DISPOSAL OF EXCRETA

Health hazards of improper excreta

disposal
• Soil pollution
• Water pollution
• Contamination of foods
• Propagation of flies
Spread of disease from excreta
Sanitation barrier
 Methods of excreta disposal

Unsewered areas

• Service type latrines( conservancy system)

• Non service type( sanitary latrines)

• Latrines suitable for camps and temporary use.

 Non service type( sanitary latrines)
• Bore hole latrine
• Dug well latrine
• Water seal latrine
 PRAI type
 RCA type
 Sulab shauchalaya
• Septic tank
• Aqua privy
Latrines suitable for camps and
temporary use.

Shallow Deep
trench trench
latrine latrine

Bore
Pit
hole
latrine
latrine
Sewered areas
• Screening
Primary • Removal of grit
treatment
• Plain
sedmentation

• Trickling of
Secondary filters
treatment • Activated
sludge process

• Sea out fall

Other • River outfall
methods • Sewage farming
• Oxidation ponds
Cartage (Conservancy system)
•Example: Bucket latrine
•Disadvantages:
oSmell
oFlies
oHealth risk to people handling the
excreta
oHealth risk from food crops Bucket latrine
fertilized with raw excreta
 Criteria for a sanitary latrine
• Excreta should not contaminate the ground and
surface water.
• Excreta should not pollute the soil.
• Excreta should not be accessible to flies, rodents,
animals
• Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odor
or unsightly appearance
 Bore hole latrine
• First introduced by Rockfeller Foundation during 1930
in campaigns of hook worm control.
• The latrine consists of a circular hole 30 to 40cm in
diameter, dug vertically into the ground to a depth of 4
to 8 m, most commonly 6m.
• A concrete squatting plate with a central opening and
foot rests is placed over the hole.
• A suitable enclosure is put up to provide privacy
 Bore hole latrine
30-40 cm diameter

4 to 8 m depth
 Bore hole latrine
Merits

• No need for the services of a sweeper for daily removal of night soil.

• Unsuitable for fly breeding

• If located 15 m away from source of water supply, there should be no

danger of water pollution.

Demerits

• Small capacity.

• A special, the auger is required for the construction which may not be
readily available.

• In many places, the subsoil water is high and the soil loose with the result
it may be difficult to dig a hole deeper than 3m.
 Dugwell latrine
• A circular pit about 75 cm in diameter and 3 to
3.5 m deep.
• The pits may be lined with pottery rings to
prevent caving in of the soil.
• A concrete squatting plate is placed on the top of
the pit and the latrine is enclosed with a
superstructure.
 Dugwell latrine

• 75 cm diameter

3 to 3.5 m deep
 Dugwell latrine

Advantages

• It is easy to construct and no special equipment

is needed to dig the hit.

• The pit has a longer life than borehole latrine

because of greater capacity.
 Water seal latrine
Two types

• The PRAI type evolved by Planning, Research

and Action Institute, Lucknow

• The RCA type designed by the Research cum

action projects in Environmental sanitation of
the Ministry of Health.
Essential Features of RCA latrine

Squatting
Location Pan
plate

Connecting
Trap Dug well
pipe

Superstructure Maintenance
 RCA latrine
• Location

15m
 Squatting plate

• Made of an impervious material

• It is made of cement concrete

with minimum dimensions of
90 cm square and 5 cm
thickness at the outer edge.

• There is a slope half inch

towards the pan
Pan and Trap

42.5cm
 Pan and Trap
• The length 42.5cm. The width of the front portion of the
pan has a minimum of 12.5 cm and the width at its widest
portion is 20cm.
• The trap is bent pipe about 7.5cm in diameter and is
connected with the pan.
• It holds water and provides the necessary water seal.
• The water seal is the distance between the level of water in
the trap and the lowest point in the concave upper surface of
the trap.
• The depth of the water seal in the RCA latrine is 2cm.
• Connecting pipe
Connecting pipe 7.5 cm in diameter and at least 1m in
length with a bend at the end.

Dug well
The dug well or pit is usually 75 cm in diameter and 3
to 3.5 m deep and is covered.
• Superstructure
• The desired type of superstructure may be
provided for privacy and shelter.
• Maintenance
• People should be educated to flush the pan
after use with adequate quantity of water.
SEPTIC TANK
 Features of a septic tank
Capacity The minimum capacity of a septic tank
should be at least 500 gallons

Length The length is usually twice the breadth.

Depth The depth of aseptic tank is from 1.5 to 2m.

Liquid The recommended liquid depth is only 1.2m.

depth
 Features of a septic tank
Air space A minimum air space of 30cm between the level of
liquid in the tank and the undersurface of the cover.

Bottom The bottom is sloping towards the inlet end.

Inlet and There is an inlet and outlet which is submerged.

outlet

Cover The septic tank is covered by a concrete slab of

suitable thickness and provided with a manhole.
Retention Septic tanks are designed to allow a retention period
period of 24 hours.
Septic tanks
 Operation and maintenance
• The use of soap water and disinfectants such as phenol
should be avoided.
• Contents of the septic tank should be removed at least
once in a year. This operation is called desludging and
it is disposed by trenching.
• Newly built septic tanks are first filled with water up to
the outlet level and then seeded with ripe sludge drawn
from another septic tank
 4. Aquaprivy

• It consists of a water
tight chamber filled with
water
• A short length of a drop
pipe from the latrine floor
dips into the water.
Advantages & Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning material
– Nil problem with odor or flies
– Can be connected to a sewerage system at a later date

• Disadvantages:
– Expensive to build
– Need large volumes of water to work
– Water seal may be hard to maintain
– Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years
SULAB SHAUCHALAYA

• The invention of a Patna

based firm
• It consists of specially
designed pan and a water
seal trap.
• It is connected to a pit 3
feet square and as deep.
LATRINES SUITABLE FOR TEMPORARY USE AND
CAMPS
Shallow trench
latrine
• The trench is
30cm wide and
90-150cm deep.
• Its length depend
on the number of
users;3-3.5 m for
100 people.
The trench is 1.8 to 2.5 m deep and 75-90cm wide.
 WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

Types

Combined sewer system

Separate sewer system.

 Elements of water carriage system

• Household sanitary fittings

• House sewers

• Street sewers or trunk sewers

• Sewer appurtenances; manhole, traps etc.

 Household sanitary fittings

Two types

• Indian squatting type

• The western commode

type
SEWAGE
 SEWAGE

• Sewage is waste water from a community

containing solid and liquid excreta .

• The average amount of sewage which flows

through the sewerage system in 24 hours is
called the dry weather flow.
 Health aspects

• Creation of nuisance, unsightliness and pleasant

odours.
• Breeding of flies and mosquitoes
• Pollution of soil and water supplies.
• Contamination of food
• Increased incidence of disease
Composition of sewage
SEWAGE SOLIDS
0.1%

WATER
99.9%
 Aims of sewage purification

• To stabilize the organic matter so that it can be

disposed off safely.

• To convert the sewage water into an effluent of

an acceptable standard of purity which can be
disposed off into land, rivers or sea.
 Strength of sewage

• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

• Chemical oxygen demand(COD)

• Suspended solids
 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• It is defined as the amount of oxygen absorbed by a
sample of sewage during a specified period, generally 5
days at a specified temperature generally 20 deg C for
the aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living
organisms.

• BOD value range from about 1mg per litre for natural
waters to about 300mg/L for untreated domestic sewage.

• If the BOD is 300mg /L and the above , sewage is said

to be strong, if it is 100mg/L, it is said to be weak.
 Chemical oxygen demand(COD)

• The COD test measures the oxygen equivalent

of that portion of the organic matter in a
sample which is susceptible to oxidation by a
strong chemical oxidizer.
 Suspended solids

• The amount of suspended solids in domestic

sewage may vary from 100 to 500 ppm.
• If the amount of suspended solids is 100mg/L,
the sewage is said to be weak.
• If the amount is 500mg/L the sewage is said to
be strong.
Decomposition of organic matter

Aerobic
process

Anaerobic
process
Sewered areas
• Screening
Primary • Removal of grit
treatment
• Plain
sedmentation

• Trickling of
Secondary filters
treatment • Activated
sludge process

• Sea out fall

Other • River outfall
methods • Sewage farming
• Oxidation ponds
 MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT

Primary Treatment Secondary treatment

Chlorine

Screen Grit Primary Biological Final

Chamber Sedimentation Treatment Sedimentation
Sewage tank Tank
Effluent Disposal

Methane Sludge
Gas Digester

Sludge drying beds

 • Screening
Primary treatment

The screen
consists of
vertical or
inclined steel
bars usually set
5cm apart.
 Grit chamber
• This chamber is
Primary treatment

approximately 10 to 20
m in length,
• it is so designed as to
maintain a constant
velocity of about 1 foot
per second with a
detention period of 30
seconds to 1mt.
 Primary sedimentation
• It is a very large tank
Primary treatment

holding from ¼ to 1/3 the

dry weather flow.
• Flow very slowly across
the tank at a velocity of 1 to
2 feet per minute.
• The sewage spends about 6
to 8 hours in the tank.
Secondary treatment

Trickling
filter
method

Activated
sludge
process
 The trickling filter
• The trickling filter or
percolating filter is a
bed of crushed stones
or cinker, 1 to 2 m deep
and 2 to 30 m in
diameter depending on
the size of the
population.
 Activated sludge process

• The effluent is mixed with sludge drawn from the final settling
tank.

• The mixture is subjected to aeration chamber for about 6 to 8

hours.

• The aeration is accomplished either by mechanical agitation or

by forcing compressed air continuously from the bottom of the
aeration tank.

• Organic matter of the sewage gets oxidized into carbon

dioxide, nitrates, and water with the help of aerobic bacteria.
Activated sludge process
 Secondary sedimentation

• Detained fro 2-3 hours.

• The sludge that collects in the secondary
sedimentation tank is called aerated sludge.
• Part of the activated sludge is pumped back into
the aeration tanks in the activated sludge process
and the rest pumped into the sludge digestion
tanks for treatment and disposal.
 Sludge digestion

• Digestion

• Sea disposal

• Land
 Digestion
• Incubated under favorable conditions of temperature

and pH

• Undergoes anaerobic auto digestion

• Complex solids are broken down into water, carbon

dioxide, methane and ammonia

• The volume of sludge is also considerably reduced.

3-4 weeks or longer
• Dry readily and form an excellent manure.
 Disposal of effluent
Disposal by dilution
• Diluted in the body of water and impurities are oxidized by
the dissolved oxygen in the water.
• The Royal commission in England (1908) recommended
that an effluent from a sewage treatment plant should not
have more than 30mg/litre of suspended solids and the 5
day BOD of the effluent including the suspended matter
should not exceed 20mg/litre.
Disposal on land
 OTHER METHODS

Oxidation
Oxidation ditches
pond
Land
treatment
River
outfall
Sea
outfall
Sea outfall
River outfall
Land treatment (sewage farming)
 Oxidation pond
• Open shallow pool 1 to 1.5m depth with an inlet and
outlet.
• comprise algae, certain type of bacteria which feed in
decaying organic matter and sunlight
Oxidation ditches
 Role of Nurse

• Survey

• Health education

• Construction of disposal units and supervision

• Evaluation
Thank you