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2 Process of Distillation Column

The document discusses challenges in modeling and simulating distillation columns. Distillation columns separate chemicals using differences in boiling points but require significant energy. They can experience problems like flooding when vapor or liquid flows incorrectly through plates. Properly modeling a column exposes such problems to minimize energy usage and optimize separation.

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61 views1 page

2 Process of Distillation Column

The document discusses challenges in modeling and simulating distillation columns. Distillation columns separate chemicals using differences in boiling points but require significant energy. They can experience problems like flooding when vapor or liquid flows incorrectly through plates. Properly modeling a column exposes such problems to minimize energy usage and optimize separation.

Uploaded by

Garabig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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chemical process industries.

The MPC algorithm has many through the holes in the plate, caused by insufficient vapor flow.
attractive features such as dead time compensation, multivariable Flooding occurs when the liquid flows up through the plate, caused
control and handling of system constraints. The MPC algorithm either by excessive vapour flow (entrainment flooding) or
optimizes the process outputs over some finite future time interval excessive liquid build-up on the stage (down comer flooding).
known as the prediction horizon P. At the current time, the future Properly modeling and simulating a column should expose such
outputs are predicted using a dynamic model of the process. This problems. Distillation columns require a phenomenal amount of
model is used to compute the present and future M control actions energy for their operation . Minimization of energy usage
(the control horizon). After the Mth time step, it is assumed that
the control action is constant. Only the first of the resulting optimal Figure 1 : Process of Distillation Column
inputs is implemented on the process. This entire process is
repeated at each time step. The choice of model representation is
an important issue in MPC [5]. Here bottom part is considered to
generate model. By using MPC Pro (Model Predictive Control
Professional) Function Block of DeltaV. Control of bottom product
composition is achieved with considering constraints like Reboiler
Valve Position. Here regulatory loops are controlled by PID
controller. And MPC is at the supervisory level.

2 PROCESS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN The


distillation column is a widely used apparatus used to separate
various chemicals, most commonly petroleum products. This
require phenomenal amount of energy for their operation. The
theoretical basis of the separation is the different boiling points of
the components being separated. A distillation column is a clever
way to reproduce many stages at the same time. As shown in
Figure 1. The liquid is drained by gravity; the vapor migrates up
due to pressure caused by heat. The vapor is forced to flow through
holes in the stage plate, and then through the liquid over the plate,
thus creating good contact between liquid and vapor. At the bottom
of the distillation column is a heat source, the reboiler, and the
ability to drain off liquid, the bottoms. The top of the distillation
column is a condenser that cools the vapor of the top stage into
liquid and an accumulator that holds the liquid and allows for some
of this liquid to be returned, the reflux, and some to be taken away
as distillate or overhead product. Vapor rising from below heats the
mixture such that vapor rising to the next stage has a higher
percentage of the low boiling component (Overhead Product) than
the original mixture. The liquid flowing through the down comer
will have a higher percentage of the high-boiling component
(Bottom Product). If all has worked well, the distillate will be a
nearly pure component of the mixture, the component with the
lowest boiling point [2].

3 CHALLENGES FOR DESIGN


In reality, the working of distillation column becomes complex in
meeting the requirements. Complex distillation can lead to a variety
of problems such as; weeping occurs when the liquid flows down

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