INTEGRATION

By:
AKSHAT MITTAL
SOMYA GUPTA
PULKIT NANDWANI
SAKSHAM BATRA
PRABHJOT SINGH
 Chapter Outline
❑ Introduction
❑ Some General Formulas
❑ Integration by Substitution
❑ Integration by Parts
❑ Evaluation of Definite Integrals

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 INTRODUCTION
Indefinite integration means antidifferentiation; that is, given a function
ƒ( x), determine the most general function F( x) whose derivative is ƒ ( x).
The symbol for this operation is the integral sign, ∫, followed by the
integrand (the function to be integrated) and differential, such as dx,
which specifies the variable of integration.

The definite integral of a function is closely related to the

antiderivative and indefinite integral of a function. The primary
difference is that the indefinite integral, if it exists, is a real number
value, while the latter two represent an infinite number of functions
that differ only by a constant.

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 SOME GENERAL FORMULAS

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 § 1.

Integration by Substitution

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Integration by Substitution

If u = g(x), then

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Using Integration by Substitution
EXAMPLE

Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.

SOLUTION

Let u = x2 + 2x + 3, so that . That is,

Therefore, And so we have

Rewrite in terms of u.

Bring the factor 1/2 outside.

Integrate.

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§ 2.

Integration by Parts

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Integration by Parts

G(x) is an antiderivative of g(x).

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Using Integration by Parts
EXAMPLE

Evaluate.

SOLUTION
Our calculations can be set up as follows:

Differentiate Integrate

Then

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Using Integration by Parts
CONTINUE
D

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§ 3.

Evaluation of Definite Integrals

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 Section Outline
❑ The Definite Integral
❑ Evaluating Definite Integrals
❑ Finding the Area Under a Curve
❑ Integration by Parts and Definite Integrals

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The Definite Integral

Where F(x) is integration of f(x) and

x= a or b

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Evaluating Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE

Evaluate.

SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. So, we have

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Evaluating Definite Integrals
CONTINUE
D
Consequently,

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Finding the Area Under a Curve
EXAMPLE

Find the area of the shaded region.

SOLUTION
To find the area of the shaded region, we will integrate the given function. But
we must know what our limits of integration will be. Therefore, we must
determine the three x-intercepts of the function.

This is the given function.

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Finding the Area Under a Curve
CONTINUE
D
Replace y with 0 to find the
x-intercepts.
Set each factor equal to 0.

Solve for x.

Therefore, the left-most region (above the x-axis) starts at x = -3 and ends at
x = 0. The right-most region (below the x-axis) starts at x = 0 and ends at x = 3.
So, to find the area in the shaded regions, we will use the following.

Now let’s find an antiderivative for both integrals. We will use u = 9 – x2 and
du = -2xdx.
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Finding the Area Under a Curve
CONTINUE
D

Now we solve for the area.

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Finding the Area Under a Curve
CONTINUE
D

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Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE

Evaluate.

SOLUTION

To solve this integral, we will need integration by parts. Our calculations can
be set up as follows:

Then

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Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
CONTINUE
D

Therefore, we have

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 THANK YOU

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