1

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Oral health is just as important as getting a regular physical

check-up. It is not just about getting a cavity filled; but instead, it is

about the overall health of the individual. A sound health begins with

good oral health. In other words, the process of nourishment starts with

the oral cavity. Unfortunately, this line of thought has not been

translated into positive action. Therefore, oral health, as it relates to the

total wellbeing, takes the least priority on an individual.

The important role of oral health in improving the quality of life

and in the socio-economic development of the country is poorly

appreciated. Oral diseases have been considered as non-life threatening,

and except for the few elite Filipinos, majority of the population continue

to live with their dental problems in ignorance, unmindful of its existence

(National Policy on Oral Health, 2003).

According to Monse and Mabunga (2007), oral diseases have

become serious public health condition in the country especially on

Filipino children. In a recent National Oral Health Survey, 97.1% of 6-

year-old Filipino have a better oral health than the natives in the

mountain?” Aetas has an exemplary way of living. It was simple, like

 2

farming, selling their planted goods to the locals in the plain side of

Tarlac, cooking their food; enjoying day while sipping tobacco after

meals, playing with the youngster, as a part of their relaxation. By

knowing their way of living, the researchers can make a foresight and

estimation that our natives had a good oral hygiene. Using the aids in

measuring the gathered data, the researchers conducted field visit, data

gathering and interpretation of the results, that were given to the local

government of Tarlac that may appear as the basis as survey and study

as well that would be of help in innovation and development of the oral

health programs lead by the municipal dentist.

Since that the Aetas are usually found in far flung areas that made

the government hard to lend them a hand and resulted in lack of

following check-up of their oral health status, the researchers aimed to

help through conducting the survey and following check-up, that the

government would use for their data gathering information about the

narratives in Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta Juliana, Capas, Tarlac.

Background of the Study

Tarlac, the melting pot of Central Luzon; where in Filipinos with

different dialects like Kapampangan, Sambal, Pangasinense and Tagalog

thrived together. Just like the other first class provincial community, it is

confined in borders of mountains valleys and plain sites. In years that

 3

civilization started to rise and ages of men came across and discover this

land, these ancient explorers are classified as “nomads”. One of these

nomads is the Negritos and some researchers stated this Negritos are

classified as Aetas in the modern age (The Melting Pot, 2008).

The purpose of the study was to assess the oral health status of

Aetas in Brgy Sta. Juliana, Sitio Patal Bato, Capas, Tarlac To know their

oral health needs and be able to address it to the local government. The

researchers conducted oral health education such a s the correct tooth

brushing technique, importance of flossing and mouth rinsing.

The Oral Health Atlas, through the FDI World Dental Federation,

maintains that oral health is one of the most neglected areas of global

health, yet 90% of people have had dental problems or toothache caused

by caries and severe periodontitis affects up to fifteen (15%) percent. Oral

cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the most

common in men in South East Asia. In the Philippines, as many as

ninety seven (97%) of six (6) year olds have dental caries. The related

pain and sepsis affect a child’s ability to eat, sleep, and concentrate

resulting in a host of problems from school absenteeism to malnutrition

(Salita, 2009).

The Aetas (or Aytas), archipelago’s first modern settlers are

mountain people. They used to occupy the outlying areas near the
 4

coastline and riverbeds, but were forced to go to the mountains with the

coming of non-native settlers. Being the aborigines of the archipelago

with their first settlement dated for more than thirty thousand (30,000)

years ago, that Aeta culture, undoubtedly, has the undeniable

contribution in enriching the multitude of cultures in the region (Aetas of

Bataan, 2005).

According to Salita (2009), the Aetas (or Aytas), archipelago’s first

modern settlers are mountain people with dark skin, kinky hair, snub

nose, black eyes, and with small body-frame. They usually stand from

1.35-1.5 meters tall in height. They used to occupy the outlying areas

near the coastline and riverbeds, but were forced to go to the mountains

with the coming of non-native settlers. The Aetas are found scattered in

some parts of the Philippine islands. At present, a scant Aeta population

is confined to the extreme northern and southern portions of the island.

There are also Aeta in Surigao and Agusan provinces in Mindanao. The

Aeta communities belong to the Negrito ethnic group.

Aetas are commonly known as hunter-gatherer and there is a

tendency among lowlanders to pigeonhole them in that activity. The

aytas’ swiddening system and diet evolved in a way that it became highly

dependent on New World crops such as sweet potato and root crops.

Aetas have high demand for rice. Root crops however remain as their
 5

major source of food because of the low productivity of upland rice

farming. These complement their carbohydrate-rich diet with protein

(Municipality of Capas, 2012).

The government reaches out to the Aetas in Capas, Tarlac annually

through medical and dental mission. The activity is being lead by

government agencies such as PNP, AFP etc; with the participation of the

private sectors, political candidates and the municipal dentist. The

health program aims to educate and improve their medical and oral

health condition by reading their blood pressure.

Setting of the Study

Tarlac province is located approximately 125 kms. Northeast of

Metro Manila. Tarlac is the most multi-cultural of the Central Luzon

provinces. A mixture of four distinct groups: the Pampangos, Ilocanos,

Pangasinense and Tagalogs share life in the province. This history of

Tarlac is the story of the people. Through the years, Tarlac and its

peoplehave been an epitome of the Filipino nation, resolute in times of

trying challenges and united despite cultural diversities. Although it is

Central Luzon’s youngest province, carved out by the Spaniards on

May 28, 1873 from Pangasinan and Pampanga, Tarlaqueńos have since

played vital roles in shaping Philippine history. Tarlac was among the
 6

first eight provinces that started the 1896 revolution, earning its rightful

place in the Philippine flag as one of the rays of the sun (Tarlac, 2013).

The economy of Tarlac is dominantly agricultural. Principal crops

are rice and sugarcane. Other major crops are corn and coconut;

vegetables such as eggplant,garlic, and onion; and fruit trees

like mango, banana, and calamansi. Because the province is landlocked,

its fish production is limited to fishponds but it has vast river systems

and irrigation which is more than enough to compensate for the need of

water. On the boundary with Zambales in the west, forest lands provide

timber for the logging industry. Mineral reserves such as manganese and

iron can also be found along the western section (Bayung Capas, 2013).

Capas is a first class municipality in the province of Tarlac,

Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of

122,084 people in 18,333 households. It is a part of the Third Municipal

district of Tarlac with Antonio “TJ” Capitulo Rodriguez,Jr. as its

incumbent Mayor and Hon. Jeci A. Lapus as its Congressman

(Vandersall, 2007). According to Sandra Mathison (2012) Barangay Santa

Juliana is a preferred route to Mount Pinatubo, Capas is also the

location of Mount Telakawa or Straw hat Mountain on the boundaries of

Santa Juliana and Maruglu.

7
 8

Figure 1
Vicinity Map of Tarlac
Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework of this study is anchored on the CIPP

Model (Context, Input, Process, and Product) or IPO (Input-Process-

Output). The CIPP Model for evaluation is a comprehensive framework

for guiding formative and summative evaluations of programs, projects,

personnel, products, institutions, and systems. Daniel Stufflebeam

introduced this model in 1966 to guide mandated evaluations of U.S.

 9

federally funded projects (Mathison, 2012). In the IPO model; a process is

viewed as a series of boxes (processing elements) connected by inputs

and outputs. Information or material objects flow through a series of

tasks or activities based on a set of rules or decision points. Flow charts

and process diagrams are often used to represent the process. What

goes in is the input; what causes the change is the process; what comes

out is the output (Harris and Taylor, 1997). Oral health status of Aetas

was determined, by the researchers, using the Decayed, Missing, Filled

Rate and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified. It has been done in order to

come up with a program for the improvement of oral health needs of

Aetas.

I P O

Decayed, Program for

Missing, Filled Improvement of
Oral Health Status
Rate and Oral Oral Health
of Aetas
Hygiene Index- Needs
Simplified
 10

Figure 2

A Paradigm Showing the Process of Determining the Oral Health

Status and Condition of Aetas in Capas, Tarlac
 11

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the oral health status of Aetas in

Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta Juliana, Capas, Tarlac.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the subjects in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil status

1.4 Highest educational attainment

1.5 Occupation?

2. What is the oral health status of the subjects in terms of:

4.1 Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified

4.1.1 Debris index Simplified

4.1.2 Calculus index Simplified

4.2 Decayed, Missing, Filled rate?

3. What is the proposed oral health program for the Aetas of Sitio

Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta Juliana, Capas, Tarlac?

1.6. Assumptions of the Study

 12

The study was based on the assumptions that the subjects are

cooperative throughout that the entire course of the study and that they

answered the questionnaires and interviews honestly and truthfully.

Significance of the Study

This study predominantly works as an operational source of

information regarding the oral health status of Aetas. Specifically, this

study will benefit the following:

Local Government of Capas, Tarlac. Findings of this study provide

the local government an empirical-based data that can be used in

developing operative oral health programs for its citizens.

Department of Education (Capas, Tarlac). Gathered data may serve

as source of information in designing and or constructing health related

subjects with embedded oral health topics.

Department of Health (Capas, Tarlac). Results of the study can be

a basis for generating and or directing local oral health programs/follow-

ups for the indigenous people.

Aetas. The study has given the natives a sense of awareness about

their current oral health conditions. Moreover, the study has provided

the Aetas ideas on how to improve their oral health statuses.

Future Researchers. The study can provide baseline information

on the recent status of the oral health among Aetas in Capas, Tarlac.
 13

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focused only on the oral health status of Aetas in Brgy.

Sta. Juliana, Sitio Patal Bato Capas, Tarlac. Results of the study are

therefore, be true only for the subjects concerned and for the given

period of time, and are not be used as a basis for the oral health status

of Aetas who do not belong to the selected population of the study.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and comprehensive understanding of this study, the

following terminologies are used and defined operationally.

Decayed, Missing, Filled Index (DMF). This irreversible index

provides information as to the prevalence and incidence of dental caries

and their sequelae. The “D” represents open cavities or decay, the “M”

refers to missing teeth or those diagnosed for removal, and “F” indicates

filled cavities (Klein et al., 2005).

Health. The state of optimal physical, mental and social well-being

of the society and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity within

the sample size(Aguila, 2008).

Index. This refers to the number used to describe the relative

status of a population on a graduated scale with definite limits to

facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same

criteria and methods (Jablonski, 2005, p. 10).

 14

Oral. This pertains to mouth or toward the oral cavity (“An Oral

Health Strategy for England”, 1994).

Oral Health. This refers to a standard of health of the oral and

related tissues which enables an individual to eat, speak and socialise

without active disease, discomfort or embarrassment and which

contributes to general well-being (Aguila, 2008).

Oral Health Education Program. This is the program that informs,

motivates and helps to adopt and maintain health practices and

lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this

goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end

(“An Oral Health Strategy for England”, 1994).

Oral Health Status. This refers to the DMF index and OHI-S scores

(Vandersall, 2007).

Oral Hygiene Index Simplified. This index is similar to the oral

hygiene index (OHI); however, only six tooth surfaces are scored for the

debris index and the calcular index rather than twelve, as in the

OHI (Vandersall, 2007).

 15

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Oral health is one of the major concerns in dentistry. This chapter

present knowledge about things relevant to our study which can also give

the researchers and the render ideas regarding previous literature and

studies regarding oral health.

 16

Foreign Literature

According to Irene (2007) Education on oral health is important in

improving the oral health status of a person. In Chinese groups more

than others, health beliefs regarding disease causation and prevention

influenced access to preventive dental care. In all groups, multiple family

carers, especially elders, influenced access to preventive care. Dental

fear, whether derived from prevailing community beliefs or personal

negative dental experiences, greatly influenced attitudes regarding

accessing preventive care.

Burt and Eklund (2006) stated that income level is a major factor

contributing to utilization of access to care. Adults living in poverty are

less likely to receive dental care than wealthier adults. Burt and Eklund

states that “among people who are considered non-poor (incomes two

hundred percent (200%) or greater than the Bureau of the Census

poverty threshold), seventy two percent (72%) had a dental visit the past

year (incomes of 100 percent to less than 200 percent of the poverty

threshold); and the percentage dropped to forty-eight and half percent

(48.5%) in 1999. Among the poor (incomes below the poverty threshold),

the percentage is even lower, having a dental visit the past year,” has a

dominant effect on access, ameliorating much of the disparity across

racial and ethnic groups.

 17

Jamieson and Armfield (2006) embedded within the Australian

Research Centre for Population Oral Health, states that “Poor oral

health-related items were associated with each of the social and

emotional well-being domains. Specifically, anxiety was associated with

being female, having one or more decayed teeth and racial

discrimination. Resilience was associated with being male, having a job,

owning a toothbrush, having one or more filled teeth and knowing a lot

about Indigenous culture; while being female, having experienced dental

pain in the past year, use of alcohol, use of marijuana and racial

discrimination were associated with depression. Suicide was associated

with being female, having experience of untreated dental decay and racial

discrimination; while being female, having experience of dental disease in

one or more teeth, being dissatisfied about dental appearance and racial

discrimination were associated with poor mental health.”

She concluded that there may be value in including oral health-

related initiatives when exploring the role of physical conditions on

indigenous social and emotional well-being.

In 2005, Sauvetre stated that tooth brushing is defined by

Sauvetre and his companions as bone of the most effective practices for

removing dental deposits and preventing major dental and periodontal

diseases. This has been seconded by Van Nieuwnhusen et al. (2007)

 18

when he stated that the frequency of daily tooth brushing has been

proved to have a noted impact on the number of cavities a person has.

Persons who do not brush their teeth daily may also have more missing

teeth.

Still another way to ensure the early detection and prevention of

dental diseases is to visit a dentist regularly. Van Nieuwenhuysen et al.

(2007) noted that regular dental appointments were a significant factor in

keeping children’s teeth free from cavities. Lindemann et al. (2006) found

that those who kept regular dental appointments had fewer decayed

teeth.

The habit of consuming sugary foods and beverages has been cited

as the major cause of cavities by Moynihan Therefore, Blinkhorn, et al,

(2006) cited that sugary components should be restricted in the diet and

should be provided only at mealtimes, both at school and at home.

Gherunpong, et al (2007) defined oral health as the standard of

oral and related tissue health that enables individuals to eat, speak and

socialize without active disease, discomfort or embarrassment, and that

contributes to general well-being. Traditional methods of measuring oral

health use mainly clinical dental indices and focus on the absence or

presence of oral diseases without information about the oral well-being of

 19

people in terms of feelings about their mouths or, for example, their

ability to chew and enjoy their food.

Local Literature

A healthy mouth is important for a healthy body. Oral and dental

conditions are vital to a person’s general and systemic health. Some

medical conditions are considered to have originated from oral problems;

oral infections may be contributing factors to several systemic diseases.

Oral health of Filipinos remains to be a big challenge to the dental

health professionals in the country, as reports of the decayed, missing

and filled teeth continue to remain very high including problems of the

gums.

Every Filipino must understand the importance of oral and dental

health, taking full responsibility of his own general health and dental

needs in particular. The Philippines has competent dentists-general

practitioners and specialists, enough to attend to the dental needs of the

Filipinos, but dental services must be made affordable for the

underserved sector of the society and cheaper medicine must be made

available.

Indeed, there is hope for better oral health among Filipinos, a

vision that can be realized with the cooperative efforts of the dental
 20

professionals, the government especially community health workers and

local government units.

Mabunga (2008) stated that one of the factors to consider of poor

oral health status is the financial matter of the people in the rural areas.

To solve this problem Mabunga stated that “With an annual population

growth of 2.71 per cent per year the government is harnessing all

available resources so that every Filipino can enjoy a decent way of life.”

Since the majority of the population is in the rural areas, priority health

services are directed towards this particular segment. Because of meagre

income among the rural population all health services are given free,

except for major operations, medicines and dental procedures such as

the construction of partial and full dentures, porcelain restorations, root

canal therapy and major oral surgery.

Older people in the rural areas still adhere to their beliefs and

traditions to alleviate the pain of toothache, particularly in the areas

which cannot be reached by dentists. Because their fees are minimal the

services of quack doctors/dentists and faith healers are still sought. In

the Philippines, although dental health services have been given a low

priority by the government, preventive dental health programmes are

being implemented throughout the country. These include mouthrinsing

with sodium fluoride solutions, supervised toothbrushing with fluoride

 21

toothpaste and the use of fluoride-containing varnish and fluoride

tablets.

Water fluoridation exists in two pilot areas and there is an

intensive dental health education campaign. Indigenous health workers

augment the inadequate dental manpower in attempting to attain and

maintain the global indicator for oral health, which is 3 DMFT on average

for age 12 years old. (p. 257)

Oral disease continues to be a serious public health problem in

the Philippines. The prevalence of dental caries on permanent teeth has

generally remained above ninety (90%) percent throughout the years.

About ninety two point four (92.4%) of Filipinos have tooth decay (dental

caries) and seventy eight (78%) percent have gum diseases (periodontal

diseases) as declared by DOH, NMEDS. Although preventable, these

diseases affect almost every Filipino at one point or another in his or her

lifetime. Monse and Yanga-Mabunga (2007) stated that the oral health

status of Filipino children is alarming. Monse B. et al, investigated the

oral health status of Philippine public elementary school students. It

revealed that ninety seven point one (97.1%) percent of six (6) year old

children suffer from tooth decay. More than four (4) out of every five (5)

children of this subgroup manifested symptoms of dentinogenic

infection. In addition, seventy eight point percent (78.4%) of twelve (12)

 22

year-old children suffer from dental caries and forty nine point seven

(49.7%) percent of the same age group manifested symptoms of

dentinogenic infections. The severity of dental caries, expressed as the

average number of decayed teeth indicated for filling/extraction or filled

permanent teeth (DMFT) or temporary teeth (dmft), was eight point four

(8.4) dmft for the six (6) year old age group and two point nine (2.9)

DMFT for the twelve (12) year old age group.

USGAO (2007) stated that poor oral health poses detrimental

effects on school performance and mars success in later life. In fact,

children who suffer from poor oral health are 12 times more likely to

have restricted-activity day. In the Philippines, toothache is a common

ailment among school children, and is the primary cause of absenteeism

from school as stated by Araojo. Indeed, dental and oral diseases create a

silent epidemic, placing a heavy burden on Filipino school children.

Foreign Studies

Watt and Sheiham (2009) reported on the state of oral health of the

United States populations, Watt and Sheiham prove that “people from

specific ethnic minorities often have poor oral health status.” Being a

part of an ethnic minority group does not inevitably lead a person to have

poor oral health. They suggest, however, that “there may be certain

cultural beliefs and practices common to the people in these groups

 23

which influence their oral health status, such as values placed on having

healthy primary teeth or expectations about preventive or therapeutic

interventions. Cultural factors may have important implications for an

individual's own health and those of others for whom they provide care,

such as children and the elderly.

Understanding the scope of the dental caries in indigenous

children is a child health issue that is multifactorial in origin and

strongly influenced by the determinants of health. Jamieson, Armfield

and Roberts-Thompson (2006) stated that “Indigenous Australians suffer

from poorer oral health than non-Indigenous Australians. National

estimates indicate that Indigenous Australian adults have higher rates of

total tooth loss, higher percentage of reported toothache, lower mean

number of dental visits, are more likely to visit for a problem rather than

for a check-up and receive a lower mean number of dental fillings

compared to non-Indigenous Australians. Indigenous children

experience, on average, twice the level of dental caries in both the

deciduous and permanent dentitions with more untreated decay than

their non-Indigenous counterparts. In addition, at all ages between 4 and

15 years, a greater percentage has experienced dental caries when

compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts. Non-metropolitan

 24

Indigenous children and the more socially disadvantaged are even more

severely positioned in terms of oral health outcomes.

Bailey, et al. (n.d.) PhD in University of Michigan, researchers’ goal

is to promote safety and wellbeing for all people, states that “Although it

is vital to maintain routine oral hygiene behaviors to prevent tooth decay

this was not a traditional part of Indigenous lifestyles before European

settlement. Appropriate oral health care includes frequent tooth-

brushing with fluoridated toothpaste. A range of preventative factors

contributes to oral health in childhood, including improved diet, oral

hygiene, regular brushing and water fluoridation”

Local Studies

The Department of Health (DOH) has been conducting nationwide

surveys every five years (1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1998) to

determine the prevalence of oral diseases in the Philippines. Data

gathered provide continuous information that enables planners to update

data used in planning, implementation and evaluation of existing oral

health programs. The latest NMEDS was conducted in 2011. Results will

be available on the 1st quarter of 2012. (Dental Health Programs, 2011)

One of the factors to consider of poor oral health status is the

financial matter of the people in the rural areas. In general, the

population groups that suffer the worst oral health status are also those
 25

that have the highest poverty rates and the lowest education. Higher

income enable people to afford better housing and permit increased

access to medical care.

Guiang (2012) cited that of all the health concerns that catch the

average Filipino’s attention one way or another, dental health is arguably

the least prioritized. Studies reveal that Filipinos, especially children,

have been negligent in terms of dental care. The 2006 National Oral

Health Survey (NOHS) revealed that 97.1 percent of six-year-old children

suffer from tooth decay. More than four out of every five children of this

subgroup manifested symptoms of dentinogenic infection.

Caraos, et al. (2008) stated that DMF rate, plaque index,

community periodontal index, gingival index, calcular index were present

among the respondents. Therefore the researchers concluded that most

of the nuns in the Convent have resulted to moderate oral health status,

which means that they have poor oral hygiene.

De Quilla, et al. (2012) concluded that shisha smokers in the

Philippines have a high result in terms of Decayed, Missing Filled rate,

and Oral Hygiene Simplified. The researchers concluded that shisha

smokers in the Philippines have poor oral health status.

 26

CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents a discussion on the research method, target

subjects, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering

procedures and statistical tools as well as treatment used in the study.

Research Method Used

This study used a descriptive method of research. Calmorin (“n.d.”)

states that “in descriptive research, the study focuses at the present

condition. It is valuable in providing facts on which scientific judgements

may be based. Likewise, descriptive method provides essential knowledge

about the nature of objects and persons”.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of the study were residents of Sitio Patal Bato Brgy.

Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac who were aged fifteen (15) years old and

above. The Sloven’s formula was used to determine the sample

population of 200 Aetas in Sta. Juliana, Sitio Patal Bato, Capas Tarlac.

The sample size was obtained by dividing the total number of population

by the sum of the total number of population multiplied by the square of

the margin of error.

Sampling Technique
 27

Purposive sampling technique was used, which is based on

choosing individuals as samples according to the purposes of the

researchers as thier controls. An individual was chosen as part of the

sample because of good evidence that he is a representative of the total

population. (Calmorin, 2008) The researchers selected the subjects who

participated in the study, based on identification variables. Subjects

selected were fifteen (15) years old and above, composed of both male

and female and are residents of Sitio Patal Bato Brgy. Sta. Juliana,

Capas, Tarlac

Research Instrument

The researchers have used a pre-evaluated oral examination form.

Data obtained from the said instrument was collated and analyzed –

noting dubious value to planning. It compares the validity of employing

the DMFS index and oral hygiene index simplified. These are used to

collect information about the oral health status and treatment needs of a

population, and subsequently, to monitor changes in levels and patterns

of disease. In this way, it is possible to assess the appropriateness and

effectiveness of the services being provided and to plan or modify oral

health services and training programmes as needed (Oral Health

Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th Edition, 1997, p. 93). Other instruments

that were used in this study include the four basic instruments.
 28

Data Gathering Procedures

The Kappa Scoring was utilized to assess the total agreement

between the examiners. Kappa is intended to give the reader a

quantitative measure of the magnitude of agreement between observers.

This resulted to a good agreement among the researchers.

The subjects were asked to fill-in a consent form and a

questionnaire with a guide of a researcher. This includes general

information about the subjects like personal data such as name, age,

gender, highest educational attainment and occupation.

Clinical examination was done using oral hygiene index –

simplified and decayed, missing, filled rate. Subjects were made

comfortable in the chair and were examined by the researchers standing

beside the patient. Natural light was used to examine the patient’s oral

cavity. Inspection was done using a mouth mirror and an explorer and it

was carried out under good illumination.

Statistical Tools

The statistical tools such as descriptive and quantitative statistics

were used in analyzing and interpreting the gathered data.

Dceayed, Missing, Filled. Decayed, Missing, Filled Rate (DMF)

was used to assess or measure the condition of the teeth of the subjects.

Formula:
 29

DMF Rate = D + M + F x 100

N

Where:

D = number of decayed teeth that is examined

M = number of missing teeth examined

F = number of filled/restored teeth that were examined

N = total number of subjects

The individual percentage of the decayed, missing and filled teeth

was computed by dividing the total of decayed, missing and filled teeth,

with the summation of the total DMF and multiplies it by one hundred

(100).

D = Σ of decayed teeth x 100

Σ DMF

M = Σ of missing teeth x 100

Σ DMF

F = Σ of filled teeth x 100

Σ DMF

Criteria:

The criteria for decayed missing filled rate (DMF Rate) are as

follows: In decayed crown and root, caries were recorded when a lesion in

a pit or fissure or on smooth tooth surface which has an unmistakable

 30

cavity, unclaimed enamel, or a detectably softened floor or wall. In filled

crown with decay, it is a crown which is considered filled with decay

when it has one or more permanent restoration, and one or more areas

are decayed. In filled crown with no decay, a crown is considered filled,

without decay, when or more permanent restorations are present and

there is no caries anywhere on the crown. And lastly, in missing tooth, as

a result of caries will be used for permanent or primary teeth that have

been extracted due to caries. (Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th

Edition,1997, p. 41-42)

Verbal Interpretation:

Low : 0 -2

Moderate : 3-5

High : ≥ 6

Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S)

Greene and Vermillion define it as a simple method quantifying the

amount of debris and calculus. The oral hygiene index is composed of

the combination simplified debris index and simplified calculus index.

After the scores for debris and calculus are recorded, the index value is
 31

calculated. For each individual, the debris scores per tooth surface and

dividing by the number of surface examined. (“Simplified-Oral-Hygiene-

Index--OHI-S”, 2007)

The six surfaces examined for the OHI-S are selected from four

posterior and two anterior teeth. In the posterior portion of the dentition,

the first fully erupted tooth distal to the second bicuspid (15), usually the

first molar (16) but sometimes the second (17) or third molar (18), is

examined. The buccal surfaces of the selected upper molars and the

lingual surfaces of the selected lower molars were inspected.

In the anterior portion of the mouth, the labial surfaces of the

upper right (11) and the lower left central incisors (31) were scored. In

the absence of either of these anterior teeth, the central incisor (21 or 41

respectively) on the opposite side of the midline was substituted.

The DI-S and CI-S scores were combined to obtain the oral hygiene

index simplified, as follow:

Oral Hygiene Index Simplified = Debris Index + Calculus Index

Debris index-simplified

Formula:

DI-S = Total of individual surface scores for debris

Number of surfaces scored

For computation of the DI-S, the researchers divide each tooth

surface horizontally into the gingival, middle and incisal third. By

 32

totalling the debris scores per tooth and dividing it with the total number

of examined surfaces, the researchers computed the DI-scores of each

subject.

Criteria:

Scores Criteria

0 No debris or stain present

1 Soft debris covering not more than 1/3 of the tooth

2 Soft debris more than 1/3 of the tooth surface

3 Soft debris more than 2/3 tooth surface

Verbal interpretation:

Good: 0- 1.2

Fair: 1.3 – 3.0

Poor: 3.1 – 6

Calculus Index Simplified (CI-S)

 33

The same method was used in obtaining the calculus index scores.

CI-S scores per person is equal to the calculus score per tooth surface

and, divide it by the number surface examined.

Formula:

CI-S = Total of individual surface scores for calculus

Number of surfaces scored

Criteria:

Scores Criteria

0 No calculus

Supragingival calculus covering the crown not more than

1 1/3 of the exposed tooth surface

Supragingival calculus covering more than 1/3 tooth

2 surface but not more than 2/3 of the exposed tooth
structure or continuous heavy band of supragingival
calculus.
Supragingival calculus covering more than 1/3 tooth
3 surface but more than 2/3 of exposed tooth structure or
continuous heavy band of calculus.

Verbal Interpretation:

Good 0.0 – 1.2

Fair 1.3 – 3.0

Poor: 3.1 - 6

Statistical Treatment of Data

 34

Percentage. To determine the percentage distribution of the DMF

and OHIS, the frequency of the subjects was divided by the number of

the subjects and the resulting quotient was multiplied by 100. (Crowl,

1993, p. 239)

Mean. Mean (x) is the most commonly used measure of central

tendency in research. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of

scores in the DMF and OHIS. The researchers obtained a mean score,

the scores were added and divided by the number of scores. (Crowl,

1993, p. 240)

Standard Deviation. Standard deviation is the most common

measure of variability used in statistics. Technically, it is the square root

of the average squared difference between each score and the mean

score. From a practical point of view, it is useful to think of the standard

deviation as a close approximation of the average amount by which each

score differs from the group’s mean. (Crowl, 1993, p. 243)

 35

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

This chapter contains the findings that were gathered so as to

provide answers to the questions raised in Chapter 1. The data were

arranged based on the order of the questions specified in the statement

of the problem.

1. Profile of the Subjects

1.1 Age
 36

Age was determined in order to reveal how many subjects were in a

specific age group.

Table 1

Age of the Aetas

Age Frequency Percentage

15-25 69 52.28

26-35 30 22.73

36-45 15 11.36

46-55 15 11.36

56 and above 3 2.27

Total 132 100

Table 1 shows that 52.28% or 69 of the subjects are within the 15-

25 years old age range, 22.73% or 30 subjects are aged 26-35 years old,

11.36% or 15 subjects are aged 36-45 years old same with 46-55 years

old age range which comprises of 15 subjects as well. 2.27% or 3 of the

subjects are aged 56 years old and above. A factor to consider why

subjects between aged 14-25 years old got the highest number is due to

unemployment. Thus, they are the ones who usually stay at home.

1.2 Gender

The gender of the subjects was specified in order to determine how

many males and females participated in the study. This shows that 62%
 37

or 82 of the subjects were female and 38% or 50 were male. Most of the

subjects were women, because most of the male subjects were busy in

earning a living like daily farming and or selling products like food,

beverages and others items. While the others who stay at home were

elders, unemployed natives, and laborers who were taking their break-

time.

1.3 Civil Status

This data was gathered in order to specify the distribution of the

Aetas according to civil status.

This shows that 86 or 65% of the subjects were married and 35%

or 46 were single. None of the subjects were either a widow or widower. A

great number of the subjects were married. In line with this, majority of

the subjects do not have stable source of income and or not inclined with

other productive activities. A factor that contributes with this is lack of

education which also leads to early marriage.

1.4 Highest Educational Attainment

Educational attainment was obtained in order to

determine the educational status of the participating

subjects.

Table 2

Distribution of the Subjects According to

Their Highest Educational Attainment
 38

Educational Frequency Percentage

Attainment

Elementary Graduate 68 52

High School Graduate 23 17

College Graduate 0 0

None 41 31

Total 132 100

Table 2 shows that 52% or 68 of the subjects have reached

elementary level, 17% or 23 of the subjects are high school graduates

and 31% or 41 of the subjects are college graduates. This only shows

that majority of the participants has lack of education and has no other

desired interest. It is the result of rampant poverty within the community

that leads to neglect of continuing education in lieu of their basic needs

such as food and clothing. Geographic factor such as distance of the

school from the community may also be considered as contributing

element.

1.5 Occupation

The occupation of the subjects was determined to know their

living conditions.
 39

Table 3

Distribution of the Subjects According

to their Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Farmer 38 28.79

Vendor 16 12.12

Labourer 7 5.30

None 71 53.79

Total 132 100

Table 3 shows that 53% or 52 are housewives, 28.79% or 38 are

farmers, 14.39% or 19 are unemployed, 12.12% or 16 are vendors and

5.30% or 7 are laborers. As noted in the previous tables, majority of the

 40

subjects are unemployed married women. Thus, mothers are most likely

found in their homes, doing household chores and taking care of their

children.

2. Oral Health Status

2.1 Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified

Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified of 132 Aetas in Sitio Patal

Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac.

Table 4

Oral Health Status of Aetas in Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana,
Capas, Tarlac According to their Debris Index and Calcular Index

OHI Mean Standard Interpretation

Deviation

Calcular Index 1.02 0.91 Good

Debris Index 1.2 1.31 Good

Table 4 shows that calcular index has a mean of 1.02 and

standard deviation of 0.91 which indicates a good interpretation. Debris

index has a mean of 1.2 and standard deviation of 1.31 which indicates a

good interpretation. This shows a good interpretation in terms of

calculus index and debris index. This indicates that Aetas in the site are

aware and have knowledge in taking good care of their oral health. This

shows that the government is indeed implementing dental health care

 41

programs to the Aetas. Another contributory factor to this, is that some

of the Aetas have gone to school and gained understanding about

attaining wellness, including dental health.

2.2 Decayed, Missing, Filled Rate

Decayed, Missing, Filled rate was used to determine total

dental caries experience, past and present.

Table 5

Oral Health Status of Aetas in Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana,
Capas, Tarlac According to their Decayed, Missing, Filled (DMF) Rate

Respondents Decayed Missing Filled DMF Rate

132 635 348 0 7.45

Table 5 shows that among the subjects there were 635 who have

decayed teeth, 348 have missing teeth and 0 has filled teeth. The DMF

rate of the subjects is 7.45. It indicates high prevalence of caries of the

Aetas in Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac. The DMF

rate table shows high prevalence of caries because most of the subjects

know how to brush their teeth. However, the Aetas have no idea

regarding restorative dentistry. This shows that the Aetas have a fair oral

health status.

3. Proposed Oral Health Program

 42

The proposed oral health program may help the Aetas improve

their oral health status and gain more knowledge about oral health.

Table 6

Proposed Oral Health Program for the Aetas

Activities Objectives Venue Time

Allot
ment

1. Oral • To educate them on Brgy. Hall of Sitio At

Health how to take care of Patal Bato, Brgy. least
Education their teeth. Sta. Juliana, twice
• To teach proper tooth a
“AETA brushing Techniques. Capas,Tarlac house year
• To increase their
(Awareness awareness on the
and importance of oral
Evaluation in health
Tooth
brushing
Activity)

2. Dental • To restore carious Brgy. Hall of Sitio At

Treatment teeth. Patal Bato, Brgy. least
• To eliminate oral health Sta. Juliana, twice
problems. a
• To prevent progress of Capas, Tarlac year
“Love Teeth, oral diseases.
Hate • To fight plaque and
other deposits – the
 43

Toothache” main reasons for caries

and periodontal
diseases.

3. Follow up • To check if there is an Brgy. Hall of Sitio At

check-up improvement on their Patal Bato, Brgy. least
oral health. Sta. Juliana,Capas, twice
“Kamusta Tarlac a
ngipin mo year
kapatid?”

Table 6 shows the activities that can be done in order to give

solutions and or follow-up programs regarding the oral health of the

Aetas from Sitio Patal Bato. The first activity is to conduct Oral Health

Education with the theme AETA (Awareness and Evaluation in Tooth

brushing Activity). The said activity aims to increase awareness among

the Aetas on the importance of oral health; to teach them how to take

good care of their teeth; and to demonstrate on them the proper tooth

brushing techniques. In this regard, the proposed programs is planned to

be held at Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac. The second

activity is the free dental treatment with the theme “Love teeth, Hate

toothache”. The said activity aims to restore carious teeth, to eliminate

oral health problems, to prevent progress of oral diseases and to fight

plaque as well as other deposits. The second activity is again suggested

to be held at Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac atleast
 44

twice a year. The last activity is to conduct a follow up check-up with the

theme “Kamusta ngipin mo kapatid?” The third proposed activity is

recommended be done at least twice a year. This is to check the progress

of the Aetas’ oral health from Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas,

Tarlac.
 45

CHAPTER 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations taken from the study conducted. The researchers used

the descriptive method to describe the situation, as it existed at the time

the study was conducted.

Summary of Findings

1. Profile of the Subjects

Most of the subjects who were at the age of 15-25 have

the highest frequency of 52%. Majority of subjects were

female with a frequency of 62%.Majority of the subjects were

married. Most of the subjects have reached elementary level.

Majority of the subjects were unemployed.

2. Oral Health Status

2.1 Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified.

The Calcular index has a mean of 1.02 and standard

deviation of 0.91 which indicates a good interpretation.

Debris index has a mean of 1.2 and standard deviation of

1.31 which indicates a good interpretation. The Oral Hygiene

Index-Simplified reveals a fair oral condition.

 46

2.2 Decayed, Missing, Filled Rate.

The DMF rate of the subjects is 7.45 which

indicated a good oral hygiene of the Aetas in Sitio Patal

Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac.

3. Proposed Oral Health Program

The oral health program will be conducted at least twice a

year. The proposed program has the following activities: (1) Oral

examination that will determine the dental needs of the target

population; (2) Oral health education that will give additional

awareness on dental health; (3) Free dental services as to ensure

good oral health status among the Aetas; and (4) Follow-up check-

ups for assessing the success of the proposed program.

Conclusions

Based from the results of the data gathered, the Aetas of Sitio Patal

Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac has a fair oral health status. It

reveals a good interpretation in both calculus and debris index which

shows that majority of the Aetas know how to take good care their oral

health. Indeed, findings show that Aetas have high prevalence of caries

and missing teeth.

Recommendations
 47

Based on the findings and conclusion in this study, the following

actions are recommended to help improve the oral health of the Aetas:

1. Dental schools

1.1 Engage students in dental education programs that promote

oral health through outreach and involvement of children,

youth, and the adults in the rural areas especially the

indigenous people.

2. Local government officials

2.1 Secure financial assistance and sponsorship from NGO’s and

private sectors to ensure that oral health programs can be well

implemented.

2.2 Municipal dentist

2.2.1 Address increasing oral health problems and

knowledge of prevention and oral hygiene practices of

the public.

2.2.2 Guarantee availability and access to high quality,

comprehensive, continuous, and favourable oral health

services.

2.2.3 Develop a comprehensive oral health public awareness

and education campaign.

3. Future researchers
 48

3.1 Future researchers should conduct a follow-up study to

check on the improvement of the oral health of the Aetas in Capas,

Tarlac.

3.2 A study on how oral habits of Aetas affect their oral health is

also recommended.

3.3 Future researchers are encouraged to conduct similar study

in a different group of Aetas in a different demographic location.

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Dental Clinic, Fort Bonifacio General Hospital, Philippines.

 49

Bailey et. al. (2007). DDS Div. of oral health, national center for

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Mohlin, B., Pilley, J.R. and Shaw, W.C. (2005). A survey of cranio-

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Monse, B., Yanga-Mabunga, M.S. (2007). The national oral health survey

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Salita, R. (2009). Under a jealous sky saga of the aetas of the philippines.

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Tapsoba, H., Deschamps, J.and Leclercq, M. (2008). Factor analytic

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Van Nieuwenhusen, J.P. et al. (2007). Caries reduction in german 10-

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Munkgaard: Blackwell Publishing Company, Jablonski Dictionary.

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www.doh.gov.ph

www.visit-tarlac.com/2012/05/31/capas
 53

APPENDICES
 54

APPENDIX A

Clearance Letter to Municipal

Mayor of Capas, Tarlac
 55

APPENDIX B

Consent Form

Date

I hereby agree and give consent to any dental

examination,procedure,
(Ako po ay nagbibigay pahintulot sa anumang paraan ng
pagsusuri o

Management and or treatment that may considered necessary for myself

pag gamut na kailangang gawin sa akin

as attended to by Joselle L. Basas, Vannessa F. Caballero, Jayme Alexa

B.Guardino ,Mark Samuel V. Pagayunan and Jose Angelo S. Pangilinan,
students of Centro Escolar University Makati,
sa ilalim at patnubay nila
 56

To comply with the needed data for the research entitled “Oral Health
Status of Aetas in Brgy. Sta Juliana, Capas, Tarlac.”
Bilang pagtupad sa mga kinakailangan na impormasyon para sa aming
thesis.

Signature over Printed Name

Right Thumb mark
 57

APPENDIX C

Oral Health Examination Form

58
 59

APPENDIX D

Certification of Total Population in

Sito Patal Bato ,Capas, Tarlac

This is to certify that Sitio Patal Bato, Brgy. Sta. Juliana, Capas, Tarlac has a
total population of one hundred thirty two (132) residents ages fifteen (15) years
old and above.

This certification is issued upon the request of the researchers for whatever
purpose it may serve.
 60

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOSELLE L. BASAS
75d 12th Ave. Murphy St., Cubao, Quezon
City
Mobile: 09063620210
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY EDUCATION: Centro Escolar University Makati

Legaspi Village, Makati City
Doctor of Dental Medicine
S.Y. 2008-present

SECONDARY EDUCATION: Stella Maris College

Cubao, Quezon City
S.Y. 2004-2008

PRIMARY EDUCATION: Stella Maris College

Cubao, Quezon City
S.Y. 1999-2004

PERSONAL DATA:

Birthday: December 13, 1991

Age: 22
Birth Place: Quezon City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

VANNESSA CABALLERO
 61

Blk 8 Lot 17 Legislation St., Senate Village,

Bagombong, Novaliches, Caloocan City
Mobile: 09277664654
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY EDUCATION: Centro Escolar University Makati

Legaspi Village, Makati City
Doctor of Dental Medicine
S.Y. 2008-present

Alps Technology
Magallanes, Makati City
Dental Technology

SECONDARY EDUCATION: St. Benedict School of Novaliches

Novaliches, Caloocan City

PRIMARY EDUCATION: St. Benedict School of Novaliches

Novaliches, Caloocan City

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 24
Birthday: June 30, 1989
Birth Place: Pasay City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
JAYME ALEXA B. GUARDINO
Carlton 2 Unit 5F, California Garden Square,
Libertad St., Mandaluyong City
 62

Provincial Address: 100 Panal,

Tabaco City, Albay
Mobile: 09162403749
E-mal: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY EDUCATION: Centro Escolar University Makati

Legaspi Village, Makati City
Doctor of Dental Medicine
S.Y. 2008-present

SECONDARY EDUCATION: Aquinas University of Legaspi Science

High School
Rawis, Legazpi City
S.Y. 2004-2008

PRIMARY EDUCATION: Holy Family School and Development

Center
100 Panal, Tabaco City, Albay
S.Y. 1999-2004

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 22
Birthday: May 17, 1991
Birth Place: Legaspi City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

MARK SAMUEL V. PAGAYUNAN

Address: 2420 Oro B Street, Sta. Ana Manila
Provincial Address: Block 9 Lot 2
Las Palmas Village, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Mobile: 09267172632
 63

E-mail:[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY EDUCATION: Centro Escolar University Makati

Legaspi Village, Makati City
Doctor of Dental Medicine
S.Y. 2008-present

SECONDARY EDUCATION: De La Salle Lipa

Lipa City, Batangas
S.Y. 2004-2008

PRIMARY EDUCATION: St. James College Calamba

Calamba City, Laguna
S.Y. 1999-2004

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 21
Birthday: July 13,1992
Birth Place: Palawan
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

JOSE ANGELO S. PANGILINAN

Address: Lot 9 Blk 9 Ph. 4 St. Gabriel St.
Sto. Nińo Village Tunasan Muntinlupa City
Mobile: 09179128644
E-mail: [email protected]
 64

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY EDUCATION: Centro Escolar University Makati

Legaspi Village, Makati City
Doctor of Dental Medicine
S.Y. 2008-present

SECONDARY EDUCATION: Colegio de San Agustin

Binan, Laguna
S.Y. 2004-2008

PRIMARY EDUCATION: Our Lady of the Abandoned Catholic

School
Muntinlupa City
S.Y. 1999-2004

PERSONAL DATA:

Age: 21
Birthday: May 1, 1991
Birth Place: Quezon City
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic