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Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering

International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

http://www.ijprt.org.tw/

Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) characterization of

polymer modified asphalt binder containing wax additives
Ahmed Wajahat Ali a, Hyun Hwan Kim a, Mithil Mazumder a, Moon-Sup Lee b,⇑,
Soon-Jae Lee a
a
Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
b
Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 10223 South Korea

Received 10 January 2018; received in revised form 17 March 2018; accepted 7 May 2018

Abstract

The effect of wax additives on the characteristics of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binders (SIS, SBS and CRM) was investigated in
this study. The binders were blended using the two wax additives (LEADCAP and Sasobit) and then artificially aged using rolling thin
film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) procedures. Superpave binder tests were conducted to determine viscosity, G*/sin d,
G*sin d and stiffness values. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test was carried out to evaluate the rutting resistance properties, in
original and RTFO aged states. In general the results showed that (1) after the addition of wax additives, the viscosity of PG 64-22 and
PMA binders was decreased; (2) higher cracking resistance (i.e., lower stiffness and G*sin d values) was observed at the binders with
LEADCAP; (3) by adding the wax additives, the percentage increase of rutting resistance (G*/sin d) was found to be higher for PG
64-22 binder, compared to the PMA binders; (4) it was found that the effect of wax additives cannot be identified using MSCR test
results; (5) the MSCR test was observed to be potentially inappropriate to measure the rutting performance of CRM binder.
Ó 2018 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. This is an open access article under the CCBY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: MSCR; Polymer modified asphalt; Wax additives

1. Introduction sured and projected traffic loads, highway pavements are

designed by providing a high-quality level of service during
The actual traffic load applied on the highway pavement their expected design life. Asphalt binders, due to their vis-
may exceed the projected design load which increases the coelastic properties, is an important material used in road
stresses and strains in the pavement and further causes a paving which affect the pavement performance. But, due
premature failure of the pavement [17]. This phenomenon to the high stresses exerted on the asphalt surface, most
accelerates the deterioration process in the asphalt pave- of the road system experience distress and deterioration
ment and expedite the distress mechanism which reduces before it can achieve the design service life [12]. To improve
the pavement performance. In order to withstand the mea- the pavement performance, it is valuable to modify the
asphalt binder by adding polymers with it. The modifica-
tion of asphalt binder using polymers offer a promising
⇑ Corresponding author.
way to improve pavement performance and help in pro-
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.W. Ali), [email protected]
longing the service life of the road system even though
(H.H. Kim), [email protected] (M. Mazumder), [email protected]
(M.-S. Lee), [email protected] (S.-J. Lee). the road experiences unexpected increasing number of traf-
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement fic volume. The use of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) in
Engineering. the pavement exhibits greater resistance to rutting and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2018.05.001
1996-6814/Ó 2018 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 775

thermal cracking and decreased fatigue damage, stripping 2. Experimental design

and temperature susceptibility [14].
According to Chamoun [4], to reduce the production 2.1. Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) binder
temperature, PMA binders are produced and placed for
their potential impact on the performance of asphalt pave- To improve the performance of the pavement, it is valu-
ment using the technology called Warm Mix Asphalt able to modify the asphalt binder by adding polymers with
(WMA). Although, polymer modification of asphalt binder it. Therefore, different types of polymers are being used to
enhances the performance of asphalt pavement, it also achieve performance of asphalt binder. In this study, Per-
increases the fuel consumption and production tempera- formance grade (PG) 64-22 asphalt binder and PMA bin-
ture of asphalt binder after modification. With the ders containing SIS (approximately 5% by the weight of
decreased production temperatures comes the benefit of binder), CRM (approximately 10% by the weight of bin-
reduced emissions, fumes, dust production and odors, as der), and SBS modified binder were used. PG 64-22 binder
well as an extended mix haul distance, but it creates two was modified with three different modifiers to study the
major concerns: the reduction of the moisture loss from rheological properties and stress-dependent behavior of
the aggregates might lead to an increased potential of mois- modified asphalt binders. Table 1 shows the details of the
ture damage in asphalt pavement, and the decrease in the modified binders used in the study. CRM and SBS modi-
hardening of the bitumen which can lead to early perma- fied asphalt binders are relatively common materials in
nent deformation failure (cracking) of the pavement. pavement industry. However, SIS modified asphalt binder
According to Edwards et al. [5], there are certain risks, such is not generally used, compared to CRM and SBS. Accord-
as change in structure that should be considered when ing to Raghu et al. [13], the addition of SIS polymers in
using wax additives in cold climatic conditions. Almost asphalt binder increases the toughness, elongation and
all binders show some degree of reversible structuring or impact strength. Also, it reduces the yield stress. It was
aging when stored at cold temperature. Below the laying reported that the use of SIS has the potential to improve
and compaction temperatures, there is an increase in vis- the mechanical and dispersion as compared to the unmod-
cosity due to wax crystallization, which in turn could ified state.
increase the asphalt pavement resistance to plastic defor- For this experiment, 600 g of SIS, CRM and SBS mod-
mation. Other asphalt pavement properties such as suscep- ified asphalt binder was heated in oven for 1 h at 365°F, for
tibility to low temperature cracking, resistance to fatigue 2 h at 365°F and for 2 h at 365°F respectively. 5% of SIS
and adhesion properties may be affected in a negative (5% of 600 g = 30 gm was added in the oven-heated sample
way. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate both and mixed at 365°F for 60 min by an open blade mixer at a
polymer modification and WMA additives mixing tech- blending speed of 700 rpm. The Crumb Rubber Modifier
nologies to improve the resistance to plastic deformation (CRM), passed through a 40 mesh (0.420 mm), is produced
and reduce the early permanent deformation cracking fail- by mechanical shredding process, and the modified rubber-
ure of the pavement. ized binder by wet process. 10% of CRM (10% of 600 g =
Generally, the rutting resistance of asphalt binder was 60 g) was added in the oven-heated sample and put on the
evaluated through G*/sin d measured by traditional DSR mixer for 30 min at 170 °C mixing temperature and 700
test based on PG system. However, there are several rpm mixing speed. Since SBS modified asphalt binder is a
researches which reported low relation between G*/sin commercially available binder, it was used in the same
d and real field [2–3,6–8,16–17,19]. To overcome the manner without any further modifications.
issues mentioned in these researches, FHWA introduced After mixing the modifiers in the oven-heated binder
Superpave plus testing protocol for better characteriza- sample, 98.5% of binder was poured into two containers
tion of these materials. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery by weight, and 1.5% of wax additives i.e. LEADCAP and
(MSCR) is one of the various new test methods which Sasobit, each was mixed with the modified binder in the
were introduced and showing good performance to eval- containers. In reference to WMA technologies involving
uate the rutting property of PMA binders compared to additives, the dosage of each product should be selected
G*/sin d. Therefore, the objective of this research is to according to manufacturer recommendations. Usually,
investigate the characterization of PMA binders contain-
ing wax warm additives using MSCR test. Also, other
properties of PMA with wax additives are evaluated Table 1
through Superpave binder test. In this study, asphalt Identification and content of binders.
binder was modified using three different polymers: Binder ID Type of modifier Modifier content (wt %)
Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS), Crumb Rubber Modifier PG 64-22 – 0
(CRM) and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) polymers. SBS SBS 5
Also, two wax warm additives, LEADCAP and Sasobit, SIS 5% SIS 5
CRM 10% CRM 10
are used.
776 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

the dosage rate has significant effect on the performance of liquidized. Since the molecular weight of wax is lower than
asphalt binder. The tests were performed for binders in that of average asphalt molecules, LEADCAP in the
original state (without additives), and after the addition asphalt binder can reduce the viscosity of the binder [18].
of wax additives (Fig. 1). Sasobit is a long chain of aliphatic hydrocarbon
The asphalt binder was passed through the aging pro- obtained from coal gasification using Fischer-Tropsch pro-
cess by using rolling thin film oven (RTFO) for 85 min at cess. Ultimately, it is a product of a Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
163 °C (ASTM D 2872) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) wax and Sasol wax, which melted completely into the
for 20 h at 100 °C (ASTM D 6251). The test properties asphalt binder at 115 °C and reduces the binder viscosity.
of asphalt binders and the instrument used for different Sasobit gives poor low-temperature properties because
aging conditions are presented in Table 2. crystalline wax material is very stiff and brittle at tempera-
ture less than crystallization point, which further expedites
the wax-based additive to exhibit a high potential for
2.2. Wax additives
cracking [18]. Sasobit forms a lattice structure in the binder
after crystallization, which is the basis of the structural sta-
The LEADCAP is an organic additive of a WMA wax-
bility of the binder containing Sasobit [9]. Fig. 2 shows
based structure that consists of crystal controller and arti-
LEADCAP and Sasobit used in this study.
ficial materials. As polyethylene-based wax is the major
component of LEADCAP, the wax material can be melted
at over melting temperature due to its crystalline structure. 2.3. Production of warm PMA binders
The melting point of LEADCAP is about 110 °C. There-
fore, the LEADCAP in the asphalt binder at 130 °C (the Two types of warm asphalt additives; Sasobit and
temperature at which the asphalt mixture is produced), is LEADCAP, are used each with a ratio by weight of binder.

PG64-22
(1)

Original
SBS modified
(Without CRM (10%) SIS (5%)
binder
Addives) (b) (c)
(d)
(a)

Control CRM CRM binder with CRM binder with

Same Tesng Same Tesng Same Tesng
binder LEADCAP Sasobit
Procedure as (b) Procedure as (b) Procedure as (b)
(i) (ii) (iii)

Same Tesng Same Tesng

Procedure as (ii) Procedure as (ii)

Arficial short- Arficial short-

term and long-
term aging
No Aging term aging
procedure: procedures:
RTFO RTFO+PAV

RV: DSR:
DSR:
• Viscosity at •
• G*/sin δ G*sin δ
135°C
MSCR: BBR:
DSR: • Sffness
• G*/sin δ • % Recovery
• Jnr
MSCR:
• % Recovery
• Jnr

Fig. 1. Flow chart of experimental design procedures.

 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 777

Table 2
Properties of base asphalt binder.
Aging states Instrument Test properties
Unaged binder RV Viscosity @ 135 °C (cP)
DSR G*/sin d @ 64 °C (kPa)
MSCR Jnr
%Rec
RTFO aged binder DSR G*/sin d @ 64 °C (kPa)
MSCR Jnr
%Rec
RTFO + PAV aged binder BBR Stiffness @ 12 °C (MPa)
m-value @ 12 °C
DSR G*sin d @ 25 °C (kPa)

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Wax additives; (a) LEADCAP and (b) Sasobit.

These additives were added in the quantity of 1.5 percent 2.4. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) tests
(1.5 g) of the binder. The tests were conducted in the orig-
inal state (Without additives) and with adding these two MSCR test is conducted using the DSR for SBS, CRM,
wax warm additives. The asphalt binder was mixed with PG 64-22, and SIS binders. The test is conducted according
the additives by hand mixing for 1 min in order to get a to AASHTO T 350-14 specification at 64 °C. PMA binders
consistent mixing. Table 3 describes the binder types used were tested in original state, and with adding wax additives
in this study and their arrangements as mixed with wax i.e. LEADCAP and Sasobit. The samples are tested in
warm additives. creep and recovery at two stress levels: 0.1 kPa and 3.2
kPa. Two parameters are derived from analyzing the
Table 3 MSCR test i.e. the non-recoverable creep compliance
Description of Binders with Wax warm additives. (Jnr) and percent recovery (%Rec). The test is done on
Binder types Description no-aged, and rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aged samples
at high PG temperatures. As shown in Fig. 3, the binder
PG 64-22 PG 64-22 binder
PG 64-22 + L PG 64-22 binder with 1.5% LEADCAP is subjected to creeploading and unloading cycle of 1 s
PG 64-22 + S PG 64-22 binder with 1.5% Sasobit and 9 s respectively, at stress levels of 0.1 kPa and 3.2
SIS SIS modified binder kPa and ten cycles of loading are given at each stress level.
SIS + L SIS modified binder with 1.5% LEADCAP The output of MSCR test is used to calculate non-
SIS + S SIS modified binder with 1.5% Sasobit
recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) and percent recovery
CRM CRM modified binder
CRM + L CRM modified binder with 1.5% LEADCAP (%Rec) for quantifying the rutting susceptibility of asphalt
CRM + S CRM modified binder with 1.5% Sasobit binders. The non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr), which
SBS SBS modified binder is determined by dividing non-recoverable shear strain by
SBS + L SBS modified binder with 1.5% LEADCAP the shear stress, is used to evaluate the rutting potential
SBS + S SBS modified binder with 1.5% Sasobit
of the asphalt binder.
778 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

the LSD was calculated, all pairs of sample means were

compared. According to Ott (2001), the difference between
the LSD and two sample means is considered the determin-
ing factor to declare the statistical significance of the vari-
ables. Therefore, if the difference between two sample
means was greater than or equal to the LSD, the popula-
tion means were stated to be statistically different.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Viscosity at 135 °C

Since the viscosity reflects the binder’s ability to be

Fig. 3. Typical MSCR test results with 10 cycles of creep and recovery at pumped through an asphalt plant, it is considered as a sig-
stress levels of 0.1 and 3.2 kPa [19]. nificant factor, at high-temperature, to decide the working
temperature (Asphalt Institute, 2003). The variations in the
2.5. Superpave asphalt binder tests
viscosities of asphalt binders using different wax warm
additives and with different modifiers; such as SBS, SIS
The Superpave asphalt binder tests are conducted to
and CRM are shown in Fig. 4. The test was conducted
quantify the asphalt’s performance at three states of its life:
using Rotational Viscometer at 135 °C in accordance with
in its original state, after mixing and construction, and
AASHTO T 316. The results show that using modifiers
after in-service aging [Asphalt Institute, 2003]. In this
with the asphalt binder increased the viscosity of the bin-
research, the properties of virgin CRM binders containing
der. The stiffening effects of SBS modification on the vis-
LTA warm CRM binder were evaluated using selected
cosities can be easily seen, which shows that as compared
Superpave binder test procedures including the viscosity
to other modifiers, SBS increases the viscosity of asphalt
test (AASHTO T 316), the bending beam rheometer
binder. The addition of wax additives played a significant
(BBR) test (AASHTO T 313), and the dynamic shear
role in reducing the viscosities, due to its properties to
rheometer (DSR) test ([1]: with the plate gap adjusted to
decrease the mixing and compaction temperature as com-
2 mm).
pared to the control binders. For the control binder, there
An 8.5 g binder sample of the binders was tested with a
is a slight difference in the viscosities but the addition in
number 27 spindle in the rotational viscometer at 135 °C.
PMA binder shows a significant effect in reducing the vis-
In the DSR test, the binders (Original, RTFO residual,
cosity, when mixed with Sasobit [11]; Kantipong et al.,
and RTFO + PAV residual) were tested at a frequency of
2007; Kim, 2007; Hurley and Prowell, 2005; Edwards
10 rad per second, which is equal to approximately 1.59
et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2011, 2012; Jamshidi et al., 2012,
Hz. The low temperature stiffness of recycled warm CRM
2013; Susana et al., 2008; [7–8,10,15]. The reduction in vis-
asphalt binders was measured at 12 °C using the BBR test
cosity of SBS modified binder with LEADCAP and Sasobit
equipment. The BBR test was conducted using each
was approximately 8% and 15% respectively, as compared
asphalt beam (125  6.35  12.7 mm), and creep stiffness
to SBS modified binder without additives. Fig. 4 also shows
of the binders were measured at a loading time of 60 s.
the reduction rate of viscosities for PMA binders with wax
additives. It shows the percentage reduction of viscosities
2.6. Statistical analysis method for LEADCAP (L) and Sasobit (S) as compared to the con-
trol binder.
The software ‘‘IBM SPSS Statistics” program was used The same trend was observed with SIS modified binder
to perform statistical analysis, to conduct an analysis of and CRM binder. The addition of Sasobit in SIS modified
variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference binder reduced the viscosity up to 10%, as compared to
(LSD) with comparison to the significance value (a = reduction of 4%, when mixed with LEADCAP. Likewise,
0.05). In this study, the primary variables include the bin- the addition of Sasobit in the CRM binder reduced the vis-
der types (PG 64-22, SBS, CRM and SIS) and the wax cosity approximately 10%, as compared to reduction of
types (Control, LEADCAP, and Sasobit). 9%, when mixed with LEADCAP. All the modified binders
First, to determine whether the significant difference satisfy the current maximum requirement by Superpave
among the sample means existed, the ANOVA was per- (i.e. 3000 cP), except for SBS modified binder without
formed. The significance level of 0.95 (a = 0.05) indicates wax additives, which is slightly higher than the maximum
that each finding had a chance of 95% to be true. After requirement.
determining that there were differences among the sample The statistical results of the change in the viscosity as a
means using the ANOVA, the LSD was calculated to deter- function of binder type and wax additive are shown in
mine the difference between two sample means required to Table 4. It can be seen that the binder types have a signif-
affirm the corresponding population mean difference. After icant effect on the viscosity value at 135 °C. There was a
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 779

Fig. 4. Viscosity of recycled CRM binders at 135 °C.

Table 4
Statistical analysis results of the viscosity value as a function of binder The addition of Sasobit with PG 64-22 binder increased
type and wax additives (a = 0.05).
the stiffness to 16% as compared to the control binder,
Viscosity PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS while addition of LEADCAP reduced the stiffness up to
C L S C L S C L S C L S 6%. The similar trend was observed with SBS and CRM
PG 64-22 – N N S S S S S S S S S binders. The addition of Sasobit with SBS modified binder
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S S S S S S S increased the stiffness to 12% as compared to control SBS
PG 64-22 + S – S S S S S S S S S binder, whereas addition of LEADCAP reduced the stiff-
SBS – S S S S S S S S
ness up to 7%. The CRM asphalt binder with LEADCAP
SBS + L – S S S S S S S
SBS + S – S S S S S S is found to have the lowest stiffness value of 189 MPa,
CRM – S S S S S which is approximately 3% lower than the stiffness value
CRM + L – N S S S of CRM binder without additives. It was found that all
CRM + S – S S S the binders, except PG 64-22 binder with Sasobit and
SIS – S S
SBS modified binder with Sasobit, satisfied the maximum
SIS + L – S
SIS + S – requirement of 300 MPa. CRM binder with LEADCAP
is expected to have the best performance for low tempera-
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant. ture cracking resistance as compared to other binder types
used in this study.
It was found that all the binders showed a similar trend
statistically significant difference in the viscosity of these by showing the highest value of stiffness for Sasobit. How-
binders due to the addition of wax additives. ever, the addition of LEADCAP showed an influential
effect on the stiffness by reducing it approximately up to
3.2. Low temperature cracking property 18% compared to the control SIS binder. In general, it
shows that the addition of LEADCAP increased the m-
The stiffness of asphalt binder, in original and modified value of the binder while the addition of Sasobit decreased
states, with and without wax additives was measured using the m-value of the binder. This similar trend was followed
Bending Beam Rheometer at 12 °C on RTFO + PAV by all the binders.
aged binder, as accordance to AASHTO T 313. According The statistical significance of the change in the stiffness
to Asphalt Institute (2003), the decrease in stiffness leads to value as a function of binder type and wax additive was
reduction in tensile stresses in the asphalt binder and analyzed and the results are shown in Table 5. The data
reduces the chances of low temperature cracking. For creep show that there was a statistically significant difference in
stiffness, Superpave asphalt binder specification contains a the stiffness values depending on the binder types at 12
maximum requirement of 300 MPa of measured stiffness. °C. In general, the addition of wax additive resulted in a
Fig. 5 demonstrate the differences in stiffness for asphalt significant change of stiffness values, within each binder
binders, respectively. type.
780 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

Fig. 5. Stiffness of the binders with wax additives at -12 °C (after RTFO + PAV).

Table 5
Statistical analysis results of the stiffness value as a function of the binder type and wax additives after RTFO + PAV at 12 °C.
Stiffness PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
PG 64-22 – N S N N S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + L – S N N S S S S S S N
PG 64-22 + S – S S N S S S S S S
SBS – N S S S S S S S
SBS + L – S S S S N S N
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – N N S N S
CRM + L – N S N S
CRM + S – S N S
SIS – S N
SIS + L – S
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.

3.3. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test increases the complex modulus of the binders. The addition
of Sasobit and LEADCAP with unmodified PG 64-22 bin-
3.3.1. Original binder der increased the G*/sin d value of the binder up to 47%
G*/sin d, for original (unaged binder), was measured and 40%, respectively. The addition of LEADCAP and
using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) at 64 °C, as accor- Sasobit with SBS modified binder increased the G*/sin d
dance to [1]. Fig. 6 shows the G*/sin d, conducted on the value to approximately 21% and 47%, respectively, as com-
PG 64-22 (unaged) binder and polymer modified binders. pared to the control SBS binder. Similar trends were
According to Asphalt Institute (2003), the binders are less observed for CRM and SIS binders.
susceptible to permanent deformation or rutting at high The statistical results of the change in the G*/sin d values
pavement temperature, if higher G*/sin d values are for un-aged binder at 64 °C are shown in Table 6. The
observed from DSR test. In general, PMA binders have results indicated that the binder types have a significant
the higher G*/sin d value as compared to PG 64-22 binder. effect on the G*/sin d values. In general, within each binder
The addition of wax additives into the binders caused an type, the difference between two wax additives was found
increase in the G*/sin d value. Fig. 6 also shows the percent- to be statistically insignificant.
age difference of G*/sin d for PMA binders with wax addi-
tives. It is found that the wax additives have positive effect 3.3.2. RTFO binder
on the rutting resistance at high-temperature. This might Fig. 7 shows the G*/sin d, conducted on the PG 64-22
be due to the presence of wax crystals in the binders which binder and polymer modified binders. SBS modified
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 781

Fig. 6. G*/sin d of the binders with wax additives at 64 °C (No aging).

Table 6
Statistical analysis results of the G*/sin d value as a function of the binder type and wax additives at 64 °C (No aging).
Stiffness PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
PG 64-22 – N N S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + S – S S S S S S S S S
SBS – N N S S S S S S
SBS + L – N S S S S S S
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – S N N S S
CRM + L – N N N N
CRM + S – N N S
SIS – N S
SIS + L – S
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.

binders generally resulted in the higher G*/sin d as com- after RTFO aging, was examined and the results are shown
pared to the control binders irrespective of aging state. in Table 7. The binder types showed a statistically signifi-
The addition of wax additives into the binders caused an cant difference in the G*/sin d values. Generally, the type
increase in the G*/sin d value. In general, the percentage of wax additive (LEADCAP or Sasobit), within each bin-
improvement of rutting resistance was observed to be much der type, resulted in an insignificant difference in G*/sin d
higher for PG 64-22 binder than SBS, CRM and SIS mod- (after RTFO aging).
ified binders each containing wax additives.
The addition of LEADCAP and Sasobit with unmodi- 3.3.3. RTFO + PAV aged binder
fied PG 64-22 binder increased the G*/sin d value of the G*sin d was measured using Dynamic Shear Rheometer
binder up to 46% and 47%, respectively, as compared to at 25 °C for RTFO + PAV aged binder, according to [1],
the binder without wax additives. For CRM binder, the for long-term aged state. Fig. 8 shows the G*sin d, con-
addition of LEADCAP and Sasobit with the binder caused ducted on the RTFO + PAV binders. In Superpave binder
an increase in the parameter value to approximately 22% specification, the product of the complex shear modulus
and 29%, respectively, as compared to the control CRM (G*) and the sine of the phase angle (d) is used to control
binder. This trend was observed for all the binders. the fatigue cracking of asphalt pavement. According to
The statistical significance of the change in the G*/sin d Asphalt Institute (2003), the lower value of G*sin d is the
value as a function of the binder types and wax additive, desired attribute for the resistance of fatigue cracking.
782 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

Fig. 7. G*/sin d of the binders with wax additives at 64 °C (after RTFO).

Table 7
Statistical analysis results of the G*/sin d value as a function of the binder type and wax additives at 64 °C (RTFO aging).
Stiffness PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
PG 64-22 – N N S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + S – S S S S S S S S S
SBS – N S S S S S S S
SBS + L – N S S S S S S
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – N S N N S
CRM + L – N S N S
CRM + S – S N S
SIS – N S
SIS + L – S
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.

The modification of asphalt binder with SBS polymers According to the Superpave specifications, the maxi-
exhibited the higher G*sin d value as compared to unmod- mum requirement for G*sin d is 5000 kPa. As shown in
ified PG 64-22 binder. It shows that SBS does not play a Fig. 8, all the values are under 5000 kPa and satisfied the
significant role in improving the resistance for fatigue maximum requirement set by Superpave. It is predicted
cracking. In general, SBS binder containing Sasobit that the CRM binders have higher resistance on fatigue
showed higher G*sin d value compared to the control cracking at intermediate temperature compared to the
SBS binder, meaning that Sasobit results in the SBS binder unmodified PG 64-22 and other polymer modified binders
being less resistant to fatigue cracking at intermediate tem- (SBS and SIS).
perature [10]. The addition of LEADCAP into the binders The statistical results of the change in the G*sin d value
made a trend in reducing the G*sin d value and positively are shown in Table 8. The results showed that the binder
effecting the cracking resistance at intermediate tempera- types have a significant effect on the G*sin d values. It
ture. It was found that the addition of LEADCAP into was found that there was a statistically significant differ-
PG 64-22, SBS, CRM, and SIS modified binders reduced ence in the G*sin d values of these binders due to the addi-
the G*sin d by 11%, 27%, 21% and 43%, respectively. The tion of wax additives. In general, within each binder type,
trend shown in Fig. 8 describes that the binder containing the difference between LEADCAP and Sasobit was found
Sasobit shows the highest value and the binder containing to be statistically significant.
LEADCAP has the lowest value.
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 783

Fig. 8. G*sin d of the binders with wax additives at 25 °C (after RTFO + PAV).

Table 8
Statistical analysis results of the G*/sin d value as a function of the binder type and wax additives at 25 °C (RTFO + PAV aging).
Stiffness PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
PG 64-22 – N N S N S S S N S N N
PG 64-22 + L – S S N S S S N S N S
PG 64-22 + S – N N S S S S S S N
SBS – S S S S S N S N
SBS + L – S S S S S N N
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – N N S N S
CRM + L – S S S S
CRM + S – S N S
SIS – S N
SIS + L – S
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.

3.4. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test asphalt binder has a significant elastic component at the
test temperature.
3.4.1. Original binder The modification of asphalt binder affects the creep
MSCR tests were conducted on the original (un-aged) and recovery parameters significantly, as shown in
binder, according to AASHTO TP 70. Fig. 9 shows the Fig. 9. It shows that the addition of LEADCAP with
variation of creep compliance at 3.2 kPa stress level, the binders increased the Jnr value, and reduced the % Rec
percent difference of creep compliance and percent recov- value, while, the addition of Sasobit with binders reduced
ery of the un-aged binders with and without wax additives the Jnr and % Rec value. SBS modified binder showed
at 64 °C. MSCR test and specification represents a techni- the lowest Jnr value and highest % Rec value as com-
cal advancement over the current PG specification that will pared to the other binders. It means that SBS modified
allow for better characterization of the high-temperature binder showed comparatively higher recovery rate, after
performance related properties of an asphalt binder 1 s of creep load. Generally, the addition of LEADCAP
(Asphalt Institute, 2010). The non-recoverable creep com- and Sasobit increased the % Jnr value, as shown in Fig. 9
pliance Jnr addresses the high-temperature rutting for both (c). CRM binder showed a similar trend for rutting resis-
neat and modified binders. % Recovery provides an indica- tance as PG 64-22 binder. It illustrates that the MSCR
tion of the delayed elastic response of the asphalt binder. A test does not show improved results of rutting resistance
high delayed elastic response is an indication that the for CRM binder.
784 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

Fig. 9. Variations in creep compliance, percent recovery and percent difference in creep compliance of the binder with wax additives at 64 °C (No Aging);
(a) Jnr, (b) % Rec and (c) % Jnr.
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 785

The statistical significance of the change in creep and Table 10

recovery value for un-aged binder as a function of wax Minimum % Recovery from MSCR test for Jnr value
range (AASHTO TP 70).
additive and the binder types was analyzed and results
are shown in Table 9. Table 9(a) indicates that there was Minimum % Recovery for Measured Jnr values
a significant difference in the Jnr values depending on the Jnr at 3.2 kPa Minimum % Recovery
binder types. It was found that there was a statistically 2.0–1.01 30%
insignificant difference in the Jnr values of the binders due 1.0–0.51 35%
to the addition of wax additives. In general, within each 0.50–0.251 45%
0.25–0.125 50%
binder type, the difference between two wax additives was
also found to be statistically insignificant. The similar

Table 9
Statistical analysis results of the creep compliance, percent recovery and percent difference in creep compliance values as a function of the binder and wax
additives (No aging) at 64 °C: (a) Jnr (b) %Rec and (c) %Jnr.
Jnr PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
(a)
PG 64-22 – N N S S S N S N S S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S S S N S S S
PG 64-22 + S – S S S N S N S S S
SBS – N N S S S N N N
SBS + L – N S S S N N N
SBS + S – S S S N N N
CRM – S N S S S
CRM + L – S S S S
CRM + S – S S S
SIS – N N
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
% Rec C L S C L S C L S C L S
(b)
PG 64-22 – N N S S S N N N S S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S N N N S S S
PG 64-22 + S – S S S N N N S S S
SBS – N N S S S S S S
SBS + L – N S S S S S S
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – N N S S S
CRM + L – N S S S
CRM + S – S S S
SIS – N N
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
% Jnr C L S C L S C L S C L S
(c)
PG 64-22 – N N S S S S S S N S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S N N S N N S
PG 64-22 + S – S S N N N S N N S
SBS – N N N N N N N N
SBS + L – N S S N S N N
SBS + S – N N N N N N
CRM – N N N N N
CRM + L – N N N N
CRM + S – S N N
SIS – N S
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.
786 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

Fig. 10. Variations in creep compliance, percent recovery and percent difference in creep compliance of the binder with wax additives at 64 °C (after
RTFO); (a) Jnr, (b) % Rec and (c) % Jnr.
 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788 787

trends were found for % Rec and % Jnr, as shown in Table AASHTO TP 70 test procedure for MSCR indicates the
9(b) and (c), respectively (Table 10). minimum requirement for percent recovery for non-
recoverable creep compliance at 3.2 kPa stress level for
3.4.2. RTFO aged binder RTFO aged binder. SBS modified binder satisfied the min-
MSCR test was also conducted on the RTFO aged bin- imum requirement of 35%. The unmodified PG 64-22 bin-
der, according to AASHTO TP 70. Fig. 10 shows the vari- der and CRM binder, at 3.2 kPa, show the Jnr value of
ation of creep compliance at 3.2 kPa stress level, the greater than 2 kPa 1. According to the specifications, for
percent difference of creep compliance and percent recov- Jnr values greater than 2 kPa 1, there is no minimum
ery of the RTFO aged binders with and without wax addi- requirement of % Recovery.
tives at 64 °C.

Table 11
Statistical analysis results of the creep compliance, percent recovery and percent difference in creep compliance values as a function of the binder and wax
additives (after RTFO) at 64 °C: (a) Jnr (b) % Rec and (c) % Jnr.
Jnr PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
(a)
PG 64-22 – N N S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + L – S S S S S S S S S S
PG 64-22 + S – S S S S S S S S S
SBS – N N S S S N N N
SBS + L – N S S S N N N
SBS + S – S S S N N N
CRM – N S S S S
CRM + L – S S S S
CRM + S – S S S
SIS – N N
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
% Rec PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
(b)
PG 64-22 – N N S S S N N S S S S
PG 64-22 + L – N S S S N N S S S S
PG 64–22 + S – S S S N N S S S S
SBS – S N S S S S S S
SBS + L – S S S S S S S
SBS + S – S S S S S S
CRM – S S S S S
CRM + L – N S S S
CRM + S – S S S
SIS – S S
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
% Jnr PG 64-22 SBS CRM SIS
C L S C L S C L S C L S
(c)
PG 64-22 – N N N S S N N S N N S
PG 64-22 + L – N N S S N N S N N N
PG 64-22 + S – N S S N N S N N N
SBS – N S N N S N N N
SBS + L – N S N S S N N
SBS + S – S S S S N N
CRM – N S N N S
CRM + L – S N N N
CRM + S – S S S
SIS – N N
SIS + L – N
SIS + S –
C: Control, L: LEADCAP, S: Sasobit.
N: non-significant, S: significant.
788 A.W. Ali et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 11 (2018) 774-788

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