpW
Foe;ijfshf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ ,it jpUj;jk; ngwhtpbd; ngupatHfshd gpd;G jpUj;j
Kbahkw; Ngha;tpLfpwJ. ,t;thW jpUj;jkpd;wp xypg;gjhy; nrhy; Fwpf;fpd;w nghUs;
khwptplTk; $Lk;. kdk; vd;gij kzk; vd;Wk;> moF vd;gij myF vd;Wk; xypj;jy;

gpioapd;Nwh? ,t;thW gpio Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg; nghUs; NtWghL fhl;Lk;
rpwg;nghypfs; mlq;fpa njhlHfis vOjpg; gbf;fr; nra;J gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;T
$wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;Nfw;wthWk; gFjpapd; czHr;rpf; Nfw;wthWk; Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld;
NgrhjJ xU ngUk; FiwahFk;. xU Nkw;NfhisAk; gFjpiaAk; xNu Fuypy;
NgRtjhy; fUj;J tpsf;fk; Vw;glhJ. NkYk; Fuiy khw;wpf; nfhz;L fufuj;j
FuypNyh> nky;ypa FuypNyh NgRtJk; xU FiwNaahFk;.
• nfhLQ;nrhy;
jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; toq;Fk; nrhw;fisr; nre;jkpo; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; xU
gFjpapy; kl;LNk toq;Fk; nrhw;fisf; nfhLe;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH.
,tw;iwNa tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; $WtJz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; rikayiwia mLf;fis vd;Wk;> neUg;igf; ~fq;F|
vd;Wk; toq;FtH. jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpdH rhf;filia Nkhup vd;Wk;> cg;ig tyzk;
vd;Wk; toq;FtH. ,t;thifahd nfhLQ; nrhw;fisj; jtpHj;J midtUk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sf;$ba nre;jkpo; nrhw;fisg; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Ntfk;
Ntfkhf Ngr;rpy; Vw;gLtJ nrhy; neUf;fk; my;yJ nrhw; nrwpT vd;Dk; Fw;wkhFk;.
mjdhy; nrhy; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUe;jpa tbtk; rpije;Jk;
Nghfyhk;. ~nfhz;L th| vd;gJ ~nfhz;lh| vdTk; Nfl;BHfsh vd;gJ ~Nfl;sh|
vdTk; tpiuthd Ngr;rpy; mikAk;. ,g;gpiofisj; jtpHf;f epWj;jp epjhdkhd
Ntfj;Jld; Ngrg; gapw;rp ju Ntz;Lk;.
• mr;rk;> $r;rk;
mwpe;jtHfsha; ,Ug;gpDk; gyH Kd;dpiyapy; jdpahf epd;Wk;> mwpahjtH
Kd;dpiyapYk; NgRtjw;Fr; rpyH $r;rg;gLtH. mtHfl;F mr;rKk; Vw;gLjy; $Lk;.
mjdhy; glglg;gha;g; NgRtH@ my;yJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W khw;wpg; NgRtH mjdhy;
NgRk;nghOJ mr;rlj. $r;rk; Vw;gLtJ xU FiwahFk;.
• fhy jhkjk;
jhkjk
rpyH NgRk;nghOJ ,ilapy; epWj;jp epWj;jpf; fhy jhkjk; nra;J NgRtH@
fUj;Jfis xOq;Fglj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhYk;> rigiaf; fz;L Vw;gLk;
mr;rj;jhYk; ,t;thW epWj;jpg; NgRjy; Vw;glyhk;. mt;thW NgRtjhy; Nfl;gtUf;Fr;
rypg;G Vw;gLtJld; fUj;JfisAk; Kiwahff; Nfl;L mwpa KbahJ.
• jf;f nrhy;
nrhy; ,d;ik
ts;StH nrhy;td;ik gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wnghOJ
~nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f
nrhy;ypw; gadpyhr; nrhy;|

vdg; ghbAs;shH. fUj;Jf;Nfw;w gaDila nrhw;fisj; NjHe;J vLj;Jg; Ngrhik xU
ngUq;Fiwahf mike;JtpLk;.
• czHr;rp
nrhy;Yfpd;w fUj;NjhLk; mjd; czHr;rpNahLk; xd;Wgl;Lg; NgrhJ XNu Fuypy;
NgRjy; xU FiwahFk;. Nfl;gtHf;F rypg;G Vw;gLk;.
• nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;
vOtha;> gadpiy nghUj;jkpd;ik. xU njhlupy; vOtha;f;Nfw;wgb gpw nrhw;fs;
mikf;fhik. nkhopapd; kugwpe;J njhlHfisg; gad;gLj;jhik> nrhw;fspy; rpy
vOj;Jfis xypf;fhJ tpLjy; Kjypad nrhw;nwhlH Fww;q;fshk;. ,it Vw;glhJ
NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fs;
ed;D}y; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}iyj; je;j gtze;jp KdptH xU E}ypy; Vw;gLk;
gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fissj; njhFj;Jf; $wpAs;shH. mit Ngr;Rf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhditahk;. fUj;ijf; FiwTglf; $Wjy;> mjpfkhf tpsf;Fjy;> $wpaij
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $Wjy;> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glf; $Wjy;> Fw;wKila nrhw;fisf;
$Wjy;> ,JNth mJNth vd kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;gb NgRjy;> fUj;Jr; nrwpT ,y;yhjJ
ntWk; nrhw;fisj; njhFj;jy;> xd;iwf; $wj; njhlq;fp kw;nwhw;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRjy;>
Kjypy; tpupthfj; njhlq;fpg; Nghfg; Nghff; fUj;J Fiwe;J tUjy;> nrhw;fspypUe;Jk;
xU gaDk; ,y;yhJ Nghjy; Mfpad gj;Jf; Fw;wq;fshFk;. ,it Vw;glhky; ghHj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• cly;eyf; FiwT
cly; cWg;Gfspd; FiwghLfshYk;> cly; eyf; FiwthYk; jpUj;jkpy;yhg
Ngr;R Vw;gl topAz;L. %f;fpy; rij tsHr;rp> njhz;ilapy; rij tsHr;rp> jpf;Ftha;
Nghd;wit jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;Rf;Ff; fhuzq;fshy; mikayhk;.
eh nefpo; gapw;rpfs;
pfs
xNu tifahd nrhw;fs; my;yJ xypfisg; gyKiwf; $WkhW nra;jy; eh
nefpo; gapw;rpahFk;. ,jdhy;> ehtpd; Edp NkYk; fPOkhf mire;J mt;nthypf;Fupa
,lj;jpy; mikAk; gapw;rp ngWk;. xypia vOg;Gk; Kiw jpUj;jkilAk;.
u> u> u> u> u> u> uh
y y y y y y yh
s s s s s s sh vd;W mfu xypAlDk;> gpd;dH>
up> up> up> up> up> up> uP
op op op op op op oP
dp dp dp dp dp dp dP

zp zp zp zp zp zp zP vd;W ,fu xypAlDk; ,t;thW ntt;ntW capnuOj;Jld;
NrHj;Jf; $wr; nra;J gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xNu xyp gyKiw mike;j nrhw;fs; $wy;
~y| xyp
(m) mtd; ey;ytd; my;yd;
nrhy;nyhd;W nrhy;Nyd;
fy;ypypUe;J vLj;jhd;
(M) ~s| xyp
js;Sk; cs;sk;
js;shbj; js;shbr; nrd;whd;
gs;sj;jpy; cs;s Ks;nsL
(,) ~o| xyp
fPNo tpOe;J mOjhd;
Viof;fpotd; thiog;gok; tOf;fp tpOe;jhd;
nfhO nfhOj;j thio
(<) ~w| xyp
fhw;wpy; fPw;W tpOe;jJ
Cw;W ePH nfhz;L th
fhw;W jpir khwp khwp tPrpaJ.
,k;Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp khzhf;fUf;F tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;J Ngr;rpy;
ty;ytuhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
eh gpwo; gapw;rpfs;
pfs
Vwj;jho xj;j xypAila nrhw;fs; mLj;jLj;J tUk; nrhw;fs; mike;j njhlHfis
tpiuthfTk; gpioapd;wpAk; $WkhW gapw;rpaspg;gJjhd; eh gpwo; gapw;rpahFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fPo; cs;s njhlHfisf; $wr; nra;ayhk;.
mtDk; mtSk; mtYk; njs;S khTk; jpd;whHfs;.
Nky; VO Xiy> fPo; VO Xiy Mfg; gjpdhd;F Xiy.
tpy;NtUotH gif nfhspDk; nfhs;sw;f nrhy;NyUotH gif.

gyhg;gok; gOj;Jg; gs;sj;jpy; tpOe;jJ.
kdk; ,ire;j kzk;.
gzk; gok; gzk;> gok; gdk; gok;.

vOj;Jfspd; xyp NtWghl;lhy; nghUs; NtWgLk;. mjid khztH xyp mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F jtiy> jtis vdr; nrhw;fisr; $wr;nra;tJld; mtw;wpd; nghUs;
czUk; tz;zk; njhlHfspd; mikj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jz;zPH vLg;gJ jtiy
jz;zPupy; ,Ug;gJ jtis
this vd;gJ kPdpd; ngaH
thio vd;gJ kuj;jpd; ngaH

,it Nghd;w tiy> tis> typ/tsp/top> xyp/xsp/xop> $iu/$iw> ,uq;F/,wq;F
Kjyhdtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $wpdhy; xypg;G mwptJld; nghUSk;
mwptH.
NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; gapw;rpfs;
kpf tpiuthfg; Ngrpdhy;> ehk; vd;d NgrpNdhk; vd;gjidf; Nfl;gtH mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbahJ. kpf nkJthfg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;gtUf;Fr; rypg;G cz;lhFk;. vdNt>
$wg;gLk; nra;jpf;F Vw;w Ntfj;Jld;> nghUs; tpsq;Fk; gFjpfspy; epWj;jpg; Ngr
Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd Ntfj;NjhL tpNtfkhTk; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkilapy;
NgRk;NghJ> xNu Fuypy; czHr;rpapd;wpg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;NghUf;Fr; rypg;G Vw;gLk;.
czHr;rpaw;w Ngr;R> cg;gpy;yh czTf;Fr; rkk; vdyhk;. Nfhgj;ij czHj;Jk;
nrhw;fisf; $Wk;nghOJk;> ,uf;f czHr;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghOJk; me;je;j
czHr;rpf;Nfw;gg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW NgRtjw;Fj; jhk; NgRk; fUj;JfSlDk;>
nra;jpfSlDk; NgRgtH xd;Wgl;ltuhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Ngr;rpy; mikjp
rpyH czHr;rp tag;gl;Lg; glglg;Gld; NgRtH. mt;thW Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;gtH
fUj;jpid ed;F czHe;J nfhs;Sjy; KbahJ. vdNt> mikjpahfg; NgRjy;
Ntz;Lk;. xUtH NgrtpUf;Fk; fUj;Jfis> nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpthuhapd;>
mtUf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if Vw;gLk;. mg;nghOJ mtH mikjpahff; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf;
$WthH.
• eilAk; nkhopAk;
• xUtUila fUj;J tsj;Jf;Fk; czHr;rpf;Fk; Vw;g mtUila nkhopAk;

eilAk; mikAk;. mtiug;Nghy; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ,tiug;Nghy; NgrNtz;Lk;
vd;Dk; vz;zj;Jld; njhlHfisg; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhy; mJ ,ay;ghd Ngr;rhf
mikahJ. fUj;Jfis xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhz;lgpd;> rpWrpW njhlHfs;%yk;

mtw;iw ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. jkpopy; NgRk;nghOJ> J}a jkpo;r; nrhw;fisf;
ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fw;wkpy;yhJ fUj;Jf; Nfhitahfg; NgRjy;

Kd;dHf; $wpagb xypg;Gf; Fw;wNkh> nrhw; Fw;wNkh> nghUs; Fw;wNkh> Kd;gpd;
Kuzhfg; NgRk; Fw;wNkh mikahJ NgRtNj jpUe;jpa Ngr;rhFk;. Ngrj; njhlq;FKd;
fUj;Jfis tupirg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; $wNtz;ba
fUj;Jfis KjypYk;> njhlHe;J$w Ntz;batw;iw ,ilapYk;> ,Wjpapy; $w
Ntz;batw;iw ,WjpapYk; $WjNy fUj;ijf; Nfhitglg; NgRjyhFk;.
• gj;J moF nghUe;Jjy;

ed;D}y; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gkpf;f jkpo; ,yf;fzk; je;j gtze;jp KdptH> xU
E}ypy; nghUe;jpapUf;f Ntz;ba gj;J moFfisf; $wpAs;shH. mit mLj;J tUk;
,aypy; tpupTiu Kiwapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ctikfSk; Nkw;Nfhs;fSk;
“jiytDk; jiytpAk; xd;Wgl;L tho;e;jdH" vd;gijtpl> “mtHfs; efKk;

rijAk; Nghy> kyUk; kzKk;Nghy tho;e;jdH" vdf; $WtJ RitAilajhf
cs;sjd;Nwh? ey;y nghUj;jkhd ctikfs; Ngr;rpy; miktJ rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
mj;Jld;> fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJ> rpwe;j rhd;NwhH vOjpa E}ypypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;
$WtJ vd;gJ mtUila Ngr;Rf;F XH cWjpiar; NrHf;Fk;. “ez;gUf;Fj; Jd;gk;
Vw;gl;lhy; ehk; clNd nrd;W cjtNtz;Lk;" vd;W ntWikahff; $whJ>
“cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf
,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G"

vd thd;Gfo; ts;StH $wpAs;shH vd Nkw;Nfhs; $WtJ Ngr;irr;
RitAilajhf;Fk;.
• ew;gz;Gfs;
xUtuJ Ngr;R Nfl;gtiuj; jk;ghy; <Hg;gjhf> fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;gtHghy; md;NghL> ,dpikahd nrhw;fis eifr;Rit fye;J Ngrpdhy;>
Nfl;gtH ,d;gk; ngWtH@ Ngr;rpy; <LghL fhl;LtH. ts;StH nrhy;yhw;wiyg; gw;wpf;
$Wk;nghOJ>
“Nfl;lhHg; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f; NfshUk;

Ntl;g nkhoptjhk; nrhy;"
vd;W jpUts;Stu; njspTglf; $wpAs;shH. vdNt> xUtuJ Ngr;R> Nfl;gtiug;
gpzpg;gjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspayhk;.

• jf;f nrhy; ,d;ik

~xUtDf;Fg; Ngr;rhw;wy; iftug; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;| vd;gjid tpsf;fte;j
ts;StH ~nrhy;td;ik| gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wnghOJ>
“nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f
nrhy;ypw; gadpyhr; nrhy;"

vdg; ghbAs;shH. ~fUj;Jf;Nfw;w gaDila nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; Ngrhik> xU
ngUq;Fiwahf mike;J tpLk;| vd;gNj ,t;thW njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
czHr;rp
nrhy;Yfpd;w fUj;NjhLk; mjd; czHr;rpNahLk; xd;Wgl;Lg; NgrhJ> xNu Fuypy;
NgRjy; vd;gJ ngUq;FiwahFk;. czHr;rpaw;w Ngr;R> Nfl;gtHf;Fr; rypg;igNa
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;
nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fSs; jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vOtha;> gadpiy
nghUj;jkpd;ikNaahFk;. xU njhlupy; vOtha;f;F Vw;wgb gpw nrhw;fis
mikf;fhik> nkhopapd; kuGmwpe;J njhlHfisg; gad;gLj;jhik> nrhw;fspy; rpy
vOj;Jfis xypf;fhJ tpl;LtpLjy; Kjypad nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fshFk;. ,t;tifr;
nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs; Vw;glhJ NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztHfs;
khztHfs; ngw Ntz;ba nkhopj;jpwd;fs;
nghUj;jkhd milnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> cupa fiyr; nrhw;fs; fye;J NgRjy;.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fythJ NgRjy;.
tuNtw;Giu> ghuhl;Liu> ed;wpAiu Mw;wy;.
fye;Jiuahly;.
khztHfs; nray;ghLfs;
nghUj;jkhd jiyg;Gfspy; Ngrr; nra;jy;.
Kd; jahupg;Gila nrhw;nghopTfisg; Ngrr;nra;J - nrhw;nghoptpy; Nkw;Nfhs;>

fUj;J typAWj;jy;> VJf;fs; fhl;ly; Nghd;w $Wfis mikj;Jg; Ngrr;
nra;jy;.
NgRjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;
nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;fk; topfs; gy. mit NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;fg;
gad;gLtdthFk;. mit KiwNa> 1. glk; ghHj;J tpsf;Fjy;> 2. nranyjpuhfg;
NgRjy;> 3. njhlH epfo;thfg; NgRjy;> 4. nrhy; tpsf;fg; GidT> 5. #o;epiyfs;g;

Ngr;R> 6. ghj;jpug; GidT> 7. gl;bkd;wk; ,g; goF nray;fs; NgRjy; jpwid
tsHg;gdthFk;. ,it tFg;gpw;Nfw;gj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• glk; ghHj;
ghHj;J tpsf;Fjy;
glk; ghHj;J tpsf;fk; nrhy;Yk; goF nray;> njhlf;f tFg;GfSf;F kl;Lky;yhky;
eLepiy> Nky;epiyg; gs;sp khztHfSf;Fk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
• nranyjpuhfg; Ngr;R
~nranyjpuhfg; NgRjy;| vDk; goF nraypy;> ,UtH Ngr Ntz;Lk;. xUtH
NgRtjw;F khw;Wiuahf ,d;ndhUtH Ngr Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wiu> vjpHkiwf; $w;W>
vjpHr;nrhy; $w;W> me;jhjpf; $w;W> thf;fpa msT khw;Wk; Nghd;wdthf mikayhk;.
khw;Wiuiag; ghlg; nghUs; Njitf;Nfw;g cUthf;fyhk;.
v-fh: vjpHkiwf; $w;W
xUtH: New;W ehd; gbj;Njd;.
kw;nwhUtH: New;W ehd; gbf;ftpy;iy.
• njhlH epfo;Tg; Ngr;R

,UtH gq;Nfw;fj; jf;fthW NkNy fhl;lg;ngw;w goF nray;fisf; FOtpw;Fk;
tbtikf;fyhk;. tupir Kiwapy; xt;nthUtuhf tiuaWj;j Kiwg;gb NgRjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;goF nraypy; ~me;jhjpahfg; NgRjy;| kpfTk; tpWtpWg;igAk;
MHtj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• #o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;R

#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;Rk;> NgRjy; jpwdpy; Nkk;gl;l epiyahFk;. xU #oiyr;
nraw;ifahff; nfhz;L Ngrg;gLk; Ngr;R> #o;epiyg; Ngr;R MFk;.
filf;fhuH - nghUs; thq;FgtH
NgUe;J Xl;LeH - elj;JeH
MrpupaH - khztH
NeH fhz;gtH - NeHfhzp
Nghd;W> ,UtH vjpHg;gLk; #oiyr; nraw;ifahff; nfhz;L> mr;#oypy; khztHfisg;
Ngrr;nra;J NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;.
• ghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;R

ghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;Rk; #o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;rpidg; Nghd;wjhFk;.
#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;rpy; eilKiw tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfs; fw;gidahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ghj;jpug; GidT ehlfg; ghq;fpidg; Nghd;wJ. Ngr;NrhL nka;g;ghLk;
,ize;jthW nray; epfo;fpwJ.

• gl;bkd;wk;
,J gs;spfspy; eilngWk; gl;bkd;wk; Nghd;w fiy epfo;r;rpfspy;
khztHfisg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;J Ngr;Rj; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;. njhlf;f tFg;Gfspy;>
tFg;giw mstpy; fiy> ,yf;fpa epfo;r;rpfis Vw;gLj;jp> Foe;ijfisg; gq;Nfw;fr;
nra;ayhk;.
NgRjy; jpwidj; NjHe;jwpAk; Kiwfs;
NgRjy; jpwid msf;f tha;nkhopj; NjHNt Clfkhf mikAk;. vOJKiw
gad;glhjjhy; eilKiwapy; ,j;jpwd; NjHT nra;ag;glhkYs;sJ. NjHtpy; ,lk;
ngwhjjhy; nkhopf; fw;gpg;gpy; ,j;jpwd; jtpHf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
fUj;jhly;> gl tpsf;fk; $Wjy;> ghj;jpug; Gidtpy; NgRjy; Nghd;wd Ngr;Rj;
jpwid tsHf;Fk; nray;ghLfshFk;. ,r;nray;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;Wg; NgRk;NghJ
mikAk; Jy;ypak;> Ngr;Rr; rusk; Mfpad NgRjy; jpwid msf;Fk; mstPLfshFk;.
Jy;ypak;> rusk; Mfpadtw;iw mstPlhff; nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; cl;$Wfis
tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kiwahd xypg;G> nghUj;jkhd nrhy;yhl;rp> ,yf;fzKilik Mfpad Ngr;Rj;
Jy;ypaj;jpd; $Wfs;. cupa tpiuT (jaf;fkpd;ik)> Kd;gpd; njhlHG> clDf;Fld;
gjpYiuj;jy; Mfpad rusj;jpw;Fupa $WfshFk;. NgRjy; jpwid msf;f
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l $Wfisf; nfhs;tJNghy nkhopeil> nka;g;ghL> fUj;J
Mfpadtw;iwAk; Ngr;Rj; jpwid msg;gjw;fhd msTf; $Wfshff; nfhs;syhk;.
,tw;iwg; gw;wpa kpif tpsf;fq;fisr; nrhw;nghopTf;fiy njhlHghd E}y;fspypUe;J
mwpayhk;.
gbf;Fk; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;
gbg;gJ jpUj;jkhd xypAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gbf;Fk;gFjpapd; nghUs; czHe;J Vw;w
,lq;fspy; epWj;jpg; gbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. czHr;rpf;Nfw;g Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;Tld; gbf;fg;
gapw;Wjy; jw;fhyj;jpy; vOJk;nghOJk;> mr;rpl;L ntspapLk; nghOJk; fhw;Gs;sp>
miug;Gs;sp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf; Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp Nghd;w epWj;jw;Fwpfisg;
gad;gLj;J fpd;wdH. mit gFjpfis vspa Kiwapy; nghUs; mwpe;J gbf;f
cjTfpd;wd@ epWj;j Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; jhNk epWj;jpg; gbg;gjw;Fk;> epWj;jk;
,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy msNt epWj;jpg; gbg;gjw;Fk; mit gad;gLfpd;wd.
gbj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
• rpwg;G cr;rupg;Gld; gbj;jy;
• jpUj;jkhfg; gbj;jy;
• xypaikjpAld; gbj;jy;
• cs;sij cs;sthW gbj;jy;
• czHTfis czHe;J gbj;jy;

• epWj;jw;Fwpfs; mwpe;J gbj;jy;

tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy;
y
tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;ff; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ cjTk; Jizf; fUtpfs; gy cs;sd.
mitahtd:
• kpd; ml;ilfs;
lfs
Kjy; tFg;G khztHfisg; gbj;jYf;F mwpKfg;gLj;j kpd; ml;ilfs; ey;y
njhlf;fkhFk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; mit Gj;jfq;fistpl mjpff; ftHr;rpAk;
gaDk; jUgitahFk;.
• fl;lis ml;ilfs;
• Kftup ml;lilfs;
fl;lisfisj; njhlHe;J Kftup ml;ilfisf; fhl;bg; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.
tFg;gpYs;s khztHfspd; khztHfspd; cz;ikahd ngaHfis vOJtJ ed;W.
• thf;fpa ml;ilfs;
fl;lis ml;ilfisAk; Kftup ml;ilfisAk; tpiuthfg; gbj;J Kbj;jTld;
thf;fpa ml;ilfisg; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.
• thrpg;Gj; jhs;fs;
khztHfs; nra;J Kbj;j nray;fisf; Fwpj;J tha;nkhopahff; $wr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
nfhr;ir nkhopia ePf;fpj; jpUj;jKw mtw;iwg; ngupa mstpy; fUk;gyifapy; vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
• mwpf;iffs;
gs;spapy;> khztH rq;f eltbf;iffs; tpis ahl;Lr; rq;f eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
mwpf;iffs; thrpg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw cjtp nra;tdthFk;.
• ehspjo;fs;> thu khj VLfs;

nra;jp thrpj;jy; vd;gJ gy gs;spfspy; md;whl mYtyhf ele;J tUfpwJ.
Nkw;fz;lthW gbg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw ,it Jiz Gupfpd;wd. ,it jpde;NjhWk; Gjpa
nrhw;fisAk; nrhy;yhl;rpiaAk; fw;f tha;g;G mspf;fpd;wd.
• fbjq;fs;
fbjq;fis vOjTk;> gpwUf;Fg; gbj;Jf; fhl;lTk; khztH mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Gj;jf
tpw;gid epiyaj;Jf;Ff; fbjk; vOJjy;> tpLg;Gf;fhf fbjq;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfisg;
ghHf;f mDkjpNfhUk; fbjq;fs;> ed;wp $Wk; fbjq;fs;> tho;j;Jf; fbjq;fs; Nghd;w
gy gs;sp tho;tpy; ,ay;gha; vOj mj;jifa tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd gbf;Fq;fhy;
mtw;iwj; jtwpy;yhky; gbf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. fl;Liufs;

fl;Liufs; tha;nkhopahfTk; miktJz;L. mit tha; nkhopf; fl;Liufs; vdg;ngWk;.
mjw;F epuy;glf; fUj;Jfisg; Ngr;rpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;JtNj ,k;Kiw vOjpa
fl;Liufisg; gyH Kd; gbj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; cz;L. me;epiyapy; gbg;G gapw;rp epfo
,lKz;L.
• ehlf ciuahly;
me;je;jg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fupa ciuahly; gFjpfis nel;LUg;Nghl tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy;
mtrpakhfpwJ. jtpu> Ngr;Rfis czHr;rp ghtj;Jld; ehlf muq;fpy; ntspapl
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. mt;thW nra;a mg;gFjpfis czHr;rpAld; gbf;f
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait
kpfTk; tpiuthfg; gbj;jy; $lhJ. mt;thW gbj;jhy; gbg;gtHf;Fk; Nfl;gtHf;Fk;
nghUs; tpsq;fhJ. gbj;jy; kpfj; njspthfTk; jpUj;jkhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fuy; ,ay;ghdjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;nghopT> nra;tJ Nghy; gbg;gNjh>

xNu khjpupahd Fuypy; gbg;gNjh ,ir ghLtJ Nghd;W Fuiy Vw;wpAk;
,wf;fpAk; gbg;gNjh $lhJ.
• gbf;Fk;nghOJ Njitaw;w mirTfs; ,Uj;jy; jtW. ifia ePl;bAk;> jiyia

Ml;bAk; gbg;gJ xOq;fd;W.
• ,t;thW tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypy; XusT jpwd; ngw;W tUk;nghOJ tha;f;Fl;

gbj;jypYk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; ed;ikfs;
fz; Nehf;f> eh xypf;f> kdk; czu cjTtJ tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jyhFk;. njhlf;f
epiyapy; tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy;jhd; rpwe;jjhFk;.
xypg;G Kiwiaf; fw;f> tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; cjTk;.
xypg;gpYs;s Fiwfisj; jpUj;j ,k;Kiw cjTk;.
kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F tha; tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy Vw;wJ.
jkpOf;Nf Vw;w ~,Onkd;| xyp eaj;jpNyNa Xirapd; gj;jpNy

nrhw;RitapNyNa <Lgl tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy jf;fJ
epWj;jw; Fwpfspd; gaid tha;tpl;Lg; gbg;gjd; thapyhf ed;F mwpayhk;.

,t;thW gbg;gjhy; czHr;rpAld; ebg;gjw;Fk; NjHr;rp ngw;wjhFk;.
tha;tpl;Lg; gbg;gjdhy; nrhw;fis mwptjpYk; mtw;iwg; ghFghL nra;tjpYk;

cs;s Fiwfis mwptJld; mtw;iw clDf;Fld; fisaTk; KbAk;.
tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; jPikfs;
tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd;NghJ gbj;jypd; Ntfk; Vw;glhJ. vdNt fhyk; tPzhFk;.

kpFjpahd gFjpfis tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ xypAWg;Gfs; fisg;gilAk;

gbg;gjpy; NrhHT Njhd;Wk;.
nrhw;fisAk;> njhlHfisAk; fz;L Vw;wKiwapy; gbg;gjpNyNa kdk;

nry;tjhy; nghUs; czhjypy; rw;W jhkjk; Vw;gLk;.
nghJ E}yfq;fspy; gbf;Fk; nghOJ tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jhy; gpwUf;F ,ila+W

Vw;gLk;. vy;yhUk; tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy; ftdr; rpjwy; Vw;gl;Lg;
nghUs; czu KbahJ.
kdj;Jf;Fs; gbj;jy;
mr;nrOj;J my;yJ ifnaOj;J Mfpa xd;wpid cuf;f> tha;tpl;Lg;
gbf;fhky; kdj;Jf;Fs;NsNa gbj;Jg; nghUs; czHjNy tha;f;Fl; gbg;G vdg;gLk;.
tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; ed;F iftug; ngw;w gpd;dH ifahs Ntz;ba Kiw tha;f;Fl;
gbg;ghFk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy rpwe;j gaidj; jUk;. vdpDk;
Nky; tFg;Gf;Fr; nry;yr; nry;y khztH jpwd; ngw Ntz;LtJ tha;f;Fl;
gbg;NgahFk;.
%d;whk; tFg;gpypUe;J tha;f;Fl; gbg;G njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tFg;gpy;
tha;f;Fl;gbg;Gk;> tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jYk; 40 rjtPjk;> 60 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ 2:3 vd;Dk; tpfpjj;jpy; mikjy; ed;W vdg; ghlj;jpl;lk; tiuaWj;Js;sJ.
caHtFg;GfSf;Fg; Nghfg; Nghf tha;f;Fl; gbg;gpd; tpfpjKk; caHe;J nfhz;Nl Nghf
Ntz;Lk;.
kdjpw;Fs; gbg;gjpy; ngw Ntz;bait
gbg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsHj;jy; - gbf;Fk; nghOJ tup tbtj;ijf; fz;fshy; ghHj;Nj
gbf;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt> gbg;Gj; jpwd;fshd fz; rhz; msT> fz; efHr;rp> fz;
gha;r;ry; mfpatw;wpy; ey;y jpwd; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
m) fz; rhz; msT - gbf;Fk; nghOJ fz; tup tbtj;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpiag;
ghHf;fpwJ. gpd;G mLj;j gFjpiag; ghHf;fpwJ. xU jlit ghHg;gjhy; fz;lwpfpd;w
nrhw;nwhFjpiaf; fz;rhz;msT vd;gH. ~fe;jd; jd; ez;gidf; filj;njUtpy;
fz;lhd;| vd;Dk; njhlupy; fe;jd; vd;gij kl;Lk; xU jlitapy; ghHf;f KbAk; vdpy;
gbf;Fk; Ntfk; FiwAk;. ~fe;jd; jd; ez;gidf;| vd;gJ tiu xU jlitapy; ghHf;f
KbAnkdpy; gbg;gpd; Ntfk; kpFjpg;gLk;. ,f;fz; rhz; msT ngupajha; mikag;
gapw;rp ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
M) fz; efHr;rp - xU jlit ghHj;jgpd; fz; mLj;j gFjpiag; ghHf;ff; Fjpg;gJ
Nghy; nry;fpwJ - ,jidf; fz;Fjpg;G vd;gH. ,jidNa fz; efHr;rp vdTk; $WtH.
xU gFjpiag; ghHf;Fk; Neuk; fz; epw;gijf; ~fz; epWj;jy;| vd;gH. xU gFjpf;F
fhy; tpdhb Njit vdf; $WtH. ,f;fz; epWj;jk; mjpfkhapd; gbg;gpd; Ntfk;
FiwAk;. epWj;Jk; fhyj;ijf; Fiwj;Jg gbf;fg; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
,) fz; gha;r;ry; - xU njhlH Kbe;jJk;> mLj;j njhlUf;Ff; fz; ghHit jhTfpwJ.
,j;jhTjYf;F fz; gha;r;ry; vdg; ngaH. mg;gha;r;ry; mbgpwohJ nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xNu tupia kPz;Lk; gbg;gJk;> xU tup tpl;Lg; gbg;gJk; rpy Ntisfspy; epfo;tJz;L.

mJ gbf;Fk; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;. vdNt fz; gha;r;ry; NeHikahdjhf mikag;
gapw;rp ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
kdjpw;Fs; gbf;Fk; Kiwfs;
njhlf;f epiyapy; rpWrpW fl;lisfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfisr; rpwpJ Neuk;

fhl;b> mtw;iw tha;f;Fs; gbf;fr; nra;J mf;fl;lisg;gb nray;fisr; nra;ar;
nrhy;yyhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy; nra;jpfis vspa njhlHfspy; vOjp thrpg;G ml;ilfs;

jahupj;Jf; Fwpj;Jf; fhy msTf;Fg; gbf;fr; nra;J gpd;dH mtw;wpy; tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;fyhk;.
Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; nfhLj;j gFjpiag; gbj;J Kbj;jy; tha;f;Fs; gbg;gpy; gapw;rp

ngWk; topfspy; xd;whFk;.
E}y; epiyaj;NjhL ,ize;j gbg;gfk; xd;W mikj;J ehspjo;fs;> thu> khj

,jo;fs; Mfpatw;Ws; Fwpg;ghf rpytw;iw ehs;NjhWk; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.,
gbf;fg; gapw;Wk; Kiwfs;
gbf;fg; gapw;Wtjw;Fk; 1. vOj;J Kiw> 2. nrhy; Kiw> 3. nrhw;nwhlH Kiw vd
%d;W Kiwfs; cs;sd. xt;nthU Kiwapidg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;.
1. vOj;JKiwg; gbg;G
jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; ehy;tif vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. mit capH vOj;J (12)>
nka;naOj;J (18)> capHnka; vOj;J (216)> Ma;jk; (1) vd;gdthFk;. xt;NthH
vOj;Jf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa xyp cz;L. vdNt> vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; fw;W> mjd; gpd;
mt;ntOj;Jfshy; Md nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; gbg;gNj vOj;J Kiwapy;
gbg;gjhFk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; gbf;ff; fw;gpj;j Kiw ,JNthahFk;. ,k;Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; Fiw> epiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
epiwfs;
o vOj;J fis Kiwg;gb gbg;gjhy; mtw;wpd; tupir Kiwia khztH
ed;FzHe;J nfhs;s topNaw; gLfpd;wJ.
o vOj;Jfisf; fw;w gpd;dHr; nrhw;fisg; gbg;gjw;Fr; nry;tjhy; Iae;jpupG
mw vOj;jwpT ngw KbfpwJ.
o jkpo; nkhopapy; ehk; xypg;gJ Nghd;Nw vOJfpNwhk;. vdNt> xt;nthH
vOj;Jf;Fupa xypapid ed;FzHe;J nfhs;tjhy; vOJk; gapw;rp
vspjhfpd;wJ. vOj;Jg; gpiofs; kpFjpAk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
o gbg;gJk; gpioapd;wp mikAk;.

Fiwfs;
• njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fg; Nghjy;| vd;w fw;gpj;jy; Kiwf;F ,J Gwk;ghFk;.
• NkYk;> vOj;Jfisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ xt;NthH vOj;jpd; tuptbitAk; xyp

tbitAk; fw;gpg;gJ kpf;f fhyjhkjj;ij cz;L gz;ZfpwJ.
• jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; cs;s 247 vOj;Jfspy; gy vOj;Jfs; nkhopapy;

ifahsg;gLtjpy;iy. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ~q| fu tupiria vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
mt;tupirapy; q> qh> q; vd;w 13 vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ~q| ~q;| vd;w
,U vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk nkhopapy; ifahsg; gLfpd;wd. vQ;rpAs;s gjpndhU
vOj;Jfs; ifahsg;gLk; nrhy;Ny jkpo; nkhopapy; ,y;iy.
(1) ~q| g; Nghy; tis> 2 mq;qdk; ,ijg; Nghd;W ~z| tupirapYk; ~l|
tupirapYk; rpy vOj;Jfs; ifahsg; gLtjpy;iy. nkhopapy; tuNt tuhj
,j;jifa vOj;Jfspd; tuptbitAk; xyp tbitAk; ,sq;Foe;ijf;Ff; fw;Wf;
nfhLg;gJ Njitaw;wJ.
nrhy;Kiwg; gbg;G
vOj;J Kiwf;F khWgl;lJ nrhy; KiwahFk;. GJr; nrhw;fis vspjpy; gbf;ff;
fw;fpd;wdH. ,t;tz;zk; xt;nthU nrhy;yhff; fw;gpg;gJjhd; nrhy;Kiw vdg;gLk;.
,dp> ,k;Kiwapd; epiwFiwfis Muha;Nthk;.
epiwfs;
• kdpj ,ay;Gf;F ,k;Kiw nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ. ~mk;kh> mg;gh> mf;fh>

jhj;jh> ghl;b| Nghd;w nrhw;fisj;jhd; ,sq;Fotpfs; $Wfpd;wdH.
• xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; jdpj;jdpg; nghUs; cz;L.
• ~KOikapdpd;W ghfq;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ| cstpay; Kiw vdNt>

nrhy;ypypUe;J vOj;Jf;Fr; nry;tJ ,ay;ghdJ
Fiwfs;
• vOj;Jf; $l;bg;gbf;f tha;g;gpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fw;w vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l

GJr; nrhw;fisg; gbg;gJk; gbj;jtw;iwg; ghHf;fhky; vOJtJk; gpio
epiwe;jjhf Mfptplf;$Lk;.
• kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nrhw;fis vOJk; gapw;rp mspg;gpd;> ,f;Fiwapid ePf;ff;$Lk;.
• NeH xypg;G KiwAs;s jkpiotplj; jdp xypg;G Kiw nfhz;l Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w
NtW nkhopfl;Nf nrhy;Kiw rhyr; rpwe;jJ.
• xU glj;ij %bf;nfhz;L vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; gl cjtpapd;wpg; gbf;fr;

nrhd;dhNy gbf;f Kbahky; thshtpUf;fyhk;.

• ,jw;Fg; gupfhukhf xt;nthU nrhy;ypYk; %d;W kpd; ml;ilfs; jahupj;Jg;

gapw;rp mspj;jhy;: mf;Fiw ePq;Fk;.
• jkpo; nkhopapd; neLq;fzf;F tupirawpT khztHfl;F ,y;yhky; Nghff;$Lk;.

,J xU FiwNa vdpDk; ehsiltpy; khztH Nghjpa NjHr;rp ngw;W Nky; tFg;Gf;Fr;
nry;Yq;fhy; ,f;Fiw jhNd ePq;Fk;.
nrhw;nwhlH Kiwg;gbg;G
Gjpjhff; ifahsg;gLk; KiwfSs; ,J xd;whFk;. vspa nrhw;nwhlHfs;
gytw;iwf; fw;gpj;J mjd; gpd;Nd mtw;wpy; tUk; jdpj;jdpahd nrhw;fisAk;>
vOj;JfisAk; fw;gpg;gJ ,k;KiwahFk;. tho;f;ifapy; ehk; NgRq;fhy;
nrhw;nwhlHfshfNt NgRfpNwhk;. MfNt Foe;ijfSk; nrhw;nwhlHfshfNt gbf;ff;
fw;gJ nghUj;jKilj;J. nrhy;iy XH myfhff; nfhz;L mwpjy; Nghy rpwpa
nrhw;nwhliu myfhff; nfhs;tJ xd;Wjhd;. ,k;Kiwapy; cs;s FiwfSk;
epiwfSk; nrhw;nwhlH Kiwf;Fg; nghJthfg; nghUe;Jjy; vd;gJ njspT.
nrhy; KiwapYk;> nrhw;nwhlH Kiwapd; rpwg;Gz;L. Foe;ijfs; Kjypy; jdpj;jdpr;
nrhy;yhfg; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhYk; mtHfspd; cs;sj;jpy; xUnrhw;nwhlupd;
fUj;Njnjhf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ~mk;kh| vd;W xU Foe;ij mOfpd;wJ
vd;why; mJ ~mk;kh grpf;fpwJ| my;yJ ~mk;kh ghy; Ntz;Lk;| vd;w
nrhw;nwhlHfspd; fUj;ijj;jhd; xNu nrhy;ypy; mlf;fpf; fhl;LfpwJ. vdNt> $He;J
Nehf;fpd; ~mk;kh| vd;w nrhy; xU nrhw;nwhlNuahFk;. eLr;rhiyapy; epw;Fk;
iffhl;bapy; ~godp 64 fp.kP.| vd;gJ Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. ~godp if
fhl;Lk; jpirapy; 64 fp.kP. njhiytpy; cs;sJ| vd;w nrhw;nwhlupd; RUf;fk; MFk;.
,aw;iff;fpzq;ff; fw;gpg;gNj cstpay; KiwahFk;. cstpay; ed;W vd;gJ $wTk;
Ntz;LNkh?
epiwfs;
• ntWk; nrhy;yhff; fw;gijtpl mr;nrhy; ifasg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; xU nrhw;nwhlH

khztHfSf;Fg; nghUz;ikiaf; nfhLf;f ty;yJ. ~kapy;| vd;why;
jpiff;fyhk;. ~kapy; MLfpwJ| vd;why; Gupe;J nfhs;thHfs;.
• gbg;gjpy; khztHf;F MHtk; ngUFk;.
• cstpay; tpjpfis xl;ba Kiw ,J. KOikahd nrhw;nwhlHfspypUe;J

mtw;wpd; gFjpfshd nrhw;fs; vOj;Jfs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; Nghjy; vspa top.
• ,J tpisahl;L Kiwahjyhy; gps;isfsplk; ftHr;rp kpFjp> fisg;G FiwAk;.

Fiwfs;
• njhlf;fj;jpNyNa nrhw;nwhluhfg; gbg;gJ khztHfSf;F ,lH jUtjhfTk;>

rpf;fy; kpFe;jjhfTk; Njhd;Wk;.

• nrhw;nwhlHfisg; ghuhkNy kdg;ghlk; nra;J xg;Gtpf;ff; $Lk;. Mdhy;> gbj;j

nrhy;iyf; fUk;gyifapy; jdpj;J vOjpdhy; gbf;f mwpahky; jpifg;gH.
• nrhw;nwhlHfisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,k;Kiw vspjpypUe;J njhlq;F

vd;gjw;F vjpH khwhf cs;sJ.
• jkpo; neLq;fzf;F vOj;Jfis tupir xOq;Fg;gb ,k;Kiwapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;s

,ayhJ.
gbj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gly;
E}yfg; gbg;G
mfd;w gbg;Gf;F ed;F cjTk; ,lk; E}yfg; gbg;ghFk;. E}yfj;jpy; fiyf;
fsQ;rpaq;fs;> gy;tif ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;> kyHfs;> ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj; jhs;fs;
,lk; ngWk;. mfd;w gbg;gpid cz;ikapNyNa nghUSs;s xd;whf khw;Wk; ,lk;
E}yfNk. E}y;fisj; jhNk NjHe;njLj;Jg; gbf;Fk; tha;gG ; k;> MrpupaH topfhl;l
mt;topNa E}y;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; gbf;Fk; tha;g;Gk; ,jpy; cz;L.
jpd> thu> khj ,jo;fs; gbj;jy;
ehl;Lr; nra;jpfis ehs;NjhWk; jpd ,jo;fs; ntspaPLfpd;wd. thu> khj> ,jo;fspy;
fijfSk;> fl;LiufSk; ntspahfpd;wd.
vOJjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;
Fiffspy; tho;e;j Mjp kdpjH Xtpak; tiue;jdH vd;gjid mtHfs; tpl;Lg;
NghAs;s mwpFwpfshy; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpNa Xtpa vOj;Jfshf tsHe;jJ.
,uz;nlhU fUj;Jfisad;wpg; gy fUj;Jfis vOjp tUk; nghOJ tpiuT fhuzkhf
Xtpaq;fs; ,uz;nlhU tupfshfr; RUq;fpd. ehsiltpy; me;j mwpFwp XtpaKk; xU
nrhy;yhf epd;W me;jr; nrhy;iy mwptpf;fhJ me;jr; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpid
kl;Lk; mwptpf;f te;jJ. gpwF nrhy;ypd; nghUisad;wpr; nrhy;ypd; vOj;JfisAk;
kf;fs; gpupj;jwpa tpUk;gpdH. ,t;tpUg;gNk xyp vOj;Jfshf tsHr;rp ngw;wJ. ,t;thW
xyp tuptbk; ngw;W vOj;J Njhd;wpaJ.
nkhop Njhd;wp tsHe;J gy;yhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dNu vOj;J vd;w xd;wpd;
thapyhfTk; vz;zj;ij vLj;jpak;g KbAk; vd kf;fs; fz;lwpe;jdH. XusTf;Fg;
gbf;ff; fw;w gpd;dNu vOjf; fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,dp vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;.
vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
• fUj;JfisAk;
fisAk; Ngr;irAk; epiyahfg; gjpT nra;jy;
ehk; Neupy; cs;stuplk; ek; fUj;JfisAk;> vz;zq;fisAk; Ngr;R %yk;
$Wfpd;Nwhk
• njhiytpy; cs;stHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;

ek; fUj;Jfis mwpa Ntz;batH njhiytpy; ,Ue;jhy; Ngr;R %yk; njuptpf;f
KbahJ. ek; cwtpdH> ez;gH MfpNahUf;Ff; fUj;ijj; njuptpf;f tpUk;gyhk;.
vOJjypy; epiyfs;
epiyfs
vOjf; fw;gpj;jypy; ,U epiyfs; cs;sd. Kjy; epiyapy; xyp tbtq;fis tup
tbtq;fshf vOj mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld; jpUj;jkhfTk;> mofhfTk; tpiuthfTk;>
vOjg; gapw;WtJ Nehf;fkhFk;. tupnahw;wp vOJjy;> ghHj;J vOJjy;> Nfl;L vOJjy;
Nghd;wit kl;Lk; ,q;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.
,uz;lhk; epiyapy; vOJk; tpiuit caHj;JtJld; nrhe;jkhff; fbjk;> fl;Liu>
mwpf;if> Kjypad vOjTk; fw;gpf;fpNwhk;. ,J Mf;f Ntiy fw;gpf;Fk; epiyahFk;.
,uz;L epiyfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd toptiffs; cs;sd. Kjy; epiy ngUk;ghYk;
xd;WKjy; %d;whk; tFg;G tiu gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhFk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy gbg; gbahf
Nky; tFg;Gfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
• vOJtjw;F Kd;Ndw;ghlhd Ntiyfs;

Ngr;rpYk; gbg;gpYk; XusT jpwd; iftug; ngw;w gpd;dNu vOj;Jfs; vOJtijf;
fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpdhy; vOjj; njhlq;Ftjw;F xU gf;Ftk;. xU tif
KjpHr;rpg;; gUtk;; mjhtJ Maj;jk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vOj;Jfspy; cs;s El;gkhd NtWghLfis mwpe;J vOj
Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. (K> O> x> X> f> r> j> e) rpwpa vOj;Jfis vOjf; Foe;ijfspd;
iftpuy;fspd; Ez;zpa jirehHfs; Nghjpa typik ,ize;J ,aq;Fk; jpwDk;
ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kzpf;fl;bYs;s jir ehHfSk; typik mile;jpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. fz;fSk; Nkw;$wpa Ez;zpa NtWghLfis mwpe;Jzu ty;yitahapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> vOjf; fw;gjw;Fupa Maj;j epiyia mile;j gpd;dNu>
Foe;ijfSf;F vOj fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fy;tp kdtpay; $WfpwJ.
MfNt> Nkw;$wpa jirehHfs;> typikawTk;> ntt;NtW cWg;Gfs; ,ize;J
nrayhw;wTk; gapw;rp jUtJ vOj;Jf;Fupa Maj;jj;jpd; Kjw;gbahFk;. mjw;Ff;
fPo;f;fz;lKd; gapw;rpfs; Jiz GupAk;.
ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs;
xUtH vOJtijg; gpwH gbg;gjw;fhfNtz vOj;J vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. me;epiyapy;
vOj;J njspthf ,y;iynadpy; gpwH gbf;f Kbahjd;Nwh! vOj;J njspthf mikaf;
fPo;fz;ltw;iw epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1. njspT
vOj;Jfisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOJjy; Ntz;Lk; rq;fpyp Nghd;W xd;Nwhnlhd;W NrHj;J
vOjpdhy; njsptpy;yhky; Nghfyhk; rpyH ,uz;L vOj;Jfisr;NrHj;J $l;nlOj;jhf
vOJtH. mt;thW vOJtJk; jtwhFk;.
vOj;jpd; tisTfisj; njspthff; Fwpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ~K| vd;gjw;fk; ~O|
vd;gjw;Fk; njspthf NtWghL fhl;Lk; tifapy; vOj;J mikahtpby; njsptpUf;fhJ.

xt;NthH vOj;jpd; tisT> RopT> Nkw;NfhL Mfpatw;iw ed;F ftdpj;J vOj;jpd;
rPuhd mikg;gpy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vOj;Jfspd; Kid mwpahky; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; njspthfg; gbf;f
KbAk;. mjw;fhf mr;nrOj;Jg; ghHj;J vOjr; nra;jNy ey;y gapw;rpahFk;.
2.. msTk; moFk;
vOj;Jfs; xNu mstpdthf ,Ue;jhy; ghHg;gjw;F mofhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU tupapy; rpy
vOj;Jfs; ngupadthfTk;> rpy vOj;Jfs; rpwpadthfTk; mikjy; $lhJ. Mdhy;>
njhlf;fj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; ngupa vOj;Jfshf vOjj; njhlq;FtH. Mdhy;> ,uz;L
NfhLfSf;Fs; vOJk; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;nghOJ xNu mstpdthf vOj;Jfs; mikAk;.
~Ntz;lhj RUs;fisr; NrHj;J vOJjYk;> Nky;tpyq;F> fPo; tpyq;F> nfhk;Gis xNu
tpjkhf vOjhikAk; moiff; nfLg;gdthk;. rpyH Gs;spfisr; rpW tl;lq;fshf
vOJtJz;L. mjdhYk; moF nfLk;. vOj;Jfis Neuhf mr;nrOj;Jfisg; Nghd;W
vOJtNj rpwe;jJ. rpyH rha;j;J vOj tpUk;GtH. mt;thW rha;j;J vOJk;nghOJ xU
rpwpJ tyg;gf;fk; rha;j;J vOjyhNk jtpu ,lg;gf;fk; rha;j;J vOJjy; $lhJ.
NfhLfis Neuhf vOjhky; rpyH tisj;J vOj;Jfisf; Fz;L Fz;lhf vOJjYk;
cz;L. ,Jtk; XusT mofhapUf;Fk;.
3. ,ilntsp
vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J vOjhky; mLj;jLj;Jj; jdpahfTk;> xU nrhy;Yf;Fk; mLj;J
nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa xNu msthfr; rpwpJ ,ilntsp tpl;Lk; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. 4)
tpiuT
vOj;Jfs; njspthfTk; mofhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf kpf nkJthf
vOJjy; $lhJ. njspTld; tpiuthfTk; vOfg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpiuTf;fhfj;
njsptpidg; gwp nfhLj;jy; $lhJ.
vOj;Jg; gapw;rp Kiwfs;
Kiwfs;
khztHfs; vOj;Jfis vOjf; fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd;G njhlHr;rpahfr;
nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gapw;rp ju
tupnahw;wp vOJjy>; ghHj;J vOJjy>; nrhy;tJ vOJjy; my;yJ Nfl;L vOJjy;
Nghd;w Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpf; Foe;ijfs; jhNk vOjg; gapw;rpaspf;fyhk;.
1) tupnahw;wp vOJjy;
ifnaOj;J rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gjw;F> tupnahw;wp vOJjy; ey;y gapw;rpahFk; njhlf;f
epiy tFg;Gfspy; ehd;F tupfspy; vOjr; nra;ayhk;. Nky; tpyq;F fPo; tpyq;F
Mfpatw;iw vt;tsT J}uk; ePl;l Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> vOj;jpd; mst vt;tsT ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; khztH mwpa ,J top tFf;fpd;wJ Kjy; ,uz;L tupfspy;
vOj;Jfisg; Gs;spapl;Lf; fhl;b mg;Gs;spfspd; NkYk; vOjr; nra;ayhk; ehd;F
tupfspy; vOjpg; gofpa gpd;G> ,uz;L tupfSf;fpilNa vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehshf ehshf vOj;Jfisr; rpwpadthfTk;> xU tupapYk; vOjg; gof;fyhk;.

2) ghHj;J vOJjy;
ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s gFjpfisg; ghHj;J ehs;NjhWk; Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp tur;
nra;jNy ghHj;J vOJjyhFk;. MrpupaH fUk;gyifapy; vOJtijg; ghHj;Jf;
fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOJjYk; ghHj;J vOJjy; gapw;rpNa.
ehs;NjhWk; ghHj;J vOjptur; nra;jy; ifnaOj;J jpUe;Jtjw;F ey;y gapw;rpahFk;.
ghHj;J vOJk; gapw;rpahy; NtW gy ed;ikfSk; cs;sd.
1.Ntfkha; vOJtjw;F ey;y gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.
2.khztHfs; nrhw;fisg; ghHj;J tupiria czuTk;> njsptha;

cs;sj;jikf;fTk; top tFf;fpd;wJ.
3.mUikahd nrhw;nwhlHfs;> kuGr; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iw vOjpg; gof

cjTfpd;wJ.
4.ftdf; FiwTs;s khztHfs; gpiogl vOJthHfs;. mtHfisf; fz;L

ftdf;Fiwitj; jpUj;j tha;g;G fpilf;fpd;wJ.
3. nrhy;tnjOJjy;
tFg;gpy; MrpupaH nrhw;fisNah njhlHfisNah $w mtw;iwf; Nfl;L khztH
vOJjNy nrhy;tnjOJjy; gapw;rpahFk;.
,t;thW vOjr; nra;tjhy; khztHfs; vOj;Jfspd; xypia ed;F Nfl;Lg;

gpioapd;wp vOJfpd;wduh vd mwpayhk;.
ifnaOj;jpd; tpiutpid tsHf;f ,J rpwe;j topahFk;.
epidthw;wy;> ftdpf;Fk; Mw;wy;k Nghd;wtw;iw tsHf;f cjTfpd;wJ.
khztH Ntnwnjidg; gw;wpAk; vz;zhky; MrpupaH nrhy;tijAk;> gpd;G mij

vOJtijAk; gw;wpNa epidg;gjhy; mtHfSila xUKfg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; tsUk;.
gbg;gijtplf; Nfl;L vOJk;NghJ mg;gFjp epidtpy; gjpa ,lKz;L.

nrhy;tJ vOJjy; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;nghOJ MrpupaH rpy Fwpg;Gfis epidtpy;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
njhlf;f epiytpy; nrhw;fis vOJk; gapw;rpaspj;Jg; gpd;dNu njhlHfis

vOJk; gapw;rp juy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kjypy; Ntfk; FiwthfTk;> tutu tpiuthfTk; gbj;J vOjr; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.
gFjpiag; gbf;Fk;nghOJ nrhw;fisj; jpUk;glj; jpUk;gf; $Wjy; $lhJ.

nghUs; tpsq;Fkplj;jpy; epWj;jpf; $Wk;nghOJ xt;nthU gFjpiaAk; ,UKiw
$wyhk;.

mt;thW nghUs; czUk; gFjpahfg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ khztH gFjp

KOikiaAk; Nfl;l gpd;dNu vOJjy; Ntz;Lnkdf; $wp> mt;thNw vOjg;
gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jirg;gapw;rp
Foe;ijfs; gs;spf;F tUKd;dNu if tpuy;> kzpf;fl;L Mfpait Xustpw;Fj;
jirg;gapw;rpg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gapw;rpfs; %yk; jirehHfs; tYtiltJld; NfhL>
mjd; ePsk; tl;lk;> mjd; vy;iyf;NfhL Mfpait mwpKfg; gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wd.
Ms; fhl;btpuy;> Fr;rp

mLj;J> jiuapy; kziyg; gug;gp mjpy; Foe;ijfisj; jk; tpUg;gk;Nghy; jj;jk;
tyf;if Ms;fhl;b tpuyhy; fpWf;fr; nra;ayhk;. Ngr;rpy; Kjy; epiy koiyiag;
Nghd;W> vOJtjpy; Kjy;epiy fpWf;FtjhFk;. kzYk; ePUk; Foe;ijfSf;F kpf
tpUg;gk;. jtpu Ms;fhl;b tpuypYs;s jirehHfSf;Fg; gapw;rp fpl;LfpwJ. kzypy;
fpWf;fg;gLk;. NfhLfs; Foe;ijfSf;F Kw;wpYk; GydhfhkypUf;fyhk; mjdhy;
nfLjypy;iy. ,t;thW tyf;if Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> Kjy; vOJ fUtpahfpwJ.
fUk;gyif
mLj;J> jho;e;j fUk;gyifapy; rhf;Fj; Jz;bd; cjtpapdhy;> iffisj; jhuhskhf
tPrp tisTfs;> Ropfs;> NfhLfs; Kjypad tiue;J gofr; nra;ayhk;.
vspa glq;fs; tiujy;

tiujy
NfhLfis XusT rupahf tiua fw;w gpd;dH rJuk;> tl;lk;> Mfpatw;iw vOjg;
gof;fyhk;. mjd; gpd;dH mtw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; nghUs;fspd; cUtq;fSs;
vspatw;iwf; fw;gpf;fyhk;. v.L. guq;fpf;fha;> khq;fha;> MuQ;R> Vzp.
ntl;b xl;Ljy;
XH ml;ilapy; gy cUtq;fis ntl;b vLj;Jtpl;L me;j ml;ilia xU jhspd; Nky;
itj;J xU ngd;rpyhy; - Fwpg;ghf tz;zg; ngd;rpyhy; - vy;iyf; Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wpYk;
tiue;J cUtj;ij cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dH me;j cUtq;fisj;
jdpj;jdpNa ntl;bj; Njitg;gbd; tz;zq;nfhLj;J NtW nts;isj; jhspy; xl;b
itf;fyhk
cg;Gj;jhs;> gl;L> kzy;

vOj;Jfspd; tbtq;fis cg;Gj;jhspy; ntl;b mtw;iw Kiwaha;j; njhlf;fk;> kj;jp>
KbTfisj; jltpg; ghHf;fr; nra;jy; ey;y gapw;rp. ,Nj Nghd;W nkd;ikAk;
tOtOg;GKs;s Jzpfspy; vOj;Jfis vOjp ntl;b xl;bj; jltpg; ghHf;fr; nra;jy;
ed;W. ,it gl;b njhl;bfSf;F xj;J tuhJ. kzypy; vOj;Jfis vOjp GspAk;
tpijfis my;yJ NtW nfhl;ilfis Kiwaha; mLf;fp itg;gJ eilKiwf;F
xj;J tUtjhFk;. tpijfSf;Fg; gjpy; rpWrpW Fr;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,g;gapw;rp
%yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; njhlf;fk;> tsHr;rp> KbT Mfpait ed;F GydhfpwJ.

gpioapd;wp vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;
nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspy; NgRjYk;> vOJjYk; ntspapLk; jpwd;fshk;.
vOJq;fhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
NgRq;fhy; nfhr;irahfg; NgrpdhYk;> rpW jtWfs; Vw;gLk;gb NgrpdhYk; mit
epiyahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. NkYk;> mtw;iwj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> vOj;J
epiyahf mikfpwJ. vdNt> gpioapy;yhJ vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpy
ciueilahrpupaH Ngfd; vd;ghuJ ~vOJjy; xUtidr; nrk;ikAilatdhf;FwpJ|
vd;Dk; $w;Wk; ,jidNa rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WfpwJ. vOJq;fhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofisAk;>
mtw;iwj; jpUj;Jk; KiwfisAk; njupe;J nfhs;Nthk;. vdNt> gpiofs; Vd;
Vw;gLfpd;wdntd;Wk; vt;tifahd gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wdntd;Wk; mtw;iwj; jpUj;Jk;
Kiwfs; ahitnad;Wk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
gpiof;Fupa fhuzq;fs;
m. jtwhdtw;iwf; Nfl;ly;
khztHfs; jq;fs; tPl;Lr; #o;epiyapy; thOfpd;w nghOJ gpwH NgRtijf; Nfl;Lj;
jq;fs; nkhopj;jpwid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdH vd;W ehk; mwpNthk;.
mg;nghOnjy;yhk; mtHfs; jpUj;jkhd nrhw;fisf; Nfl;bUg;ghHfs; vd;W
nrhy;tw;jpw;fpy;iy.
M. jtwhf xypj;jy;
khztH rpy nrhw;fis xypf;Fk;nghOJ jtwhf xypg;gjhy; mt;thNw vOjTk;
njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.
fPNo cs;sdtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; $wyhk;.
jtwhf xypj;jy; rupahd nrhy;
thisg;gsk; thiog;gok;
jhsk; g+ jhok;g+
tdf;fk; tzf;fk;
fid va;jhd; fiz va;jhd;
,. jpUj;jkhd nrhy; mwpahik
nrhw;fisr; rpijj;Jf;nfhr;irahfg; NgRtjhYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUj;jkhd xypapid
mwpahJ NgRtjhYk; gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ~Ngrpf; nfhz;bU| vd;gijg;
~Ngrpz;bU| ~Ngrpf;fpNdapU| vdf; nfhr;irahfg; NgRthH rpyH. ,J nrhw;fisr;
rpijj;Jg; NgRtjhy; tUk; gpioahFk;. ~jho;thuk;~ vd;gijj; ~jhthuk;~ vd;gJk;>
ghfw;fha; vd;gij ghtf;fha; vd;gJk; ~jiyaiz| vd;gijf; jyfhzp vd;gJk;
jpUj;jkhd nrhw;fis mwpahjjhy; tUtdthk;.

<. nghUs; NtWghL mwpahik
rpy nrhw;fspy; u> w> y> s> o Mfpa vOj;Jfis mikj;J vOJk;nghOJ nghUs;
NtWghL mwpahikahy; khztH gpiogl vOJjy; $Lk;. vOj;J khwpdhy; nghUs;
NtWgLk; xU rpy nrhw;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,q;Fj; jug; gLfpd;wd.
fid - neUf;fk;> xyp fiz - mk;G
fis - ePf;F fio - %q;fpy;
fiu - mio> fiuj;J tpL fiw - fsq;fk;
nrU - NghH nrW - tay;
c. ,yf;fz mwptpd;ik
vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> njhlupyf;fzk; Mfpatw;iw ed;fwpahikahy; gy
gpiofs; Vw;glyhk;. ,t;tifahdtw;iw mLj;Jr; rpy gpiofs; vd;Dk; gFjpfs;
mq;fq;Nf Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bapUg;gijf; fhz;f.
gpiofisf; fisAk; topKiwfs;
1) MrpupaH Ngr;R
MrpupaUila Ngr;R vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtUila Ngr;rpy;
gpiofspUg;gpd; khztH mg;gpiofisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; $Lk;. vdNt> MrpupaH jpUj;jkhd
nrhw;fisNa Ngrpdhy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gpiofs; Vw;glhky; jLf;fyhk;.
2)) nghJg; gpiofisj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fjy;
jy
khztuplk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; gpioahd nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk;
njhFj;J gpiofis ePf;fp vOjpg; gyUk; fhZk; ,lj;jpy; itf;fyhk;.
,t;tl;ilfisf; fhZe;NjhWk; khztH gpiofisawpe;J mtw;iw ePf;f Kay;tH.
3) jdpNa mioj;Jf; $Wjy;
rpy khztuplk; rpwg;ghfr; rpy gpiofs; fhzg;gLkhapd;> mtHfis mioj;J
md;ghff; $wpj; jpUj;jyhk;. mt;thW gpiofs; Vd; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidAk;
mtHfNshL NgRq;fhy; mwpe;Jj mf;fhuzj;ij ePf;fyhk;.
4) gd;Kiw vOJjy;
khztH vOj;Jf;$l;lypy; fz;zhy; ghHj;jy;> fhjhy; Nfl;ly;> iftpuy;fisAk;
jirfisAk; ,af;fp vOJjy; gapw;rpiag; gd;Kiwaspj;J xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk;
rupahf vOjr; nra;tNj gd;Kiw vOJjypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt> ~gapw;| vd;Dk;
nrhy;iyg; gd;Kiw vOjr; nra;tjhapd;nrhy; KOikiaAk; vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
g> g> g vd xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOjpa gpd;G xt;NthH vOj;ijAk; mt;thNw rpy
khztH vOJtH. ,k;Kiw jtwhdjhFk;. xU nrhy;iy %d;W Kiw my;yJ Ie;J
Kiw vOjr; nra;ayhk;. jpUj;jp vOjpAs;s xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; MrpupaH ghHj;Jj;
jpUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNky; khztH Kjypy; rupahf vOjj; njhlq;fp> tu tug;
gpiogl vOjptpLjy; $Lk;.

5)) jpUe;jpa nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;
tl;lhuj;jpYs;s nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisAk;> t*cr; nrhw;fisAk; jpul;b mtw;wpd;
jpUe;jpa tbtj;ijAk; vjpNu vOjpg; gy ml;ilfs; jahupj;J tFg;gpy; njhq;f
tplyhk;. khztH mtw;iwg; ghHj;Jj; jpUe;jpa nrhy; tbtk; mwpe;J gpiofisj;
jtpHj;jy; $Lk;.
6) ,yf;fz tpjpfs;
ty;ypd kpFk; ,lq;fs; kpfh ,lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp> khztHfSf;F tpsf;fpf;
$wyhk;. ,t;tpjpfisj; jdp ml;ilfspy; vOjpAk; tFg;giwapy; njhq;f tplyhk;.
mbf;fb mtw;iwg; ghHj;Jg; gbg;gjd; %yKk; khztH gpiofisj; jtpHj;jy; $Lk;.
Nkw;fz;lthW gpiofis ePf;FtNjhL ghHj;njOJjy; nrhy;tJ vOJjy;
gapw;rpfs; %ykhfTk; vOj;Jg; gpiofis ePf;fyhk;. ehs;NjhWk; xU gf;fk; vOjp tur;
nra;ayhk;. $He;J Nehf;Fjy; Nfl;ly; vOJjy; Mfpait vOj;jpg; gpiofs; Vw;glhky;
jLg;gjw;F ngupJk; cjTtdthk;. fl;LiuapNyh> gapw;rpapNyh> gpiofs; kpFjpAkpUg;gpd;
fl;Liuia> gapw;rpia kPz;Lk; KOikAk; vOjr; nra;jNy ed;W. khztH
vOjpatw;iw MrpupaH gbf;fhkNy ifnaOj;jpLjy; $lhJ. jpUj;jpnaOjpa gFjpia
kPz;Lk; ghHj;Jf; ifnaOj;jpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Stjd; %yk;
khztH vOj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpiofis xUthW ePf;fyhk;.
7.Gjpad gilj;J vOJjy;
khztH gpioapy;yhkYk; KiwahfTk; vOJtjw;Ff; fl;Liug; gapw;rpfs; nkhopg;
gapw;rpfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;Jld; mikahJ mtHfsJ
gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk; ehk; toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;. jha; nkhopapy; jhd; gilg;ghw;wiy
vspjpy; tsHf;f KbAk;. ehspjo;fspYk;> gUt ntspapLfspYk; ntsptUk; Gjpa
,yf;fpa tiffisAk; ftpijfisAk; gbf;Fk; khztHf;F mtw;iwg; Nghy; jhKk;
gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; MHtk; vOjy; ,ay;G> nkhopahrpupaH jf;f top fhl;bdhy;
khztuplk; rpW fl;Liufs;> rpW fijfs;> rpW ehlfq;fs; rpW ftpijfs;> Kjypa
tbtq;fspy; jhkhfNt vOJk; Mw;wiy tsHj;J tpl KbAk;.
ghjpf;fij $wp Kw;Wtpf;fr; nra;jy;> epfo;r;rpfs; $wp mtw;iwg; gw;wpf; fij vOjr;
nra;jy;> vJifaike;j njhlHfs;> Nkhidaike;j njhlHfs; nfhLj;J mtw;wpw;F
,iaaj; njhlHfs; vOjr; nra;jy;> fw;gid epiwe;j ghly;fisg; gbj;Jf; fhl;b
mit Nghd;w rpW ghly;fs; vOjr; nra;jy; - Nghd;w GJg;gilg;Gfspy; khztiu
<LgLj;jyhk;. ,t;thW mtH jk; gilg;Gfis ntspapl;L mtHfis
Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gs;sp kyHfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vOJjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;
.rpwpa nrhw;fspd; vOj;Jf; $l;liy ed;fwpa cjTfpd;wJ.
.epWj;jw;FwpfNshL vOjpg; goFtjhy; Vw;w ,lq;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpapl;L vOJk;

gapw;rp fpilf;Fk;.
vOJk;nghOJ nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl vOjr; nra;tjhy; khztHfSf;F nkhopg;

gapw;rpAk; fpilf;fpwJ.

vOJtjw;Fupa gFjp KOikAk; nrhy;yp Kbj;j gpwF> kPz;Lk; xU Kiw

MrpupaH gbf;f> khztH mg;gFjpia ghHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztH vOjpatw;iw clNd jpUj;jpg; nghJg; gpiofisr; Rl;bf; fhl;l

Ntz;Lk;.
nrhy;tnjOJjy; gapw;rpf;Fg; gytpjkhd tuptbtq;fSk; mike;j nrhw;fs;

mlq;fpa> rpwe;j ghlg; gFjpfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
,t;tyF thapyhf Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW Nfl;ly;>NgRjy;>gbj;jy;>vOJjy; Mfpa
jpwd;fisj; jfty; gupkhw;w Clfkhf kl;Lkpd;wpj; jfty;fSf;Fj; Njhw;Wthahf
mikAk; vz;zq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> cUthf;fpaijj; jk;Ks;Sk; gpwUs;Sk;
gjpg;gjw;Fk; nkhop gaDilajhfj; jpfo;tij czuKbfpwJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1. gbf;f gapw;Wk; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J vOJf?
2.mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fs; gw;wp vOJf?
3. ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs; ahit?
4. miyNgrp topahf ciuahLtij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;
• ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F (2016) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;-1.

nrd;id: rhe;jh ntspaPL.
• Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2016)>jkpo;nkhop> Foe;ijfs; > Mrpupah;fs;.
nrd;id: ghit gjpg;gfk;.
NtY. R (2009)> mUe;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;>
• t[;uNtY.
nrd;id: mk;rh gjpg;gfk;.
tPug;gd;.gh. (2000).cau;
(2000). epiyj; jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Mrpupah; ifNaL. ikRu;:Njrpa
Muha;r;rp gapw;rp epWtdk;.(NCERT).

myF–5
myF 5 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
Nehf;fq;fs;
,g;ghlk; fw;wg;gpd;G khzt Mrphpah;>
• Mrphpau; ikaf; fw;gpj;jiyf; $Wtu;.

• khztu; ikaf; fw;wiy vLj;Jf;$Wtu;.
• njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
• fw;gpj;jy; Jizf;fUtpfspd; gaid vLj;Jf;$Wtu;.
Kd;Diu
fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ xU njhlu; r%fr; nray;ghlhFk;. njhopy; jFjp ngw;w
Mrphpah;fshy;; fw;gpj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gapw;W Kiwfs;
jkpo; Ehy;fspypUe;Jk; ,yf;fz E}w;ghf;fs; thapyhfTk; ciuahrphpah;fs;
Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;ba E}w;ghf;fs; thapyhfTk; fy;tp fw;gpj;jdh;. kddk; nra;Ak;
KiwfNs gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw Foe;ijfis ikakhff;
nfhz;L fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.,d;W fw;gpj;jypy; jfty; njhlu;G Clfq;fs; ngUk;
gq;Ftfpf;fpwJ
Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;
jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;f Mrphpah;fspd; Jizia ehb fy;tp fw;wdh;. gpd; ehspy;
mwptpayp;d; cj;jpiaAk; Nrh;j;J fy;tpapidf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fp;d;wdh;. gy;NtW
#o;epiyap;d; fhyg; Nghf;fpw;F Vw;g cj;jpfisf; ifahSfpd;wdh; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
,g;ghlg;gFjp mikfpwJ.
gz;ila E}y;fspypUe;J
“fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf”
“fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw
gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw”.
“cw;Wop AjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw….”

Nghd;w ghly;fspd; %yk; fy;tp fw;fg;gl;Ls;sijr; rhd;whjhuq;fspd; topNa mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; gs;spfs;
,Ug;gpDk; Mrphpah;fis ehbNa khzth;fs; fy;tpapid fw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.
,d;Ws;s tpQ;Qhdk; Nghy; md;wpy;yhjjhy; midj;Jk; Vl;Lr; Rtbfshf
,Ue;jd. fzpg;nghwpapd; tsh;r;rpahy; ,jo;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w

Kiwfs; Ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUtjhy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ vspikahf mikfpwJ.
,f;fhyj;jp;y; mr;rplg;gl;l gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fs; ntspte;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gjhy;
gbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ vd;fpd;;wdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Vl;Lr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;l
fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntjfhy fy;tp Kiwia xUth; thrpf;f kw;w midtUk; nrtpkbj;J
Nfl;Fk; epiy khwp ,d;W mtuth; jdf;nfd;W Gj;jfq;fis itj;J Mrphpah;
cjtpAld; fw;Wf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; md;iwa ghlq;fis
khzth;fSf;Fj; njspT gLj;jpAk;> Gjpa Gjpa nra;jpfisAk;> cj;jpfisAk;
ifahz;L tUfpd;wdh;. me;jzh; kw;Wk; mur FLk;gj;Jg; gps;isfs; kl;LNk Nghjpj;j
fy;tpahdJ ,d;W midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;w jpl;lkhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrphpah;fs; khzhf;fhpd; eyd; fUjp vz;zq;fisg; Ghpe;J fw;wiyr; nrk;ikAld;
nra;J tUfp;d;wdh;.
tphpTiu Kiw
tphpTiu Kiwapy; Mrphpah; ghlg; nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njhlh;r;rpahf ciu
epfo;j;JtNj tphpTiu Kiw MFk;. khzth;fs; tFg;giwapy; mikjpahf ~njs;spa
ePNuhl;lk;’ Nghd;w tphpTiuf; Fwpg;Gfis jq;F jilapd;wp vt;tpj ,ilA+W ,y;yhky;
ftdpg;gNjhL Kf;fpa tpguq;fis Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
tphpTiu Kiwapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Mrphpah; kl;LNk
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; gzpia njhlh;tjhf mikfpd;wJ. cah;epiy fy;Y}hp khzth;fSf;F
kl;LNk ,e;j Kiw Vw;Gilajhf cs;sJ.
jkpo; ,yf;fz Ehy; ed;Dhy; ,k;Kiwiaf; fw;gpf;f fPo;f;fhZk; jftiyf;
nfhLf;fpwJ.
“RUq;fr; nrhy;yy”;
tpsq;f itj;jy;
etpd;Nwhh;f;F ,dpik
ed;nkhopg; Gzh;jy;………(ed;Dhy; Ehw;gh)

Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy;
Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Mrphpah;fs;
xd;W$b> ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l tFg;Gfis xd;wpizj;J> tFg;gpw;fhd xU ghlj;ij
my;yJ jiyg;igj; jq;fsJ jdp Mh;tq;fs; my;yJ rpwg;ghd mwpTj; jpwikfspd;
mbg;gilapy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhz; xJf;fg;gl;l fhy mstpw;Fs;
fw;gpj;jiy epiwT nra;tjhFk;.
Mrphpauzpf;fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ xNu xU MrphpaUf;Fg; gjpyhf xU rpy Mrphpah;fs;
$l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; MFk;.
1. Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahehd;F $Wfs;
$Wfs
1. Neu Nkyhz;ik
2. rhkhh;j;jpak;
3. nghWik

4. nefpo;r;rpAilik
2. Mrphpah; mzpf; fw;gpj;jypd; tiffs;

1. gfph;jy;
2. $l;LwT Kiwahy; fw;gpj;jy;
3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;
1. gfph;jy;
y
xNu ghlj;Jiwapy; cs;s gy Mrphpah;fs; xU myiff; $l;LwT
Kiwapy; gfph;e;J nfhz;L elj;jy;.
(v.fh) jkpo;g;ghlj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j Mrphpah;fspy; xUth; ciueilg;
gFjpiaAk; kw;nwhUth; nra;As; gFjpiaAk; gpwpnjhUth; ,yf;ffzg;
gFjpiaAk; elj;Jjy; MFk;.
2. $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy;

njhlh;Gila Jiwfspd; Mrphpah;fs; ,ize;J xU myiff; $l;LwT
Kiwapy; elj;Jjy;.
(v.fh) fz;zpd; mikg;Gk;> ghh;itf; FiwghLk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,aw;gpay;
Ntjpapay; caphpay; xtpa Mrphpah; MfpNahh; $l;lhf ,ize;J
nrk;ikahf fw;gpj;jy;.
3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;
xU tFg;G my;yJ gbg;Gf;F chpa ghlj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW
myFfisj; njhlh;Gila Jiwapd; Mrphpah;fs; ,ize;J
fw;gpj;jy;.
(v.fh) nghUspay;> tuyhW> Gtpapay;> tzpfk; Mfpa Jiwfisr;
rhh;e;j Mrphpah;fs; xUq;fpize;J fw;gpj;jy;.
Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;
1. xU fy;tp epiyaj;jpYs;s midj;J tsq;fisAk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. mzpf;fw;gpj;jy; ghlj;jpl;lk;> Nehf;fq;fSld; ,ize;Nj nry;Yk;.
mzpf;fw;gpj;jypy; vjph;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;

s
1. Mrphpah;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; Ntiyg;gS mjpfhpj;jy;.
2. ghlNtisfis mikg;gJ fbdk;.
gq;Nfw;
Nfw;Fk; Kiwfs;
Kiwfs
ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mrphpah;fs; jhkhfNt Kd;te;J khzth;fis
cl;gLj;jp ghlq;fis elj;Jtjw;Fg; gq;Nfw;G Kiw vd;W ngah;. khzth;fspd;
kdepiyia mwpe;J Mh;tj;Jld; gq;Nfw;Fk; tifapy; Mrphpah; ghlq;fis elj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
gFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;
y
Mrphpah; tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd; md;W gapw;Wtpf;Fk; ghlj;jpd; vg;gFjpia
elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> vd;ndd;d gFjpfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf;F Fwpj;J Kd;djhfNt jpl;lkpl;L gFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ghlk; njhlq;Fk; jpwd;> ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; nra;Aspd; vspa eil> Fwy; Vw;w
,wf;fk;> ebj;Jk;-ghbAk; fhl;Ljy; ,Wjpapy; Kbf;Fk; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwahfg;
gFj;J ghlk; fw;gp;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhFj;Jj; fw;gpj;jy;
MrphpaUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlNtis Kbe;jJk; md;iwa ghlNtisapy; elj;jpa
ghlg; nghUs;fis epidTg;gLj;jp khzth;fs; xt;nthUtiuAk; nrhy;y itj;J
mitfisj; njhFj;J epidTg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk.; khzth;fspd; ,j;njhlh;r;rpahd
nrayhdJ mth;jd; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;;y njhFj;Jf; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw mg;ghlj;jpd;
Mh;tj;ijf; fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Mrphpah; vd;d fw;gpj;Njhk; vd;w
epidTk;> khzth;fs; vd;d fw;Nwhk; vd;w epidtpidAk; kdjpy; gjpAk;.
khzth; ikaf; fw;;gpj;jy;
khzth;fis ikag; gLj;jp mth;fisf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; <LgLj;j
khzth;fNs fw;wypy;<LgLth; ghlj;ij ikag;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; Kiwapy;
fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
RaNtfk;> Rajpwd;> Mh;tj;jpw;;Nfw;g fw;f;fp;d;wdh;
fw;wy; KOtJk; khzth; nray;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
Mrphpah; xU topf;fhl;bahf kl;LNk nray;gLfpwhh;.
Gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J fw;Nghiu ikakhff; nfhz;l
cz;ikf; fy;tpahdJ cstpay; mbg;gilapy;> fy;tpahsh;fs; cyfpDf;F
czh;j;jpdh;.
Gyd;fspd; topNa fw;gpj;jy; epfo Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;iff; fy;tpapid &Nrh vd;w
fy;tpahsh; (1712-1778) Mk; Mz;L Foe;ijia ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fUj;jpid typAWj;jpdhh; ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J 1746-1827-k; Mz;L ng];lyhrp
vd;w fy;tpahsh; Gyd;;fs; topNa fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cw;WNehf;fiy tsh;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.
njhlh;e;J gpshz;lhpd; cw;WNehf;fNy ,d;W fy;tpapy; bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
tUfpwJ.
n`h;ghh;l; (1776-1841) Mk; Mz;L fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfshd kdj;ijg;
gz;gLj;jy;> vLj;Jf;$wy;> xg;gpl;Lf;$wy;> nghJtpjpfhzy;> tpjpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Nghd;wit fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; #o;epiy vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk vd;gjpidf;
$wpAs;sdh;.
/GNuhngy; (1789-1852) Mk; Mz;L “,aw;ifia xl;bf; fy;tp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gs;sp
vd;gJ g+q;fh! Foe;ijfs; tsUk; nrbfs;! Mrphpah; Njhl;lf;fhuh;! vd;W fy;tpahsh;
tpsf;fpAs;shh;."
[hd;^ap (1859-1952)-k; Mz;L “fw;wy; nray;Kiwfs; %yk Foe;ijfs; gpw;fhy

tho;f;ifia fz;L nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid vLj;Jf;$wpAs;shh;.
rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy;

nghJthfg; gs;spfspy; tFg;G KiwNatof;fj;jp;ypUe;J tUfpwJ xt;nthU tFg;gpYk;
Vwj;jho 50 gps;isfisr; Nrh;j;JmidtUf;FkxNu tifahd fy;tp fw;g;gpf;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. tFg;gpy; Kjy; epiy khzth;> ,ilepiy khzth;>filepiy khzth;fs;
,Ug;gh;. ,tw;Ws; Kjy; epiy khzth;fs; epiw kjpAilath;fshfTk;>,ilepiy
khzth;fs; Fiw kjpAilath;fshfTk; fil epiy khzth;fs; ,g;gbAk;> mg;gbAk;
,y;yhky; jpz;lhLth;. ,g;gbg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F ghlg;nghUs; Fwpj;J tpsf;FtJ
rfkhzth; fw;gpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; khzhf;fh;fs; jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb
tpiuthfNth nkJthfNthfw;Fk; gb tha;g;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
khzth; fw;gpj;jy;
y
khzth;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy; eilngWfpwJ. Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;F
vOk; Iaq;fis jPh;g;gtuhfTk; rpwe;j topfhl;bahfTk; jpfo;th;.
khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; mtrpak;
khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahikf;F ehd;F fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
1. Njh;r;rp ngwhik
2. gbf;f trjpfspd;ik
3. gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;
4. rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhik
1. Njh;r;rp ngwhik
khzhf;fh;fs; gs;spapYk;> fy;YhhpapYk; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh; ngUk;ghd;ikNahh;
Njh;r;rpAwhky; Nghfpd;wdh;. ,q;qdk; Njh;r;rpAwhkypUg;gjw;Fk; ,ilapy;;
epd;WNghtjw;Fk; khzhf;fh;fspd; kdtsh;r;rp fhuzkd;W vd;Wk; mth;fsplk;
gbf;Fk; ew;gof;fk; rhptu mikahikNa mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
2. gbf;f trjpfspd;ik
ek;ehL tWikapy; Mo;e;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd khzhf;fh;fs; Vioik
epiyapYs;sdh;. ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspypUg;gpDk; mth;fs; jq;fs; tPl;by; gbf;fpd;w
#o;epiyapy;iy; gbf;f trjpfSkpy;iy. ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntspr;rKs;s jdp
miwfs; mth;fSf;F ,y;iy.
nry;th; tPLfspy; trjpfspUg;gpDk; thndhypapd; Ngnuhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg;
ngl;bfspd; njhy;iy> mbf;fb gy mYty;fs; FWf;fpLjy;> tPLfspy; cs;Nshh;
mbf;fb glf;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;witfl;Fr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;wit khzhf;fhpd; gbg;Gf;Fg;
ngUe;jilfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;
,d;iwa khzhf;fh;fsplk; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; gbf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;iy. rpyh; kdk;
NghdthW xU jpl;lKkpd;wp;g; gbf;fpd;wdh;.
Njh;Tf; fhyq;fspy; rpyh; NjePh; gUfp es;spuT tiu gbg;gijAk; czTf;F
Kd;Dk; czTf;Fg; gpd;Dk; gbg;gijAk; rpyh; J}f;fj;jpypUe;J vOe;J es;sputpy;
gbj;J mjpfhiyapy; J}q;FtijAk; rpyh; gbg;igj; jpBnud;W epWj;jptpl;L

ez;gh;fSld; glf; fhl;rpfSf;Fk;> ehlfq;fSf;Fk; nry;tijAk; gbf;Fk; nghOJ
nghw;Nwhh;fs; tPl;L mYty;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;gb $WtijAk; ehk;; fhz;fpNwhk;.
rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhik
ek; ehl;by; ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fspy; gbg;gpy; rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;Ltjw;Fj;
jFe;jth;fs; ,y;iy. ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhh; gbj;jth;fshfTkpy;iy gbj;j xU rpyUk;
jFe;j Kiwapy; Nkw;ghh;f;Fk; jFjpAk; Mw;wYk; gapw;rpAkpy;yhjth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;.
mjdhy;> ngUk;ghyhd khzhf;fh;fs; jtwhd Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gadw;w
Kiwfisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk; fhyj;ij tPzhf;Ftjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
vdNt khzth;fs; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw mtrpakhfpwJ. rhpahd gbg;G ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jhy; mwpTs;s khzhf;fh;fs; rpyh; jPa Nghf;Fs;sth;fshtijj; jLj;J epWj;j
,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
rpWFOtFg;G khzth; tpthjpj;Jf; fw;wy;
khzth;fs; rpWrpW FOthfg; gphpe;J fw;f mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ xj;j
epiyapy; cs;sth;fs; xd;W$b fw;Fk; epiyapy; mth;fSf;Nfw;w epiyapyhd
fw;wiy Nkw;nfhs;s Nt;zLk;.
,k;Kiwapy; khzth;fs; jhNk tpthjpj;J Iaq;fisj; njspjy;> rpe;jidj;
jpwid tsh;j;jy; mwpthz;ik kpf;fth;fshf tpsq;Fjy;> nrhy;td;ik kpf;fth;fshf
rpwj;jy; Nghd;w gy ed;ikfs; Vw;gLk;.
khzth; fUj;juq;fk;
khzth;fs; jhNk muq;fk; Vwp tpthjpg;gjw;fhf tFg;giwf; fUj;juq;Ffs;
elj;jg; gLfpd;wd. mf;fUj;juq;fj;Jf;nfd xU jiyg;gpid mspj;J mJ njhlh;ghf
khzth;fis muq;Nfwpg; Ngr nra;jy; khzth; fUj;;juq;fk; vdg;gLk;.
Nehf;fk;;: khzth;fs; NgRtjw;fhf tha;g;Gg; jUjYk; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gg; gw;wpr;
rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;jYf;Fk;> nkhopg; gapw;rp; rpwg;gjw;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpYs;s
nghJthd fUj;Jfisg; gpwh; mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;jYk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Mrphpah; gq;F: khzth;fs; Ngr Ntz;ba jiyg;ig Kd;dNu mtUf;Fj; njhpag;
gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fUj;juq;fpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; NgRkhWk;> Ie;J my;yJ
khzth;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;J Kiwg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.
fUj;juq;fpy; NgRk; khzth; fUj;juq;fg; Ngr;rhsh; my;yJ fUj;juq;fg;
nghopthsh; vdg;gLthh;. Mth; jkJ fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; Ngrp Kbj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Ngr;rhsh; Ngrp Kbj;jgpd; Iaq;fs; Fwpj;Jj; njspT ngWk; nghUl;L
ghh;itahsuhapUf;Fk; khzth;fs; rpWrpW tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gh;. mjw;Fg; Ngr;rhsh;
tpsf;fk; mspg;gh;.
epiwthff; fUj;Jf;fisj; jiyth; njhFj;Jiug;ghh;. njhFg;GiuAld; fUj;juq;fk;
epiwtilAk;.

gl;bkd;wk;
cah;epiyg;gs;sp khzth;fFk;Sf;Fk; fy;Y}hp khzth;fSf;Fk; tha;njhopg;
gapw;rp ngWtw;Fg; gl;bkd;wk; rpwe;jNjhh; rhjdk;. gl;bkd;wk; eilngWk;NghJ
khzhf;fh; ,Ugphpthfg; gphpe;J mzpj;jiyth;fspd; fPo; ehd;F ehd;F Ngh;fshfNth
%d;W %d;W Ngh;fshfNth mike;J nghUis xl;bAk; ntl;bAk; NgRthh;fs;. eLth;
xUth; ,Ug;gh;. mth; mzpj; jiyth;f;F 5 kzpj;JspfSk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F 4
kzpj;JspfSk; nfhLj;J Ngrr; nra;thh;. (v.fh.) nra;ee ; d;wpf; flikapy; kpfTk;
rpwe;jtd; Fk;gfh;zdh? fh;zdh; eLth; ,Wjpahfg; gpur;rpidAs;s gFjpfis ePf;fpf;
nfhz;Nl te;J xU jiyg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $wp> mJNt
ntd;wnjd;W $wp Kbg;ghh;. kw;Wk; fl;rpapd; thjq;fspy; Fw;wew;wq;fis vLj;Jf; $wp
mitapdiu thf;Ffs; toq;fr; nra;J ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffs; ngw;w fl;rpia
ntw;wp ngw;wjhf mwptpg;gh;. ‘gs;sp ghuhSkd;wk;’ gy gl;bkd;wq;fSf;F tha;g;gpid
ey;Fk;.
gl;bkd;wk; Kiwapy; khzhf;fh; Mh;tj;Jld; fye;J nfhs;tjhy; midtUk; ey;y
gad;ngWth;.
FO tpthjk;
tpthjk
FOtpthjk; vd;gjid tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. gs;sp
Mz;Ltpoh> tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;b ,yf;fpaf; fof Mz;Ltpoh> nghpNahh;fspd;
jpUehs;fisf; nfhz;lhLjy; Mfpatw;iw vt;thW rpwg;Gw elj;JtJ vd;gijg; gw;wp
Muhayhk;.
mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs;

mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,d;W fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ gy khw;wq;fisf;
fz;Ls;sJ. kpd;dhw;wy; fhuzkhf fzpdp> fzpdptopNa tiyjsk; vd tphptile;jJ.
Mdhy; ,d;W tiyjsj;jpy; ,Ue;J gjtpwf;fk; nra;J vjidAk; fw;Fk; epiy
cUthfpAs;sJ. “gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; tO my fhy tifapyhd”
vd;ghh; ed;D}y; Mrphpah; gtze;jpahh;.
gioatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa tsh;r;rpfs; ,d;W gpukpg;ig Cl;Ltdthf cs;sd.
midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; kpd;kakhf;fy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gzpfs;
eilngWfpd;wd. mjw;nfdj; jdpNa njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ Fuy; xyp> fhl;rp top> jfty; njhFg;G> mr;R tbtpy; mike;jit
vd mikfpd;wd.
Fuy; xyp
Fuy; xyp ,Utifahf mikfpd;wJ. xU topj; jfty; mspg;Gf; fUtpfshfpa
xypg;Ngiofs; thndhyp Nghd;wit mikfpd;wd. ,U topj; jfty; mspg;Gf;
fUtpfshfj; njhiyNgrp, xyp, tpz;zuq;fk;kw;Wk; thndhyp Nghd;witAk; xyp
topNa fw;f cjTfpd;wd.

fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gf; fw;wy;
gy;Y}lfk;> fzpdp rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gkhFk;. xyp> xsp> mirT> ml;ltiz Kjypa
gy;NtW Clfq;fis ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;JtJ gy;Y}lfk; MFk;.
fUj;Jf;fs; vd;git njhFf;fg;gl;L tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;iwj; jfty;
njhFg;G> tptu mlq;fshy; fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gg; vdg; gy ngah;fspy;
miof;fpd;wdh;.fzpg;nghwptopf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;
ghlq;fs; fzpg;nghwp topNa toq;fg;gLk;.
Mrphpahpd; fw;gpj;jy; El;gkhdJ fw;gpj;jy; nghUs;fshf khzth;fSf;F
toq;FtjpNyNa cs;sJ. fw;gpj;jy; tpisgad; vt;thW mikfpwJ vd;gjpy; Mrphpah;
mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.ghlg;nghUs;fisf; Fiwe;j nrytpy; tpiuthfTk;>
jpwikahfTk; khzth;fSf;F toq;fpl cjTk; njhopy; El;gNk Njh;T nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
,.fw;wy;
,.fw;wy; vd;gJ kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs; topNa eilngWk; fw;wiy Fwpf;Fk;.
gpd;tUkhW ,jid epuy;gLj;jyhk;.
1. cstpay; mbg;gilapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l gy;Y}lf Kiwapy; kpd;dZ El;g
top kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ve;j Neuj;jpYk;>
ve;j ,lj;jpYk; fw;Fk; trjpiaj; jhd; ,-fw;wy;(kpd;dpay; Kiwapy; fw;wy;)
vd miof;fpNwhk;.
2. kpd;dpay; Kiwapy; fw;wy; vd;gJ kpd;dpay; J}z;ly;fs; epiwe;j #oypy;
fw;wy; eilngWtjhFk;.
3. gapw;rpaspj;jy;> Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis cldbahff; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;>
ty;Yeh;fspd; topfhl;Ljy; ngWtjw;F tha;g;gspj;jy; Mfpa %d;iwAk;
kpd;dpay; fw;wy; cs;slf;fpaJ.
fhnzhypf; fhl;rptopf; fw;wy;
njhiy J}uj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;sth;fs; gazk; VJk; nra;ahkNyNa
,izajsj;jpd; cjtpahy; tPbNah fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ciufs; Mfpatw;iw ,Uf;Fk;
,lj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ntz; nkd; jpiuapd; %yk; fz;L fw;Wf;
nfhs;SjiyNa fhnzhyp fhl;rp topf;fw;wy; vd;fpNwhk;.
epiwfs;
Mrphpah; ,y;iy, fUk;gyif ,y;iy, Rz;zf; fl;bfSk; ,y;yhkYk; fz;L
fspf;f KbfpwJ. Njitahdtw;iw fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
Mrphpah;fs; jq;fs; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisj; jhNk njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Fiwfs;
,ilapilNa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fNth> njspT ngwNth tpsf;fq;fs; ngwNth KbahJ.
Mrphpah;-khzth; njhlh;G mw;Wg; NghfpwJ.
gyuhf ,Ug;gjhy; ahUf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhJ.

mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;
Gy;ypYk; fy;ypYk; vOjpitj;;j fhyk;khwp gidNahiyapidg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp
Xiyr; Rtbapy; vOjpa epiy NkYk; tsh;e;J mr;Rf; fiyahf khwpaJ. Gj;jfq;fs;>
ehspjo;> khj ,jo;> thu ,jo; Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;FkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;. jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fis mr;rpy; thh;j;J epue;jug; gad;ghl;Lf;F toptFg;gJ mr;nrOj;J
tsq;fs;.
vg;NghNjh mr;rpl;l E}y;fisAk; ,g;NghJ ehk; gbf;fpNwhk; vd;gJ mr;nrOj;J
tsj;jp;d; Kf;fpag; gadhFk;. xU rpyNu gad;gLj;Jk; #o;epiyapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; gyh;
gbj;J kfpo tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xd;iwg; ghh;j;J
kw;nwhd;iw vspjhfg; gb vLf;fyhk;. fy;tpg; gutYf;Fk; gbg;gwpT ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk;
mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs; gad;gLk;.
ehspjo;fs;
ehspjo;fs; kpfg;nghpa nra;jp Clfq;fs;. mit gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
jfty;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; elf;fpd;w epfo;TfisAk; clDf;Fld;
njhpag;gLj;jp Njitahd nray;ghl;Lf;F topfhl;Lfpd;wd. ehspjo;fs;> epow;glq;fs;>
Gjpa mwptpay; nra;jpfs;> ,aw;ifr; rPuopTfshd Gay;> nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> neUg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s chpa eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;iw
vjph;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nrayhw;w J}z;Lfpd;wd. ehspjo;fspy; ntsptUk; nra;jpg;
glq;fis ntl;b nghUj;jkhd jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;jp thpirg;gLj;jp xl;b
itf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa njhFg;Gfis FO tpthjj;jpw;F> fl;Liu jahhpg;G> tuyhw;W
,izg;Gj; jahhpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fj; je;J cjtyhk;. ,j;jifa jahhpg;Gfis
E}yfq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;Jg; gpd;dhy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghh;itj; njhFg;Gfshfg;
gad;gLj;j cjtyhk;. me;j tifapy; ,d;W jpdj;je;jp> jpdkyh;> jpdkdp Nghd;w
ehspjo;fis vz;zpg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.
Ma;tpjo;fs;
,jo;fs; ehs; ,jo;fs;> thu ,jo;fs;> khj ,jo;fs;> gUt ,jo;fs; vdg; gy
tifg;gLk;. ,t;tifapNy Ma;tpjo;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
Ma;T Nehf;fpy; fUj;Jf;fis> gilg;Gfis> nkhopahf;fq;fis> fiyr;nrhy;
Mf;fq;fisj; jhq;fp tUk; ,jo;fs; Ma;tpjo;fshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
gs;sp E}yfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwAk; gbj;Jf; Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;Jg;
gad;gLj;Jk;gb khzth;fis Mrphpah;fs; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) jkpo;g; nghopy;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> fiyf;fjph; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fy;tp ,jo;fs;.
fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; xyprhh; tsq;fs;
jkpohrphpaUf;F kpfr; rpwe;j nra;jpfisj; juty;y ghh;it E}y;fSs; xd;W
fiyf;fsQ;rpak;. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp> mgpjhd Nfhrk;>
jkpo;nkhop mfuhjp Nghd;wit nrhy; tpsf;Fk; nghUs;fisf; fhuz fhhpaj;
njhlh;GgLj;jpj; njhFj;J mspg;git fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;. vd;gd jkpohrphpaUf;Fk;
gad; juf;$ba fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fshFk;.

xyprhh; tsq;
tsq;fs;
xyprhh; tsq;fs; vd;git xypia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. ,tw;iwf;
fhjhy; kl;LNk Nfl;f KbAk;.fz;fshy; rpy Neuq;fspy; fhl;rpfs;; xyp-xsp thapyhff;
fhzyhk;. thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;> xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs; Nghd;wit ,t;tifiar;
rhh;e;jit. ,q;F xypNa Kjd;ikg; ngWfpwJ. $h;ikahd nrtpg;Gyd; rpwg;ghdJ.
thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;
Ritkpf;f epfo;r;rpfis kf;fs; gyUk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L kfpo cjTtJ thndhyp.
,J fy;tpj; Jiwapy; khzth;fSf;F mwpT Gfl;lTk;, nghJ mwpT tsh;f;fTk;
cjTfpwJ.
,jid ,Utiffshg; gphpf;fyhk;
1. tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs;
2. gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;
tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs;
mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gfis
tpsf;Ftjw;fhf xypgug;gg; ngWk; epfo;r;rpfshFk;.
gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;
gazg; Ngr;Rfs;> tuyhw;Wf; fijfis ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;> Nghd;w fy;tp xypgug;G
,t;tifiar; rhUk;. ,it gs;spg; ghlq;fspd; gpd;dzpahFk;.
Vw;ghLfs;
1. xt;nthU tFg;Gk; thndhypg; ghlNtisfisj; jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. fy;tp xypgug;igf; Nfl;Fk; Kd;dh; mg;nghUisg; gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gfis
Kd;djhf tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. thndhyp Nfl;Fk;NghJ Fwpg;G vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ed;ikfs;
1. fhyj;jhYk;> njhiythYk; gphpf;fg;gl;l rpwe;j jiyth;fspd; xypiaf; Nfl;fr;
nra;fpwJ.
2. khzhf;fhpd; Mh;tj;ij J}z;LfpwJ.
FWe;jl;Lfs;
fs
fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfis tl;lkhd nky;ypa kpd;jfl;by; gjpT nra;J itj;Jf;
nfhz;L Njitahd Neuj;jpy; mjid Xlr; nra;J nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg;
gad;gLgitf; FWe;jl;Lfs;. vj;jifa nra;jpfisAk;> jfty;fisAk;>
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> ,j;jl;by; gjp;T nra;J itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. jk; FuiyNa>
ghl;ilNah ,j;jl;by; gjpT nra;J nfhz;L kPz;Lk; Xlr; nra;J jk; Fuiyj; jhNk
Nfl;L epiw Fiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. jdf;F tpUg;gkhd vijAk; gjpT nra;J
kPz;Lk; Nfl;fg; gad;gLgitNa FWe;jl;Lfs; MFk;.
jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofk; koiyf; fy;tp> rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp
Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapYk; gazpahpd; jkpo; ciuahlYf;Fg; gad;gLk;
tifapYk; FWe;jl;Lfis cUthf;fp tUfpwJ.

xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;
gapw;rpahsh; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa gapw;rp ngWtjw;fhf ,f;fUtpfs;
$lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy; trjpf;Nfw;g ,f;fUtpfspd; vz;zpf;if
mike;jpUf;Fk;. gpw fUtpfspdpd;Wk; jLg;Gfshy; gphpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy;> Vw;w
,Uf;if trjpfSld; $bajhf ,f;fUtpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jiyazpj; njhFjpfs;
gapw;rpahsh;fs; jq;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; nrd;W mkh;e;J xypg;gjpT
ehlhf; fUtpfSld; ,ize;j jiyazpj; njhFjpia mzpe;j gpd;dh; gapw;rpf;F
Maj;jkhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ez;nzhypf; fUtpfs;
fUtpfs
gapw;rpahsh;fs; gaw;rpapd; NghJ J}z;lYf;F Vw;w Jyq;fisr; nra;jhy;
mtw;iw xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fshy; gjpa itg;gjw;fhf mike;j Ez;fUtp ,JthFk;.
fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs;
fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs; vd;git ,Ug;gtw;iw fz; vjpNu fhZk; tifapy;
xspg;glkhf;fpf; fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;. ,J ntWk; fhl;rpg; ghlq;fshfNth> xyp-xsp
fhl;rpg; glq;fshfNth mikAk;. ,d;W ehk; fhz;fpd;w rpd;dj;jpiu> tz;zj;jpiu>
FWk;glq;fs; Nghd;wit fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fNs. ,it tz;zkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;>
fUg;G nts;isahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> kpd; ml;ilfs; vdg;
gythf mJ tphpe;J nry;Yk;.
glq;fs;
glq;fs; ifahy; tiuag;gl;ljhfNth Gifg; glq;fshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,it
Ra tpsf;fk; jUgitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j glk; rpwe;j juk;> mikg;G>
NtWghL> Fwpg;ghd jd;ik> tz;zk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL rpwe;j Kiwapy;
fUj;ij ntspapLtjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,it tpiy FiwthdJ; vspjpy; fpilf;ff; $baJ; NkYk; Rygkhf jahhpj;J
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; rpwpa mstpyhdit> fUj;jhokw;wit> ,aq;fhjit vd;w
Fiwfisf; nfhz;lit. gaDs;s glq;fis rpwe;j ml;il kPJ xl;b itj;J
vjph;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
xspg;glq;fs;
fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fspy; xspg;glq;fSs; xd;W xspf; fhl;rpfshfg; glq;fs;
fhl;lg;gLk; epiyia ,it tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
jiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jp
khzth;fSila fz;fisAk; ftdj;ijAk; <h;j;J mth;fisf; fw;wypy;
Mh;tj;Jld; <Lglr; nra;Ak; rhjdq;fs; xspg;glq;fs; MFk;. xypAk; xspAk;
rhh;e;jitahfNth ,Uf;Fk; mit jiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jp> jputg; gbiff; fhl;rp
tPo;j;jp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> eOtg;gl tPo;j;jp vdg; gytiffspy; cs;sd.
kpd; ml;ilfs;
kpd;dl;ilfis %d;W tpjkhf jahhpf;fyhk;. xUGwk; glk; mjd; kw;nwhUGwk;
tpsf;fk;. xUGwk; nrhy;> mjd; kw;nwhUGwk; nghUs;. ,UGwKk; glk; vd;Dk;
Kiwapy; mikayhk;. %d;W ml;ilfspy; Kjyl;il glKk; nrhy;Yk;; ,uz;lhtJ
ml;ilapy; glk; kl;Lk;; %d;whtJ ml;ilapy; nrhy; kl;Lk; vd;wthW njhFg;G
kpd;dl;iliaj; jahhpf;fyhk;. kpd;dl;ilapd; msT 18x10 nr.kP. kpd;dl;ilapd;
Xug;gFjpfs; tz;zkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfs; mlh;tz;zj;jpy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy; khzth; gbf;Fk; tz;zk; nra;jpfs; kpfg; nghpa mstpy; vOjg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
tiuglq;fs;
fw;gpj;jy; Jizf; fUtpfspy; tiuglq;fSk; xUtif glq;fshf tiuag;gl;L
fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;gLgit. mit tpsf;fg; glq;fs;> fzpj tiuNfhl;Lg; glq;fs;>
gltiuglk; vdg; gytifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
tpsf;fg;glq;fs;
tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; glq;fsyhy; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jfis vspjhfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
cjTgitNa tpsf;fg;glq;fshFk;.
ghlf; fUj;Jf;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLf;Nfw;g
jahhpf;fg;gLk; tpsf;fg;glq;fis gy tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mitahtd
1. vspa tpsf;fg; glk;
2. fpis tpsf;fg; glk;
3. njhlh; tpsf;fg; glk;
4. njhFg;G tpsf;fg; glk;
5. Nkw;nghUj;J tpsf;Fg; glk;.
tpsk;guj; jl;bfs;
xNu xU nra;jpiag; nghpa vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjp khzth;fSf;F fhz;gpg;gjw;F
tpsk;guj; jl;Lfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; Ra tpsf;fj;ijj;
jUfpd;wd. Mrphpah;fs; tpsf;fk; mspf;Fk; NghJ Jizr; nrayhf mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. nghJthf tpsk;gu jl;bfs; xU rpwe;j kf;fs; njhlh;Gr; rhjdkhFk;.
mtw;wpd; ngUf;fkhdJ kf;fis vspjpy; mjd;ghYk; mJ Fwpg;gpLk; jfty;fspYk;
<h;g;gpid cz;lhf;fptpLk;.
jfty; njhlh;G tsq;fs;
jfty; njhlh;G vd;gJ xU jftiy my;yJ nra;jpia xUthplkpUe;J
kw;nwhUtUf;Nfh my;yJ xU $l;lj;jpw;Nfh njhptpj;jy; MFk;. jfty; njhlh;gpidr;
nraw;gLj;Jk; tsq;fs; gy cs;sd. vdpDk; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,iza
gy;Y}lfk;> ,iltpid> ntz; nkd; gyif Mfpatw;wpy; %yk; eilngWk; jfty;
njhlh;Gfis ,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
thndhyp
Ritkpf;f epfo;r;rpfis kf;fs; gyUk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L kfpo cjTtJ
thndhyp. ,J fy;tpj;Jiwapy; khzth;fSf;F mwpT Gfl;lTk; nghJ mwpT
tsh;f;fTk; cjTfpwJ. ehl;L elg;Gfis> tpiythrp tptuq;fis> thdpiy
tptuq;fis> gpwehl;Lr; nra;jpfis> tpisahl;Lf; fl;lisfis thndhyp %yk;
jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;.
gs;spfspy; khzth;fSf;F Ntz;ba ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fk; thndhyp
cjTfpwJ.
njhiyf;fhl;rp
,J ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,jpy; fy;tp xspgug;Gk;
eilngWfpwJ. gj;jhk; tFg;G> gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G> gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lg;
gbg;GfSf;fhd ghltiffs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
njhiyf;fhl;rpia ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j [hd; Ngah;L vd;gtUk; If;fpa
ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j n[d;fpd;]; vd;gtUk; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;.

,izak;
cynfq;Fk; fzpdpapy; cs;; nra;jpfis ,izj;jiyNa ‘,izak’; vd;fpd;wdh;.
,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,z;lh;nel; vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> Gtpapay;>
thdtpay;> mwptpay;> fzpjk;> jpiug;glk;> vd vz;zw;w Jiwfspy; gy;NtW
jiyg;Gfspy; ,izaj;jpd; topahfr; nra;jpfisg; ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
cynfq;Fk; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; nra;jpfis ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl ngw
,iza ,izg;G cjTfpd;wJ. 1960-y; xUfzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhUf; fzpdpf;Fr;
nra;jpia khw;w kpd;fhe;j ehlhitg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,J kpFe;j fhy tpuaj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpajhy; ,jw;F jPh;T fhZk; nghUl;L xU fl;lj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
fzpdpfisnay;yhk; fk;gpr; RUSld; ,izg;gjpy; fzpdp ty;Yeh;fs; ntw;wp
fz;lhh;fs;.
gy;Y}lfk;
gy;Y}lfk;> fzpdp rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gkhFk;. Xyp> xsp>mirT> ml;ltiz
Kjypa gy;NtW Clfq;fis ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;JtJ gy;Y}lfk; MFk;. jkpopy;
,Jtiu ntspte;Js;s fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; rhh;e;j FWtl;Lfs; gyTk; gy;Y}lfj;
njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ntspte;Js;sd.
gy;Y}lj;jpd; $Wfs;
1. gDty;
vOj;Jf;fspd; thapyhf cUthf;fg;gLk; Mtzk; gDty; MFk;. gy;Y}lfk;
%yk; vOj;JUf;fSf;Fg; gy tifahd cj;jpfisf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
2. Gifg;glk;
jukhd Gifg;glq;fisg; gy tz;zq;fspy;> tbtq;fspy; gy;Y}lfj;jpy; ju
,aYk;.
3. jpiug;glq;fs;
gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfs;> tpohf;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gy;Y}lfj;jpd; top Njitf;Nfw;g ,lk; ngwr; nra;ayhk;.
4. mirAk; glq;fs; s
fhh;l;^d; glq;fs;> fw;gidahd cUtq;fSf;F cap&l;b mirAk; elkhl
itf;f Kg;ghpkhz fhl;rpfisAk; cUthf;f ,aYk;.
5. xyp
xypiag; gjpT nra;a> njhFf;f nkd;nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,jidf; nfhz;L
rpwg;Gw xyp El;gq;fisj; ju KbAk;.
gy;tif Clf topf;fw;wy; y
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwfspy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
tpUk;gj; jFe;j Gjpa njhopy; El;gf; fw;wNy gy;tif Clf topf;fw;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
gy;tif Clf ikak; ikak
fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; ntt;NtW epiyf;Fk; ntt;NtW ghlg; nghUs;fisf;
fw;gpf;f VJthf xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd gy Clfq;fs; njhpT
nra;ag;gl;L jpl;lkp;g;gLfpwJ. ,J “gy;tif Clf ikak;” vdg;gLfpwJ.
fzpdp %yk;
%yk; gy;tif Clfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jy;
fw;wYf;fhd jfty;fis> tz;zf;fhl;rpfshfTk;> (epfo;T>nra;Kiw) fhl;rpfspy;
,lk;ngWgit ,aw;ifapy; miktijg;Nghd;Nw mirTfSld; $bajhfTk;> xt;nthU
fhl;rpapYk; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd xypia ,izj;Jk; fzpdpj; jpiuapy;
Njhd;wr; nra;jNyNa jfty; njhopy; El;gtpay; gy; Clftop jftyspj;jy;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

gy;tif fUtpfs;
Clfq;fs; thapyhf jftyspj;jiy eilKiwg;gLj;j Njitahd fUtpfs
1. fk;g;A+l;lh;
2. b[pl;ly;> fk;g;a+l;lh;> mdyhf; khw;wpaikf;Fk; fUtpfs;
3. gy;Clf topapy; jfty;fisg; gFj;J MuhaTk;> Kiwg;gLj;jTk; Njitahd
fk;g;a+l;lh; td;fyd;fs;.
4. gy;NtW jfty;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fs;
(v.fh) Drivers, processing software.
gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jypd; gad;fs;
1. khzth;fspd; Njbf;fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ij tsur; nra;fpwJ.
2. khzth;fs; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;F Mrphpah; tiuglk;> jpiuglk; Jizf;nfhz;L
gjpyspf;f KbAk;.
3. khzth;fs; fw;Fk; nghUs;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; vspikahd tbtj;jpy;
ngwyhk;.
4. khzth;fs; tPl;bypUf;Fk;NghNj fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mwpitg; ngUf;fp
nfhs;s KbAk;.
,iltpid ntz;nkd; gyif
,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngio vd;gJ njhiyf;fhl;rp topf;fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpdp
Jizf; nfhz;L fw;wy; Mfpa ,uz;L cah; njhopy; El;g rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk;
,izj;J gy;Clff; fw;wy; #o;epiyia cUthf;fpLjNy ,iltpid GhpAk;
xspg;Ngio my;yJ fUj;jsT xyp xspf; fhl;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,J jdpahs; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cah; njhopy; El;gk; tha;e;j rhjdkhFk;.
,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; %ykhf Vw;fdNt Nfhh;itahf gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l fhl;rpfspd; njhFg;Gfs;> fzpdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;g; gbg;gbahf
Fwpg;gpl;l Ntfj;jpy; efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;fhl;rpj; njhFg;G xt;nthd;iwAk; ghh;itapLk; khzth;> mjpYs;s
glq;fisAk;> xypfisf; fz;Lk;> Nfl;Fk;> Ghpe;Jnfhs;tNjhL mjidj; njhlh;e;J
vOg;gg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jdJ gjpiyaspj;J fzpdpAld; ,iltpid Ghpa
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; cl;$Wfs;
,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapy; fPo;f;fhZk; %d;W Kf;fpa cl;$Wfs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. mitahtd
,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngio

1. Ez;zwpT fzpdp
2. Xspg;Ngio
3. njhiyf;fhl;rp
rKjha tsq;fs;
nkhopia tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; rKjhak; kpfg;nghpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. rKjha
tof;Ffs;ehsiltpy; ,yf;fpaq;fshf cUg;ngWfpd;wd. rKjhag; gof;f tof;fq;fs;>
gz;ghLfs; Nghd;w tsUk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUt+yq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwf;
ftpijfspypUe;J jhd; jpUe;jpa tbtKs;s ftpijfs; Njhd;wpd vd;gh;. vdNt
fpuhkq;fspYk;>efuq;fspYk; cs;s rKjha kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Ng rKjha tsq;fs;

vdg;gLfpd;wd.,jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;> fsg;gazk; vd ,Uepiyfs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;
ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspy; thOk; rKjha kf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fw;wwpe;Njhuhy; vOjg; gl;lit kl;LNk
,yf;fpakhff; fUjg;gl;l epiyapypUe;jJ ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fspypUe;J jhd;
Nkl;Lf; Fb kf;fs; Nghw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd vd;gJ ,d;iwa Ma;tpay;
KbT. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghliyg; ghb MLgth;fis ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQh;fs; vd
miog;gh;. tpy;Yg;ghl;L> Fk;kpg;ghl;L> xapyhl;lk;> fufhl;lk;> fzpahd;
Ml;lk;>kapyhl;lk; vdf; fijg; ghly;fisj; jhNk vOjpg; ghb MLk;
fiyQh;fis ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQh;fs; vd;gh;.
fsg;gazk;
azk
rKjha tsq;fspy; fsg;gazKk; xd;W. Ma;thsh;fSf;Ff; fsg;gazk; kpfkpf
Kf;fpak;.
ve;j xU gilg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;LtJld;
njhlh;Gila ,lq;fSf;F Nehpy; nrd;W cz;ikj; jfty;fisj; jpul;LjNy
fsg;gazk;.nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU ehad;khUk;
tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj ehad;khh;
tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;.
nkhopts ikaq;fs;
nkhopia tsKilajhf;fg; gpioapd;wp vOJjy;> Gjpa gilg;Gfis
cUthf;Fjy;> rhpahd cr;rhpg;ig Nkw; nfhs;Sjy;> fye;Jiuahly;>
gl;bkd;wk;>nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU ehad;khUk;
tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj ehad;khh;
tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;.nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU
ehad;khUk; tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj
ehad;khh; tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;. fUj;juq;fk;> ,yf;fpakd;wk;> Mrphpah;
J}a;ikahd gy Gjpa nrhw;fis nghUswpe;J fw;gpj;jy; vdg;gy Kiwfs;
cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;> Mrphpah; gz;G Mfpatw;iw ,g;gFjpapy;
fw;fyhk;.
,yf;fpa kd;wk;
nkhopia tsg;gLj;Jk; %yq;fspy; ,yf;fpa kd;wKk; xd;W. ,yf;fpa
kd;wq;fs; %yk; khzth;fs; jhahpg;Gld; te;J fye;J nfhs;Sk; nkhopg;
Ngr;Rj;jpwd; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fisr; rhpahfTk; gpioapd;wpAk;
mjpfkhd nrhw;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;> gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisr; rpe;jpj;Jg;
NgrTk; ,yf;fpa kd;wk; ,lkspg;gjhy; mJTk; xU nkhopts ikakhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
kf;fshl;rpapy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; vq;Fk; murpay;ghjpfSk; gpwUk;
jha;nkhopapy; NgRtijf; Nfl;Fk; khzhf;fh;fs; jhKk; mt;thW Ngrp gof

Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zfpd;wdh;. jha;nkhopapy; gy nra;jpj; jhs;fisAk; gbj;;j
khzhf;fh; mijg; gw;wpg; Ngr tpiofpd;wdh;. ,t;tpUg;gj;jpw;F Mf;fkspg;git
,yf;fpa kd;wq;fshFk;. r%ftpay; kd;wk>; fzpjtpay; kd;wk;> mwptpay; kd;wk;
Nghd;wit ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ed;ikfs;
1. rpwe;j Kiwapy; nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; khzhf;fh; gpd;dh; jiy rpwe;j
Ngr;rhsh;fshf jpfo;fpwhh;fs;.
2. khzhf;fh;fsplk; cs;s ,e;j mhpa Ngr;Rj;jpwid ntspf; nfhzu
,k;kd;wq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mth;fs; ,yf;fpa nrhw;nghopT> ftpij Kw;wk;
Nghd;w $l;lq;fs; $l;lr; nra;Ak; ty;Yeuhfpd;wdh;.
jkpohrphpahpd; gz;Gfs;
jkpohrphpah; vd;gth; jkpo;nkhopapd; kPJ gw;Wk; ghrKk; cilatuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopiaAk;> ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpe;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;
nkhopj; jpwd;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwj; jkJ khzth;f;Ff; fw;gpg;gJld; mth;fisg;
gpd;gw;wr; nra;J mjidf; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fSf;F Kd; cjhuzkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;
jk;Kila nrhy;> nray; %ykhf khzth;fSf;F kjpg;Gzh;tpidf; fPo; cs;s
tiffspy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
J}a;ikahd cilfis mzpe;J tuy;.
khzth;fSf;F Mrphpah; jhk; $Wk; mwpTiufis eilKiwapy; jhKk; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
ghlq;fis RitglTk; gpioapd;wpAk; njspthf elj;Jjy;.
midj;J khzth;fisAk; rkkhf elj;Jjy;.
khzth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fisf; fz;lwpe;J Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
khzth;fspd; czh;TfSf;F epahakhd fUj;JfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
khzth;fspd; kdk;NehFk;gbahff; fz;bf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
khzth;fis cly;hPjpahf Jd;GWj;jf; $lhJ.
khzth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;f top $Wjy;.
gpur;ridf;Fhpa khzth;fspd; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fg; gf;Ftkhf mjidj; njhptpj;jy;>
mjw;fhd jPh;tpidf;fye;J MNyhrpj;J nray;gLj;Jjy;.
khzth;fspd; jpwd;fis Mf;fg+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
khzth;fspd; milTj; jpwDf;Fk; gpw jpwd;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;.
gpw Mrphpah;fisg; gw;wp khzth;fspd; vjphpy; Gwq; $whky; ,Uj;jy;.
jk;Kila nrhe;j gzpfSf;F khzth;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Uj;jy;.
jtwhd nray;fspy; <Lglhky; ,Uj;jy;.
jhk; nra;fpd;w midj;J nray;fisAk; nrt;tNd nra;jy;.
jhk; elj;Jfpd;w ghlq;fspd; topNa kjpg;Gzh;Tfisf; fw;gpj;jy;.
jhk; nrhe;j tpUg;G tpWg;Gfis khzth;fspd; kPJ fhl;lhky; ,Uj;jy;.
khzth;fsplk; fdpTlDk;> fz;bg;GlDk; ,Uj;jy;.
murpay;> jpiug;glk; Fwpj;J vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; khzth;fspilNa Ngrhky;
,Uj;jy;.
jk;Kila fUj;Jf;fis khzth;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.

KbTiu
Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;>khzth; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;> rf khzth;
fw;gpj;jy; >mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs;>mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;> xyprhh;
tsq;fs; >fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs; Mfpad mike;Js;sd.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.tphpTiu Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
2.Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3.khzth; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
4.khzth; fUj;juq;fj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpj;J vOJf.
5.,.fw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
6.fy;tp fw;wYf;F jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; vq;qdk; Jizg;Ghpfpd;wd?
7.fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; gy;Yhlfk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
8.rKjha tsq;fs; vd;gd ahit?
9.jkpohrphpahpd; gz;G eyd;fs; ahit?
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l E}y;fs;
1. Nguh.tp.fzgjp> Nguh.re;jphpfh uh[Nkhfd>; rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk;
Kiwfs;> nrd;id.
2. ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F (2016)jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;-1.nrd;id: rhe;jh
ntspaPL. Fkhpr;nropad;> Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;
Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jy;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;.
3. Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.f.rhe;jFkhp rhuhjh gjpg;gfk; ghlg;nghUs; kw;Wk; jkpo;
fw;gpj;jy; nrd;id.
4. Kidth; nr.Rkjp>
nr.Rkjp jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; gFjp-I tphpTiuahsh; > fy;tpapay; gs;sp> jkpo;ehL
jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> nrd;id.

myF - 6 Nrhjpj;
Nrhjpj;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;
Nehf;fq;fs; :
,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy; khztMrphpah;fs;
1. Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk;>Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ghpe;Jnfhs;th;
2. nkhopawpTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffis mwpe;Jnfhs;th;
3. tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuT ml;ltizia czh;e;J gad;gLj;Jth;
Kd;Diu:
khzth;fSila fw;wy; jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;J Neuj;jpid mwpe;Jf;nfhs;sg;
gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gy;NtW tifahd kjpg;gPl;Lr; Nrhjidfis mwpAk; gFjpahf ,J
mikfpwJ. khzth;fis ey;y gads;s mh;j;jKs;s tho;tpw;fhfj; jahh;g;gLj;JtNj
fy;tpahFk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l fy;tp ve;j ntw;wpfukhf khzth;fSf;Ff;
fw;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij Mf;fg;g+h;tkhf kjpg;gplNy NrhjidahFk;. xU
jdpg;gl;l khztdpd; KOj;jpwikfis kjpg;gpl my;yJ fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fis
epiwTgLj;jj; Nrhjidfs; mikjy; ey;yJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; khztdpd;
jpwikfisg; ghpNrhjpj;J mtDf;Fhpa gbf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;
kjpg;gplYk; Njh;TfSk; kjpg;G kpf;fitahf fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Njh;Tfs; khzth;fspd; fw;wiy kjpg;gPL nra;J ve;j mstpw;F mth;fs;
fw;wy; ,yf;if mile;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J epiwawp
Nrhjidia xj;jjhFk;.
fw;wYf;fhd Nrhjid vd;gJ khzh;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njhlh;e;J
kjpg;gplYk; fw;wypd; Njitfis milahsq;fhz Ghpe;J nfhs;SjYk; mtw;wpd;
%yk; fw;gpj;jiyr; rhpahfj; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;SjYk; MFk;.
fw;wYf;fhd Nrhjidapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; (kjpg;ngz;fs;> tptuq;fs;)
khzth;fs; mth;fsJ fw;wy; epiyapy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; fw;wy; ,yf;if
vg;gb milfpwhh;fs; vd;gij khzth;fSk; Mrphpah;fSk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;.
#o;epiyf;Nfw;g Njitahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
khzth;fs; ve;j msTf;Ff; fw;wiyg; Ghpe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij
Mrphpah;fs; kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF khzth;fspd; mLj;jfl;lf; fw;wy;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Mrphpah; JizGhpa Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fw;gpj;jypd; epiwTg; gFjp Nrhjpj;jwpjy;. fw;wy; fsq;fs; midj;jpjYk; ngw;w
Njh;r;rp> Njh;r;rpahy; ngw;w ty;yik> mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F vd
vy;yhtw;iwAk; chpa Clfj;jy; mse;J ngw;w msitfspd; topNa fw;Nghhpd; juk;
gw;wpa KbTfisf; $Wtjhy; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gLfpwJ. mjidg;
gpd;tUkhW thpirg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. khzth;fspd; milTepiyar; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf.
2. khzth;fspd; MSikiaj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf
3. ngw;NwhUf;Fk; NkyjpfhhpfSf;Fk; khzth; Njh;r;rp gw;wpa mwpf;if
mspg;gjw;fhf.
4. MrphpauJ fw;gpj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf.
5. gs;spapd; juj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
6. vjph;fhyj; Njitia mwptjw;fhf
7. Fiwfisf; fistjw;fhf .
8. gzp epakdj;jpw;fhf.
9. Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfs; elj;Jtjw;fhf
10. cah;fy;tpg; gbg;gpw;Fj; Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhf.
cs;shh;t Mw;wy; Nrhjid

jkpo;g;ghlk; fw;gpj;jypy; khztDila ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; nghUl;L gy;NtW
cj;jpfisf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fSila ftdk; rpjwhky; Mrphpaiuf;
ftdpj;Jg; ghlj;jpy; fUj;ijr; nrYj;JkhW fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; mt;Tj;jpfSs;
rpytw;iwj; njhpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
1. Mh;t%l;ly;
ghlE}y; Kjd; Kjyhfj; njhlq;fg; ngWkhapd; jFe;j nra;jpfisf; $wp
E}iyg; gbg;gjw;Fhpa Mh;t%l;l Ntz;Lk;.
2. khzth; gbj;jy;
jpl;lkpl;lgb khzth;fis ve;jg; gf;fk; Kjy;> ve;jg; gf;fj;jpy; ve;jg; gj;jp
tiu gbf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wjy; Ntz;Ljy;. vj;jid epkplq;fspy; gbf;f
Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mwhk; Vohk; tFg;Gfspy; khzth; xU gf;fk; gbf;f
2 epkplk; Kjy; 3 epkplk; tiu nfhLf;fyhk;. Nky; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;ynry;y
Neuj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;. Fwpj;j fhy msT khztiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztiu mth;fs; ,y;yj;jpNyAk; Kd;djhf xUKiw gbj;J tur; nra;ayhk;.
3. tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L fUj;J vOJjy;

Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa gFjpiag; gbj;j gpd;dh;> mg;gFjpapd; jiyg;igAk;> gj;jpfspd;
ikaf; fUj;ijAk; jFe;j tpdhf;fs; %yk; tutioj;Jf; fUk;gyifapy; Kiwahf
vOjptuy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; ,J fl;Liu vOJtjw;Nfw;w Fwpg;Gr; rl;lkhf mikAk;.
4. tpsf;Fjy;
nghJf;fUj;ij vOjpa gpd;dh;> Nkw;Nfhs; nra;As;> gonkhopfs;> fijf;
Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh vdj; jFe;j tpdhf;fs; %yk; mwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;. khzth; mwpe;J nfhs;stpy;iynad mwpe;jhy; Mrphpah; tpsf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thNw Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. njhFj;jy;
khzth; $Wk; tpilfis mth;fisNa njhFj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
khzth; njhFj;Jf; $Wtjw;Nfw;w tpdhf;fis Mrphpah; Nfl;fyhk;. ,y;iyNay;
MrphpaNu nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.

6. RUf;Fjy;
mt;thNw njhFj;j nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpd; fPo;r; RUf;fpf; $wr;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gapw;rpaspf;Fk; nghOJ gj;jpj; jiyg;igAk; > gj;jpapy;
,lk; ngWk; ,d;wpaikahf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; khzth; mwpth;. ,JKiwahf>
Nfhitahf mikAk;gb ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. nrhw;fs;
Jizg;ghl E}ypy; te;j Gjpa nrhw;fis Mrphpah; tpsf;Fjypd; NghJ khzth;
mwpe;jpUg;gh;. mg;nghONj mth; mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy; ed;W. khztUk;
jk; Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp itj;Jf; nfhz;L tPl;by; nrd;W mfuhjpiag; ghh;j;J kPz;Lk;
nghUs; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhapd; mth;fsJ nrhw;fsQ;rpak; ngUf tha;g;Gz;L.
8. fl;Liu vOJjy;
tFg;gpy; jahhpf;fg; ngw;w Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L khztiuf;
fl;Liu vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW eLepiyg; gs;sp epiyapy; Mrphpah;
topfhl;bahf ,Ue;J Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk; jahhpj;jhy;jhd; cah; tFg;Gfspy; khzth;fNs
xU E}iyg; gbj;Jf; Fwpg;Gj; jahhpf;f KbAk;. ,k;Kiwapy; Jizg;ghl E}iyf;
fw;gpj;jhy; khzth; nksd thrpg;Gj; jpwdpy; tsh;r;rp ngWth;. Jizg;ghl E}y;
fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; epiwNtWk;.
jpwdwp
jpwdwp Nrhjid
Nrhjid xd;wpd; militf; nfhz;L vjph;fhyj;jpy; khzthpd; milt epiy
vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; vd Kd;$l;b mwpaj;jf;fjhd Nrhjidia tUtJiuf;Fk; Nrhjid
my;yJ jpwdwpr; Nrhjid my;yJ Kd;dwpr; Nrhjid vd;gh;. Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tpg;
gFjpapy; khztd; xUtd; ntw;wp ngWk; epiyia mwpa ,j;jifa Nrhjidiaj;
juyhk;. xUth; ve;j ve;jj; Jiwapy; vd;d vd;d jpwd;fs; ngw;Ws;shd; vd;gijAk;
Nrhjpj;jwpayhk;. ,J ehl;lr; Nrhjid> Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid Nghd;wjhFk;.
khzthpd; Mh;tk;> ehl;lk;> Ntiyg; gof;fk;> gbg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mstpl
,t;tifr; Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid
khzth;fs; fw;wypy; milfpd;w milTj; jpwid mwptjw;F Mrphpah;fs;
milTr; Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; ghlg;gFjp gue;j mstpy;
,Ug;gjhy; ,jd; %yk; khzth;fSila Fiwia KOtJk; mwpa KbahJ. vdNt
khzth;fs; ghlg;nghUspy; ve;jg; gFjpay; vt;tpjk; rpukk; milfpd;wdh; vd;gij
mwpa Mrphpah;fs; jdpg;gl;l Njh;Tfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; msitf;
Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L ikag;gFjp KOikiaAk; xd;W tplhky; Nrhjpj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;.
khzth;fspd; Fiwfisf; fz;lwpa ,j;Njh;T gad;gLtjhy; ,it Fiwawp
Nrhjidfs; vdg;gLk;.
ghlg;gFjpapd; xt;nthU jiyg;gpYk; jdpj;jdpahf ,r;Nrhjidfis elj;jyhk;.
khzth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sr; rpukg;gLk;. jpwidNa Nrhjpg;gjhy; mth;fSila
Fiwfis mwptNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,r;NrhjidfSf;Ff; fhy
eph;zak; fpilahJ. Njh;Tfspy; khzth;fs; nra;Ak; jtWfs; Muhag;gl;L mtw;iw
epth;j;jpr; nra;Ak; toptiffs; MNyhrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nkhopailTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs;

khzth;fs; nkhopfw;wy; ghlj;jpy; mile;Js;s miltpid mstpLtjw;Fg;
gad;gLk; Nrhjid nkhop milTr; NrhjidahFk;.

nld;dp];Ngud;> n`uhy;L ngh;dhy;L Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy xU khztdpd;
milt mtd; fw;wypy; nrYj;jpa ehl;lk;> fw;wYf;fhd Maj;jepiy> fw;wYf;fhd
tha;g;Gfs; ,k;%d;wpd; tpisthy; Vw;gl;ljidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s nra;jpfis khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh? tFg;giwapy;
fw;gpj;jijnay;yhk; khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh? vd;gij mwpaTk; gad;gLk;. Fwpg;ghfr;
nrhd;dhy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraypd; ntw;wpiaAk; fw;wy; nray; epfo;e;Js;s msitAk;
mwpa nkhop milTr; Nrhjid Njh;T cjTk;.
nkhop milTr;Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
1. khzthpd; miltpid mwpjy;
2. epidthw;wiy mwpjy;
3. nghUSzuhw;wiy mwpjy;
4. fw;gpj;jypYs;s Fiwfisf; fz;lwpjy;
Kjypatw;iw Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xw;iw tpdhtpilr; Nrhjid

Gwtaj;Njh;T tpdhf;fSf;F xNu xU tpil kl;LNk cs;sjhy; ,
Nrhjidahshpd; nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;GfNsh, , kdepiyNah my;yJ xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l Nrhjidahsh;fs; kjg;gPL nra;jhNyh kjpg;gPL khWtjpy;iy. Mifahy; ,
,j;jifa Nrhjid ek;gfj;jd;ikAk; Vw;GilikAk; $Ljyhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
vspjhf kjpg;gPL nra;aTk;, ghlg;gFjp KOtjpYk; mjpfkhd mstpy; epiwa
tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;fTk; ,aYtjhy; ,r;Nrhjid Kiw rpwg;GfpwJ.
gpioawpAk; Nrhjid
gytw;Ws; njhpT tif gy;NtW fw;wy; tpisTfis mse;jwpag; gad;gbDk;

mjd; Vw;GilikAk;> ek;gfj;j;dikAk; tpdhtpYs;s jpir jpUg;Gtdtw;iwg;
nghWj;Nj mikAk;.
jpir jpUg;Gtd chpa vz;zpf;ifapy; Njh;e;njLf;f ,ayhj epiyapy; NtW
Gwta mikg;Gila tpdhf;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. jpir jpUg;Gtjhf xd;Nw xd;W
,Ug;gpd; \rhpah-jtwh| mikg;Ng nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
rhpah- jtwh tpdh mikg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; rpy ,lh;ghLfs; cs;sd.

mtw;iwg; gw;wpa njspT tpdhj; jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;Fj; Njit.
1. vy;yhf; $w;WfSk; my;yJ nra;jpfSk; ,Uepiyg; gl;lthW (rhp – jtW> Mk;

- ,y;iy) ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
2. tpilj; njhptpy; ,U khw;W epiyfNs cs;sikahy; Cfpj;J vOJk; tha;g;G 50
tpOf;fhL MFk;.
3. ngUk;ghyhd epiyapy; mwpjy; Mw;wiy msg;gwj;Nf ,t;tpdh mikg;Gg;
gaDilajhFk;.
,tw;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf topfhl;Lk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj tpjpfis Nehf;FNthk;.
tpjp-
tpjp-1
tpdhf; $w;wpy; xNu xU fUj;ij eLtzhf mikf;fTk;.
rka ,yf;fpak; gilj;j Gyth;fSs; ctikfisf; ifahStjpy; rpwe;jth;
rptg;gpufhrh; (rhp / jtW)

,f;$w;wpy; > ,U jfty;fs; cs;sd. rka ,yf;fpak; gilj;j Gyth;>
rptg;gpufhrh;. ,ijr; rhp vdTk; nfhs;syhk;. jtW vd;Wk; nfhs;s tha;g;Gz;L.
rptg;gpufhrh; ctikf; fsQ;rpak; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhh;. (rhp / jtW).
‘rhpah/jtwh| mikg;Gila tpdhf;fSf;F ,ad;ikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
$w;WfNs kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;. ,Ug;gpDk; cah;epiyapy; KbT $Wk;
$w;WfisAk; ,t;tikg;G vLj;jhsyhk;.
vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;
,j;Njh;tpy; fl;Liuj;Njh;T kw;Wk; Gwtar;Nrhjid ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;. fl;Liuj;
Nrhjidfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F khzth;fs; fl;Liu tbtpy; gjpy; mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fl;LiuNrhjid gy Mz;Lfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhy; gioa
Kiwj; Nrhjid vd;Wk; , ,jd; kjpg;gPL jpUj;Jgthpd; kdepiyiag; nghWj;J
miktjhy; jd; kdtag;gLfpd;w Nrhjid vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapy; xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapy; kjpg;gPlhsiug;
nghWj;J kjpg;ngz; khwhj tifapy; mikAk;. ,it fl;Liu kw;Wk; rpW tpdh tpil
tifia tpl ek;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lJ.
FWtpdh tpilr; Nrhjid

,t;tit tpdhf;fSf;F XhpU thf;fpaj;jpy; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ijg;
gpioapd;wp xU njhlhpy; vOjr; njhpfpd;wjh vd;gijj; Njh;e;jwpa ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
(v.fh) Rl;nlOj;J vd;gJ ahJ?
gj;jptpdh tpilr; Nrhjid

,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F xU gj;jpapy; mjhtJ xU my;yJ VO thf;fpaq;fspy;
tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij tpsf;fg; gy thf;fpaq;fs; vOjj; njhpfpd;wjh
vd;gij Njh;e;jwpa ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gJ kpfTk; vspJ. cz;ik jfty;fs;
fpilf;Fk;. ghlg; nghUs; midj;Jk; cs;slq;Fk;. ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwAk;.
nkhopg;gpioapdhy; kjpg;gPL ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
fl;Ltiu tpdhtpilr; Nrhjid
mftaj; jd;ik cilait. ,t;tifAs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; Jyq;fy;

(Restricted Resonse) tpdh> tpdh> tphpTj; Jyq;fy; tpdh> FWtpil tpdh>
neLtpil tpdh Mfpad mlq;Fk;. ,g;ngah;fnsy;yhk; mtw;wpw;F tpilaspf;Fk;
ghd;ikahy; Vw;gl;ldthFk;. tpdhTf;F chpa tpilapd; jd;ikapid tiuaWj;Jf;
Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhthFk;.
fl;Liu tif tpdhitj; jahhpg;gJ vspikahfj; Njhd;wpDk; tiuaWj;j

Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gJ fbdkhFk;. ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd;
%yk; nkhopg;ghlj;jpy; nkhopeil> tsk;> fUj;Jfspd; itg;GKiw Mfpatw;iw
kjpg;gpl ,aYk;. xU fUj;ij Fwpj;J Kd;Diu> nghUSiu> KbTiu vdg; gphpj;J
Kiwahf vOJtiuj; Njh;e;njwpAk; tpdhf;fNs fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; MFk;. rpyNghJ

%d;W my;yJ ehd;F gj;jpfspy; tpilnaOj Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,tw;iwj;
jahhpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tpjpfis ,dp Nehf;FNthk;.
tpjp-
tpjp-1
cah;epiy Mw;wy;fis msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
mwpjy;> Ghpjy; Mfpa Mw;wy;fis msf;fg; Gwta mikg;G tpdhf;fNs
NghJkhdit. ,tw;iw msf;ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtph;f;fTk;.
gad;gLj;Jjy; Mw;wiyf; $lg; Gwta tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjhy; ngwf;$Lk;. Mdhy;>
tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F Neur; nryT MFk;. vdNt> gad;gLj;Jjy> gFj;jy;>
njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gply; Nghd;w cah;epiy Mw;wy;fis msf;ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jf. Mw;wy;yfspd; epiy cah;tpidf; fhl;Lk;> fPo;tUk; tsh;tiuT tpdhj;
jahhpg;NghUf;Fg; gaDilajhf mikAk;.
Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;

fw;wyilTr; Nrhjid
fw;wYf;Fg; gpd; khzth;fspd; miltpidf; fz;lwpa MrphpaNu cUthf;Fk;
Njh;thFk;. ,J MrphpaUf;F Mrphpah; NtWgLk;. fw;wYf;F Kd;Dk;> fw;wYf;Fg;
gpd;DKs;s khw;wj;ij Mrphpauhy; mse;jwpa KbAk;. fw;gpj;jypy; Njitg;gLk;
khw;wq;fis czh;j;Jk; topfhl;bahfTk; mikAk;. ,J tha;nkhopj; Njh;T> vOj;Jj;
Njh;T vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbfs;

fw;wyilTr; Nrhjidj; jahhpj;jypy; ,U gbepiyfs; cs;sd. mit
tha;nkhopj; Njh;T> vOj;Jj; Njh;T vd ,Utifg;gLk;. mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
tha;nkhopj; Njh;T
Mrphpah; khztdplk; tha;nkhopahf tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L tpil ngWjiy
tha;nkhopj; Njh;T vd;gh;. khzth;fspd; Ngr;rpy; fhzg;gLk; nkhoptsk;> cr;rhpg;G>
nkhopeil> Fuy;tsk;> czh;T ntspg;gLk; ghq;F Mfpa nkhopf; $Wfis
tha;nkhopj; Njh;tpd; %yk; kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;.
vOj;Jj; Njh;T
,j;Njh;tpy; fl;Liuj; Njh;T kw;Wk; Gwtar; Nrhjid ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;.
fl;Liuj; Njh;Tfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F khzth;fs; fl;Liu tbtpy; gjpy;
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuj; Njh;T gy Mz;Lfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhy;
gioa Kiwj; Njh;T vd;Wk;> ,jd;kjpg;gPL jpUj;Jgthpd; kdepiyiag; nghWj;J
miktjhy; jd; kdtag;gLfpd;w Nrhjid vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gwtar; Nrhjidapy; xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapy;
kjpg;gPl;lhsiug; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz; khwhf tifapy; mikAk;. ,it fl;Liu
kw;Wk; rpWtpdh tpil tifia tpl ek;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lit.
Mrphpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Njh;Tfspd; jd;ikfs;

1. Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njh;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gs;spj; Njitapidf;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit.
2. ,tw;Ws; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;fg; ngw;w tptuq;fisg; gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; kl;Lnk
mlq;Fk;.

3. ek;gfk;> Vw;Gilik – Mfpad cs;sitahfNth ,y;yhjitahfNth ,Uf;ff;

$Lk;. fhyr;nryTk; gzr;nryTk; FiwAk;.
4. fl;Liu tif my;yJ FWtpdh Njh;TfshfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.
5. khzhf;fuJ milit xg;gpl;L mth;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wk; gs;sp KbntLf;f
cjTk; juq;fs; ,y;iy.
6. nghJthf ,it njhFjpr; Nrhjidfshf ,Uf;Fk;.
tpdh tiffspd; ml;ltiz jahhpg;G

fw;wy; nghUis Clfkhff; nfhz;L> khzth; ngWk; Mw;wy;fis mse;J>
fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. Mw;wy;fis msg;gJ Njh;T tpdhj;;jhs;.
vdNt tpdhj;jhs; jahhpg;gpy; fw;wy; nghUs;> fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; fUjj;jf;f

$Wfshfpd;wd. Njh;T tpdhj;jhs;> tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;liktjhFk;. tpdhf;fs;
gy;tifg;gLk; vd;Wk;> xt;nthU tiff;Fk; rpy jdpj;jd;ikfs; cz;L vd;Wk;
Kd;gFjpay; ghh;j;Njhk;.
vdNt> mse;jwpa Ntz;ba Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g tpdh tiffSk;
kjpg;ngz;fs; msTk; Njh;Tj;jhisj; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ fUjj;jf;fdthfpd;wd.
,g;NghJ> Njh;Tj;jhisj; jahhpg;gjw;Ff; fUjj;jf;f $Wfisg; gl;baypl;Lg;
ghh;g;Nghk;.
1.fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk; 2.fw;wy; nghUs;

3.tpdhtif 4.kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL
vdNt tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuapy; ,e;ehd;Fk; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; Nehf;fk;
fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fisg; gy mbg;gilfspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. vdpYk; fw;wy;
epfo;T mbg;gilay;> mwpjy;> Ghpjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy;> gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gply;
vDk; MW tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j MW tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfSk;
mwpTf;fsk; rhh;e;jit vd mwpf. Njh;tpy; mwpTf;fs Nehf;fNk msf;fg;gLfpwnjd;W
mwpf. ,tw;wpYs;s gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy; > kjpg;gply; Mfpa %d;wpidAk; \jpwd;| vDk;
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gh;. vdNt> tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; Nehf;ff;$Wfs;
mwpjy;> Ghpjy;> jpwd;> gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;.
fw;wy; nghUs;
fw;wy; nghUisj; jUtJ ghlE}y;. ghlE}ypd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;
fw;Nghhpd; milt my;yJ Njh;r;rp vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh;T tpdhj;jhspy;
midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpfa tpdhf;fis mikj;jy; eilKiwr;
rhj;jpakd;W. ghlg;nghUspd; gutyhd khjphpf; $WfNs NghJk;.
mtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F Vw;wthW fw;gpj;j midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk;
eilKiwf;F Vw;g myFfshfg; gphpf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;J myFfisAk;
cs;slf;fpathW khjphpf; $Wfs; mlq;fpa tpdhf;fis tpdhj;jhspy; mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghl myfpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;Ftij tpl myFfs;
mlq;Fk; ghlg;nghUs; jd;ikf;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fis xJf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhtif
tpdhjpl;l tiutpy; fUjg;gl Ntz;ba gpwpnjhd;W tpdh tifahFk;.
gy;tifg;gl;ll tpdhf;fis xU Njh;Tj;jhspy; mikj;jhy; tpilj;jhs;
jpUj;Jk;NghJ eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. %d;W my;yJ ehd;F tifg;gl;l
tpdhf;fspUj;jy; rpwg;G.
kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL
tpdhj;jhspy; kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL nra;Ak; NghJ fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; >
ghlg;gFjpfs;> tpdhf;fs; Mfpa %d;Wk; jdpj;jdpNa fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwpjy;>
Ghpjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy;> jpwd; Mfpatw;wpy; cah;epiy Mw;wy;fSf;F kpFe;j
kjpg;gngz;fSk; jho;epiy Mw;wy;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fSk; xJf;fyhk;.
ghlg;nghUSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp Kd;dNu $wg;gl;lJ.

tpdhf;fiis %d;W tiff;Fs; mlf;fpdhy;> 1.Gwtatpdh> 2.FWtpdh 3. fl;Liu
tpil vd %d;whff; nfhz;L> ,tw;wpw;F epuNy 1>2>5 kjpg;ngz;fis xJf;fPL
nra;ayhk;.
tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpd; khjphp

jkpo;g;ghlj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpa jpl;l tiutpd; khjphp ,g;gFjpapYk; mjd;
mbg;gilapYk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhj;jhs; mLj;j gFjpapYk; jug;gLfpd;wd.
Mwhk; tFg;Gj; jkpo;
tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT

(15)
fw;gpj;jy; (10) (10) (15) (50)
gad;gLj;Jj
Nehf;fk; mwpjy; Ghpjy; jpwd; nkhj;jk;
y;
G F f G F f G F f G F f G F f
ghl myF
1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5
nra;As;(15) 2 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 1 1 5 2 1
ciueil
2 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 1 1 5 2 1
(15)
Jizg;ghl
k; /
fl;Liu / .. 2 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 5 ..
fbj« (10)
,yf;fzk;
.. 1 .. 4 .. .. 3 .. .. 1 .. .. 8 1 ..
(10)
nkhj;jk;
4 3 .. 8 2 .. 9 2 .. 1 2 2 20 10 2
(50)
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs; 50> Neuk; 1 kzp

Fwpg;G – “cs;epiyj; njhpT nfhz;l tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz; xJf;fPL [ ] rJu

milg;gpw;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpdhtpw;Fhpa kjpg;ngz; / kjpg;ngz;fs; ‘()’ –
gpiw milg;gpw;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; - Kjy;jhs;
kjpg;ngz;
tpdhtif
nra;As; ciueil
Gwtatpdh 10 10
FWtpdh 10 10
rpWtpdh 17 17
neLtpdh 8 8
kdg;ghlg; gFjp 10 -
nkhj;jk; 55 45
jkpo; - ,uz;lhk;jhs;
ghlg;gFjp kjpg;ngz;
,yf;fzk 30
Jizg;ghlk; 10
fl;Liu 10
fbjk; 10
nkhopg;gapw;rp 20
gh eak; 5
gbtk; 5
gilg;ghw;wy; 5
tho;tpay; jpwd; 5
nkhj;jk; 100
gpw vz;fs; tpdh vz;zpf;ifapidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

1. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld Gwta tpdhf;fs; (G)
2. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld FWtpil tpdhf;fs; (F)
3. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; (f)
kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; KiwAk;

kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;
Njh;T vOJNthh; tpilaspf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fs;> Njh;e;njLg;G tif

vd;Wk; mspg;G tif vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tpilfis mstpLk; mbg;gilapy;
Gwtak;. mftak; vd tpdhf;fs; tifg;gLtijAk; mwptPh;fs;. tpilfisj; jpUj;Jk;
newpKiwfs; ,e;j mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Gwta tpdhf;fs;
gytw;Ws; njhpT> rhpah> jtwh nghUj;Jjy;> Nfhbl;l ,lk; epug;gy; xU
nrhy;/njhlh;tpil Mfpad Gwta tpdhf;fs;. ,tw;Ws; gyTs; njhpT rhpah> jtwh>

nghUj;Jjy; Mfpa tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfisj; Njh;T vOJNthNu nfhLf;fg;gl;l
njhpTfs; my;yJ E}y;fspypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,tw;wpw;Fhpa tpil
Jy;ypaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy;> mstPl;lhsh;fSf;Fr; rpf;fy; NeuhJ. gytw;Ws;
njhpT. nghUj;Jjy; Mfpa tpdhf;fspd; tpilfs; (m)> (M) …….. vd;f
FwpaPLfshfNt mikAk;. ‘rhpah> jtwh’ mikg;gpYs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfs; rhp>
jtW> Mk;> ,y;iy Nghd;W xU nrhy;yhy; mikAk;. ,q;Fk; tpilj; Jy;ypaj;jpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;glhJ. vdpDk; ,t;tpdhf;fspy; Njh;T vOJNthh; Cfpj;J
tpil jUk; tha;g;G cs;sJ. xU nrhy;/njhlh; tpil tpdhf;fspd; tpilfspy; nrhy;>
gpio Mfpadtw;iwf; fUjp mtw;iw mstpl newpKiwfs; Njit.
Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;.

gytw;Ws; njhpT tpdhf;fspy; %d;W> ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J njhpTfs;
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Njh;T vOJNthh; tpilfis Cfpj;J vOJk; tha;g;Gz;L.
1. Ie;J njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/5 – 20%
2. ehd;F njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/4 – 25%
3. %d;W njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/3 – 33 1/3%
4. rhpah-jtwh mikg;gpy; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/2 –50%
Nkw;fhl;ba fzpg;gpypUe;J> njhpTfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwaf; Fiwa Cfpj;J

vOJk; tha;g;G kpFjpahfpwJ. Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;GfSf;F Vw;gj; Njh;th;fs; ngWk;
kjpg;ngz;fspd; ek;gfj; jd;ik FiwfpwJ. vdNt> Njh;th;fs; Cfpj;J tpil
jUtijj; jLf;f ‘Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;’ vDk; Kiwiaf; fy;tpahsh;fs;
ghpe;Jiuj;Js;sdh;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
xt;nthd;wpYk; ehd;F njhpTfs; nfhz;l 40 tpdhf;fSf;Fj; Njh;T tpil
jUk;NghJ 31 tpdhf;fSf;Fk; rhpahf tpilaspj;J. 9 tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jtwhf
tpilaspj;jpUg;gpd;
cz;ik kjpg;ngz; - rhpahd tpilfspd; vz;zpf;if -3

jtwhd tpilfspd; vz;zpf;if – 9
njhpTfspd; vz;zpf;if – 1
Nkw;fhl;ba vLj;Jf;fhl;by;
cz;ik kjpg;ngz; = 31 – 9/4-1
= 31 – 9/3
= 31 – 3 = 28
,k;Kiw Cfpj;J vOJtijj; jLg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
nrhy; / njhlh; tpilfspy; gpiofs;
xU nrhy; my;yJ njhlh; tpil nfhz;l tpdhf;fSf;Fj; Njh;th;fs;
tpilaspf;Fk;NghJ tpilfspy; vOj;J>nrhy;> njhlh; gpiofs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw
vt;thW mstpLtJ? kjpg;ngz; toq;Ftjh Ntz;lhkh?
,j;jifa gpio Vw;gl;l tpilfis mstpLk; NghJ tpdhtpd; Nehf;fj;ijf;

fUJjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vOjpa Gyth; ahh;? vd;w tpdhtpw;F

,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd;gJ tpil> ,g;ngahpidj; Njh;T vOJNthh; ,sq;Nfh vd;Nwh>
,sNfh vd vOj;Jg; gpioAlNdh je;jpUg;gpDk; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
tpdhtpd; Nehf;fk; ngaiuj; Njh;th; ntspg;gLj;Jtij mwptjhFk;.
vdNt jftywp tpdhf;fspd; tpilfspy; vOj;J> nrhy;> njhlh; gpiofisf;
nfhz;L kjpg;ngz;fisf; Fiwf;ff; $lhJ. nkhopj; jpwd; msf;Fk; tpdhf;fspy;
vOj;J> nrhy; njhlh; gpiofs; mstPl;by; fUjj; jf;fdthFk;. ‘th’ vDk;
tpidapd; nganur;r tbtk; ahJ? vDk; tpdhtpw;F ‘te;j’ vd;gJjhd; tpil. the;j>
tj;j> te;jh vd tbtpy; ,Ug;gpDk; mJ jtNw. kjpg;ngz; toq;ff; $lhJ.
Gwta tpdhtpw;fhd kjpg;ngz;

Gwta tpdhf;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;> ‘cz;L - ,y;iy’ vDk; ,U epiyg;ghw;gl;nl
mika Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; 1 kjpg;ngz;Nz xJf;fg;gLk;. vdNt
tpil rhpahf ,Ug;gpd; kjpg;ngz; 1> jtwhapd; 0. 0f;Fk; 1f;Fk; ,ilNa ½, ¼
Nghd;w kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;ff; $lhJ. Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jj;jhy; kjpg;ngz;fs; gpd;d
vz;fshf ,Ug;gpd; KO vz;fis chpa kjpg;ngz;fshff; nfhs;f.
½, IAk; NkYs;s gpd;dj;ijAk; 1 vdf; fUjTk;.
fl;Liu mfta tpdhf;fs;

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs mftaik nfhz;bUg;gpDk;> nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; mtw;iwj;
jtph;f;f ,ayhJ. rpy newpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp mftaik mstpidf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
mk;Kiw mLj;J tUk; gFjpfspy; tsh;f;fg; gLfpd;wd.
fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fy;

cah;epiy Mw;wy;fspy; ngw;w jpwid msg;gjw;Ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mw;wy; jd;ikapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; mstpw;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fs;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xU tpdhtpy; VJf;fSk; tpisTfSk; Nfl;fg;gbd; VJf;fspd; vz;zpf;if>

tpisTfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Mfpadtw;iwg; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifahf kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gLjy;. \gFg;G mstPL| vdg;gLk;.
nkhopg;gpiofisAk;> gFg;G mstPl;bd; $whf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jpUj;jy; Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;wy;

fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rhpahd tpil tpdhj; jahhpg;gtuhNyh gpwuhNyh
nfhLf;f ,ayhJ. jpUj;jw; Fwpg;gpidNa toq;f ,aYk;. jpUj;jw; Fwpg;GfSf;F Vw;g>
Kd; gFjpapy; $wg;gl;lJ Nghyg; gFg;G mstPl;ilf; fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;F
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jpUj;jy; Fwpg;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhs;shky; KO Nehf;Fg; ghh;itapy;

fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; tpilfisj; jpUj;jf; $lhJ.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fis Kjypy; mstpLjy;
xt;nthU Njh;T vOJNthhpd; tpilj;jhisAk; KOikahf mstpl;l gpd;dNu
mLj;jthpd; tpilj;jhis mstpLk; Nghf;F eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. ,g;Nghf;F>
fl;Liu tpilfis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjd;W. Vnddpy; gpwtif tpdhf;fspd;
tpilfshy; Njh;thsh; mftag;gLk; tha;g;G NehpLk;. Njh;T vOJgth; xUth;> Gwta
tpdhf;fspy; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; ngw;wpUg;gjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. mtw;iw mstpl;l
Njh;thsh;> Njh;T vOJNthhpd; mfta fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j
kjpg;ngz;fNs toq;f Kw;gLgth;. ,f;FiwghL <h;g;G tpisT vdg;gLk;. vdNt xU
Njh;thpd; fl;Liu tpilia mstpl;lgpd; mLj;j Njh;thpd; fl;Liu tpilia mstpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; vy;yhf; fl;Liu tpilfisAk; mstpLtjhy;> mstpLtjpy;
Gwtaikapid Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
Njh;T vOJNthiu mwpah epiyapy; mstpLjy;

<h;g;G tpisthy; mstPl;by; FiwghL Vw;gLk;. fl;Liu tpilfis
mstpLk;NghJ ,f;Fiwapidg; gpwpnjhU KiwahYk; Nghf;fyhk;. Njh;th; vOJgth;
ngah;> vz; Mfpatw;iw kiwj;J tpilfis mstplyhk;.
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gly;

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; ngUkstpy; cah;fy;tpapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. KJfiy
tFg;Gfspy; Njh;T vOJgth; xUthpd; fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; tpilfs; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gl;L> mth;fs; toq;fpa kjpg;ngz;fspd; ruhrhp>
Njh;T vOjpatUf;Fhpa kjpg;ngz;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Kiwapid vy;yh
tFg;GfSf;Fk; tphpTgLj;jyhk;.
tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; epiyia mstpLjy; Nghy khzth;fs; vOjpa tpilfspd;

mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fspd; epiwFiwfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mLj;j epiyf;Fj;
jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.
tpdhg;gFg;gha;T
Njh;T vOJNthh; Njh;tpid vjph;nfhz;L mspj;j tpilfs; mbg;gilapy;
tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;Fk;nghOJ
mt;tpdhf;fisr; nrk;kikg;gLj;j ,g;gFg;gha;T cjTk;. ,g;gFg;gha;itAk; gpw
jfty;fisAk; gjpj;jJ itf;Fk; Mtzk; tpdhf;Nfhg;G MFk;. tpdhf;Nfhg;gpd;
njhFjpNa tpdh tq;fpahDk;. xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; fPo; cs;s gbtj;jpd;gb
jfty;fis vOJf.
tpdhf; Nfhg;G
1. tpdh vz;
2. Tpdh
3. ghlg;gFjp (tpdhit ,q;F vOJf) nra;As; / cileil /
Jizg;ghlk; ,yf;fzk; / fbjk / fl;Liu (VNjDk; xd;whf
mikAk;)
4. Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ mwpjy; / Ghpjy; / msf;fg; gLk; jpwd; /

gad;gLj;Jjy; / jpwd; (VNjDk; xd;whf mikAk;)
5. fhy msT. . . . . . . . epkplk;
6. kjpg;ngz; . . . . . .
7. tpdhtif Gwtag;gl;lJ? - xU nrhy; Nfhbl;l ,lk; epug;gy;
nghUj;Jjy; rhpah> jtwh gytw;Ws; njhpT mftag;gl;ljh> FWtpil
fl;Liu
8. fbdj; jd;ik vspik / ruhrh / fbdk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L-1
tpdh vz; : 1 tpdh
esntz;ghitg; ghba Mrphpah; ngah; vd;d?
ghlg;gFjp : nra;As;
Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ
mspf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; : mwpjy;
fhy msT : 1 epkplk;
kjpg;ngz; : 1
tpdhtif : Gwtag;gl;lJ. xU nrhy; tpil
fbdj;jd;ik : vspik
vLj;Jf;fhl;L-2
tpdh vz; : 8
tpdh : ‘,dpait $wy;| vd;gJ Fwpj;J ts;Sth; $wpAs;s fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J
vOJf.
ghlg;gFjp : nra;As;
Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ
mspf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; : jpwd;
fhy msT : 10 epkplk;
kjpg;ngz; : 5
tpdhtif : mftag;gl;lJ / fl;Liu
fbdj;jd;ik : ruhrhp
tpdhtq;fp
,t;thW xt;nthU ghlj;Jf;Fk; jahhpf;ff;$ba Gwtag;gl;l tpdhf;fs;>
mftag;gl;l tpdhf;fs; (FWk; tpil- fl;Liu) midj;ijAk; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mt;tpdhf;fspd; njhFg;Ng tpdh tq;fpahFk;. tpdhtq;fpapypUe;J Njitg;gLk;
tpdhf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J tpdhj;jhs; jahhpf;fyhk;.
KbTiu:
,t;tpaypy; Nrhjpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nkhopawpTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs;
cs;shh;tMw;wy Nrhjidjwdwpr; Nrhjid> Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid nkhopawpTr;
Nrhjidapd; tiffs; Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjid
jahhpj;jypYs;sgbfs;>tpdhj;jhs;jpl;ltiuTml;ltiz>tpdhf;fisg;gFg;gha;T

nra;Ak;Kiw Mfpatw;iwgapw;rp Mrphpah;fs; njspthf fw;Fk;nghOJ tUq;fhyj;jpy;
khzth;fspd; jpwidNrhjpg;gjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
gapw;rptpdhf;fs;:
Fwpg;Gtif:
1. (m) jpwdwpr; Nrhjid
(M) Fiwawpr; Nrhjid
(,) nkhopawpTr; Nrhjid
2. Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjidgw;wpXh; fl;Liutiuf
3. Xd;gjhk; tFg;G jkpo;ghlk; xd;wpw;F tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuTml;ltid xd;W
jahhpj;J> tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk; jUf
Fwpg;Giu
• Kidth;. Fkhpr;nropad;> ey;yhrphpah; lhf;lh; ,.gh. NtZNfhghy; (2016)

jkpo;nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id -14.
• NtZNfhghy; ,.gh. (2014)> ige;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id: rhujh
gjpg;gfk;.
• th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp>
jrhk ,J fy;tp Afk;> nrd;id: ghujp gjpg;gfk;.
&&&&&&

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jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;; nrd;id – 600 097

,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;.) Kjyhk; Mz;L

ghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-

myF 1 jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

ghlk; -7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-

,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> khzt Mrphpah;fs;:

1. jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;.

jkpofj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd; jha;nkhopahf tpsq;Ftjhy;

jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

kdpjd; vz;zq;fisg; Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; ntspaplTk;> mtdpd; rpe;jidj;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; njhl;L ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fpar;

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2

jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kdpjh;fspd; cly;> cs;sk;> mwpT Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tsh;r;rp ngwr;nra;tNj

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mwpit tsh;f;fTk;> kdg;ghd;ikfis cUthf;fTk;>

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 3

1. mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;

jkpo; nkhopia El;gkhfTk;> Jy;ypakhfTk; Nfl;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;jy;>

,e;jpaf; Fbaurpy; Ngr;RhpikAk; vOj;JhpikAk; mbg;gil chpikfshapd.

rpe;jidia tsh;j;jYf;Fg; nghJikf;fUj;J mbg;gilahFk;. nghJikf;

fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;

fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:

epiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;J

tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 4

jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.

vz;zq;fSk; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ngr;Rf;fSk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W

kdj;NjnaOk; gy;tifr; rpe;jidf;Fk; nkhopNa mbg;gilahFk;. gioa

nkhopapd; thapyhfj; jhd; ek; vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;

(m) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Jj; njspthfg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.

(M) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;fTk;> Nfl;Lg; nghUSzh;Tk; nra;jy;

(,) xU nghUisj; njspthd Kiwapy; gbf;fTk;> gbj;Jg; nghUs; czuTk; nra;jy;

(<) xU nghUisg; gw;wpj; njspthd vspa Kiwapy; vOJtjw;F Njitahd

jha;nkhopapy; gbf;fTk;> vOjTkhd gapw;rpfisg; gs;spapy; mspj;J

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 5

nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny – mij

njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh. - ghujpahh;

vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha;

Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.

gpwh; czUk; tz;zk; vspikahfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. gpwh; El;gkhff; $wpdhYk;

vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;

Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; - ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;

nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly;

nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J. - ePjpnewp

jha;nkhopapy; ey;y Gyik ngw;why; jhd; xUth; jk; czh;r;rpfisj; njspthf

tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthUtUk; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fis> Ritfis>

xt;nthUtUk; NtWgl;l tho;f;if Efh;Tfis> mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;j

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 6

ghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gkpit

ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;

Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;

rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh. - xsitahh;

Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk;

vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;

,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;gJ

,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.

thop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jp

kdk fpo;e;J $bNa