Chapter 5

Characteristic and Performance of Power Transmission Line

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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 Outline

1 Performance of Transmission Line

2 Representation of Transmission Line

3 Short Line Model

4 Medium Line Model

5 Long Line Model

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 Performance of Transmission Line

By performance of lines is meant the determination of efficiency

and voltage regulation of lines.
The efficiency of lines is defined as,
Power delivered at the receiving end
% efficiency = × 100
Power sent from the sending end
Power delivered at the receiving end
= × 100
Power delivered at the receiving end + losses

The end of the line where load is connected is called the

receiving end and where source of supply is connected is called
the sending end.

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 The regulation of a line is defined as the change in the receiving
end voltage, expressed in per cent of full load voltage, from no
load to full load, keeping the sending end voltage and frequency
constant.
Expressed mathematically,
Vs − Vr
% regulation = × 100
Vr
where Vs is the sending end voltage and it is receiving end
voltage under no load condition and Vr is the receiving end
voltage under full load condition. It is to be noted here that Vs
and Vr are the magnitudes of voltages.

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 Representation of Transmission Line

A transmission line is a set of conductors being run from one

place to another supported on transmission towers.
Such lines, therefore, have four distributed parameters, series
resistance and inductance, and shunt capacitance and
conductance.
For line lengths less than about 160 km, the voltage or current
variation on the line is not much and it can be said that for line
length of about 160 km the parameters could be assumed to be
lumped and not distributed.
Such lines are known as electrically short transmission lines. In
power systems these electrically short transmission lines are
again categorized as short transmission lines and medium
transmission lines.

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 The lines up to about 80 km are termed as short transmission
lines where the effect of shunt capacitance is neglected.
The lines above 80 km and below 160 km length are termed as
medium length lines.
For medium length lines the shunt capacitance can be assumed
to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of the shunt
capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the
line. These two representations of medium length lines are
termed as nominal-T and nominal-π respectively.
For line lengths more than 160 km the parameters are
distributed and rigorous calculations are required to be made
except in certain cases where lines up to 250 km can be analysed
using nominal-π representation.

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 Short Line Model
Is R+jX Ir
Vs
jIr X

Vs Vr Ir R
Vr
Øs
Ør
Ir
(a) (b)

Figure 1: Short-transmission line: (a) equivalent circuit, (b) phasor

diagram

The equivalent circuit and vector diagram for a short

transmission line are shown in Figure 1 (a) and (b) above
respectively.
The vector diagram is drawn taking Ir , the receiving end current,
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 Transmission line may be represented by a two-port network as
shown in Figure 2 below.
Is Ir

Vs ABCD Vr

Figure 2: Two-port representation of a transmission line

The voltage and current on the receiving end and sending end
are related by the following pair of equations:
Vs = AVr + BIr (1)
Is = CVr + DIr (2)
where A, B, C, D are called constants of the network.
Before these constants are determined it is desirable to
understand what these constants are.
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 From equation (1),
Vs
|I =0 A=
Vr r
This means A is the voltage impressed at the sending end per
volt at the receiving end when receiving end is open. It is
dimensionless.
Vs
B = |Vr =0
Ir
B is the voltage impressed at the sending end to have one
ampere at the short circuited receiving end. This is known as
transfer impedance in network theory.
From equation (2),
Is
C = |Ir =0
Vr
C is the current in amperes into the sending end per volt on the
open-circuited receiving end. It has the dimension of admittance.
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 Is
|V =0 D=
Ir r
D is the current at the sending end for one ampere of current at the
short circuited receiving end.
The constants A, B, C and D are related for a passive network
as follows:
AD − BC = 1
This relation provides a good check on the values of these
constants.
The sending end voltage and current can be written from the
equivalent network as,

Vs = Vr + Ir Z (3)

Is = Ir (4)

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 Comparing the coefficients of equations (3) and (4) with
equations (1) and (2) respectively, the constants for short
transmission line are,
A=1
B =Z
C =0
D=1
The ABCD constants can be used for calculation of regulation of
the line.
The quantities P, Ir and cosφr at the receiving end are usually
given.
Vs − Vr
% regulation = × 100 (5)
Vr
P
% efficiency = × 100 (6)
P + 3Ir2 R
where R is the resistance per phase of the line.
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 Medium Line Model
Transmission lines with lengths between 80 km and 160 km are
categorised as medium length lines where the parameters are
assumed to be lumped.
The shunt capacitance is either assumed to be concentrated at
the middle of the line (T-model) or half of the total capacitance
is concentrated at each end of the line (π -model). In this
course only the π-model will be discussed.
Nominal π-model

Figure 3: medium line π-model

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 Figure 4: π-model phasor diagram

Nominal π-model circuit and its vector diagrams are shown in

Figure 3 and 4 above.
Nominal π-model can be represented by a 2-port network as,
Z ·Y
Vs = (1 + )Vr + ZIr
2
Z .Y Z ·Y
Is = Y (1 + )Vr + (1 + )Ir
4 2
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Vs A B Vr
=
Is C D Ir

Z ·Y
A=1+ B =Z
2
Z .Y Z ·Y
C = Y (1 + ) D =1+
4 2

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 Long Line Model

Assignment to be submitted on 10 June 2016

1. Comparison between ac and dc transmission
2. Sag template
3. Long line model

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