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Vectors & Matrices

This document provides an overview of key concepts in matrix algebra, including: - Definitions of matrices, vectors, transposes, and operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication - Determinants and properties for 2x2 matrices - Symmetric, identity, and inverse matrices - Inner products and orthogonality of vectors - Solving equations using matrix inversion The reader is instructed to study the provided sections, attempt relevant exercises, and prepare tutorial and project exercises for next week's class.

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Harry Singh
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34 views12 pages

Vectors & Matrices

This document provides an overview of key concepts in matrix algebra, including: - Definitions of matrices, vectors, transposes, and operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication - Determinants and properties for 2x2 matrices - Symmetric, identity, and inverse matrices - Inner products and orthogonality of vectors - Solving equations using matrix inversion The reader is instructed to study the provided sections, attempt relevant exercises, and prepare tutorial and project exercises for next week's class.

Uploaded by

Harry Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECN115

G. Renshaw ch.19

Vectors & Matrices


• definitions
• transpose
• addition, subtraction & multiplication
• Determinants (2x2 dimensions only)
• Symmetric
• inverse

1
Matrix algebra as a compact notation

If we define a matrix, A, and two column vectors x and b as


definitions
1 6
−4 9 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 3𝑥2 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, (3 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 & 2 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠)
11 17

0 0
0 0 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)
0 0

1 0 0
0 1 0 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0)
0 0 1

2 5 −5 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓, 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 with only 1 row

3
−1 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓, 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 with only 1 column
4

1 2 1 3
if 𝐴 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴′ = is the transpose of 𝐴
3 4 2 4

3
Transpose

Rules of Transpose

4
addition, subtraction & multiplication

To distinguish the two cases, in AB we say


that B is pre-multiplied by A, while in BA we
say that B is post-multiplied by A.

scalar multiplication

5
vector multiplication

Note that a11b11 + a12b21 + a13b31 is not a matrix, nor a vector,


but is simply an ordinary number.
In matrix algebra, an ordinary number is called a scalar

3 1
inner product 𝑎, 𝑏 when 𝑎 = ,b= , 𝑎, 𝑏 = (3)(1) + (4) −2 = −5
4 −2
norm of a vector: 𝑎 = 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 If 𝑎 = 3 then 𝑎 = 32 + 42 = 5
4
1 3
to normalise 𝑎 : 𝑎 =
5 4

two vectors are called orthogonal when 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0


two vectors are called orthonormal when 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎, 𝑏 = 1 6
Non-conformability

Conformability
Symmetric
A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called square matrix

Determinants

Minors (sub-matrices): M11, 𝑀12, 𝑀13


+ 𝑀11 , - 𝑀12 , + 𝑀13 : signed minors, or cofactors 8
Rules of determinants

!!! Only square matrices can have determinants !!!

9
Inverse
A matrix with the 1’s along the main diagonal and 0’s elsewhere is called an Identity matrix I
Given matrix A, if there exists a matrix X such that AX=XA=I then we say that X is an inverse of A
!!! Only square matrices can have inverses !!!

10
Properties of the Inverse

Solving Equations by Matrix Inversion

11
 Study:
from G. Renshaw’s ch. 19.1-.11 ,

 Attempt:
all relevant progress exercises

 for next week’s class/seminar prepare the so-called tutorial exercises

 for next week’s teamwork prepare & upload the so-called project
exercises

12

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