ENGLISH FINAL ASSIGNMENT

Clean Water Crisis

Arranged by :

Azkadela Sani Afifah 1706981642

Fauzan Azmi 1706057796
Meyrinda Putri Shaliha 1706981900
Millenny 1706057524
Muhammad Rizki Nursanto 1706056654
Rani Widyaningsih 1706982046

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

DEPOK

2018
 Statement of Authorship

We, Azkadela Sani Afifah, Fauzan Azmi, Meyrinda Putri Shaliha, Millenny,
Muhammad Rizki Nursanto and Rani Widyaningsih declare to the best of my/our
ability that the paper/assignment herewith is an authentic writing carried out by
ourselves. No other authors or work of other authors have been used without my
reference to its sources.

This paper/assignment has never been presented or used as paper/assignment for

other courses except if we clearly stated otherwise.

We fully understand that this assignment can be reproduced and/or communicated

for the purpose of detecting plagiarism.

Name : Azkadela Sani Afifah 1706981642

Fauzan Azmi 1706057796
Meyrinda Putri Shaliha 1706981900
Millenny 1706057524
Muhammad Rizki Nursanto 1706056654
Rani Widyaningsih 1706982046
Course : MPK-Ing
Paper/Assignment : Clean Water Crisis
Date : May 18th, 2018
Lecturer : Djauhari Jatus Sulichah S.S., M.Sc
Signature :

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Contents
Statement of Authorship..........................................................................................2
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................4
I. Definition of Clean Water Crisis..........................................................................4
1.1 Clean Water.................................................................................................4
1.2 Clean Water Crisis.......................................................................................4
II. Clean Water Crisis in Real Life..........................................................................5
2.1 Water Scarcity on Earth..............................................................................5
2.2 Clean Water Crisis in Indonesia..................................................................6
III. Causes of Clean Water Crisis.............................................................................7
3.1 Water Pollution............................................................................................7
3.2 Groundwater over drafting..........................................................................7
3.3 Overuse and misuse of water.......................................................................7
3.4 Climate change............................................................................................7
3.5 Loss of groundwater....................................................................................8
IV. The Impact Of Clean Water Crisis....................................................................8
4.1 Human Health Impact.................................................................................9
4.2 Environmental Impact.................................................................................9
4.3 Economic Impact.......................................................................................10
V. Prevention before we run out of clean water....................................................10
5.1 Education...................................................................................................10
5.2 Population Control....................................................................................11
5.3 Use another type of irrigation....................................................................11
5.4 Add more forest or other supporting area.................................................12
VI. Solving Clean Water Crisis..............................................................................12
6.1 Desalination...............................................................................................12
6.2 Fog Catcher...............................................................................................13
6.3 Water Is Life..............................................................................................13
VII. Conclusion......................................................................................................14
ABSTRACT

Water will not be gone in any point, but clean water will. Issues concerning
the scarcity of clean water in Indonesia has become a serious problem lately. It is
estimated that about 321 million Indonesians will experience water scarcity by
2025. (SOURCE) The main cause of this problem is unproportional population
growth which is not proportional to water availability and wasteful community
behavior.

I. Definition of Clean Water Crisis

1.1 Clean Water
Clean water (Freshwater) is natural water on the Earth's surface in the form of
ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, also
underground as groundwater. Clean water is generally characterized by having
low concentration of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term
specifically excludes seawater and brackish water because it includes mineral-rich
waters (Richard Middlelton, 2008).
Clean water is not the same as potable water (drinking water). Majority of
commonly used clean water comes from underground. However, existing fresh
water and groundwater on Earth’s surface are unsuitable for drinking without any
kind of treatments. This is due to the fact that clean water can be polluted by
human activities and might also be contaminated through naturally occurring
processes.

1.2 Clean Water Crisis

The water utilised by people now has been around in one form or another
since hundreds of millions of years ago. While the amount of clean water on the
planet has remained fairly constant over time, the population has increased
rapidly. This means, over time, the competition to claim clean, high supply of
water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and sustaining life, intensifies.
Despite of the current geographical condition, climate change, environmental
regulation, and competition for resources, there are still some parts of the world
that are wasting fresh water, while the others are faced with drought and severe
water pollution. In most developing country, clean water is hard to get and
requires extra or significant effort to obtain.
Clean water crisis (Water Scarcity) is the lack of clean water for human
needs. Many of the water systems that keep ecosystems thriving and feed a
growing human population have become stressed. Rivers, lakes and aquifers are
drying up or becoming too polluted to use. More than half the world’s wetlands
have disappeared. Agriculture consumes more water than any other source and
wastes much of that through inefficiencies. According to WWF, climate change is
altering patterns of weather and water around the world, causing shortages and
droughts in some areas and floods in others.

II. Clean Water Crisis in Real Life

2.1 Water Scarcity on Earth
According to the United Nations, water usage has grown at more than twice
the rate of population increase in the last century. Some 1.1 billion people
worldwide lack access to water, and a total of 2.7 billion find water scarce for at
least one month of the year. Inadequate sanitation is also a problem for 2.4 billion
people—they are exposed to diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, and
other water-borne illnesses. Two million people, mostly children, die each year
from diarrhea diseases alone.
By 2025, an estimated 1.8 billion people will live in plagued areas by water
scarcity, with two-thirds of the world's population living in water-stressed regions
as a result of use, growth, and climate change.
According to water.org, there are 884 million people who are living without
access to safe water, and 2.3 billion who are living without access to improved
sanitation. Even, 1 million people killed by water, sanitation and hygiene-related
disease each year, and every 90 seconds a child dies from a water-related disease.
 The water crisis is a health crisis. Access to safe water and sanitation means
opportunity for improved health and the ability to help fight disease. Access to
safe water means improved health for women and girls who no longer have to
delay finding a place to go. It reduced child and maternal mortality rates. It
increased dignity and reduced psychological stress for girls and women. It also
reduced physical injury from constant lifting and carrying heavy loads of water.
Lastly it reduced risk of rape, sexual assault and increased safety as women and
girls do not have to go to remote and to dangerous places to relieve themselves.
2.2 Clean Water Crisis in Indonesia
According to several book sources, in authentic records since 2000, there had
been a scarcity of clean water in some areas in Indonesia. The data showed that
Java Island had a water deficit of 2.809 billion m 3, Sulawesi 9.232 billion m3, Bali
7.531 billion m3 and NTT 1.343 billion m3.
In addition to the data above, there are also other facts about the scarcity of
clean water that began to hit areas in Indonesia. As news published in Jawa Pos on
September 18, 2014, drought hit a number of areas in Madura. A total of 262
villages experienced a clean water crisis. Drought-affected villages were spread
over three districts. 115 villages in Pamekasan, 58 villages in Sampang, and 89
villages in Bangkalan.
In addition to natural factors, the clean water crisis is also triggered by the
unavailability of PDAM installation to areas that often experience clean water
crisis, such as in coastal areas. For example, based on the 2005 PDAM report
indicates that the current level of clean water service in Surabaya City had only
reached 67%. Residents around Kenjeran Beach Surabaya, was a population that
is not served by PDAM Surabaya (Ali in News One, 2014).

Kenjeran with an area of 14.42 km and the population of 102,562 only 60%
of the population uses water PDAM. Meanwhile, the remaining 40% of the
population uses groundwater (wells). However, the well water available in the
area is yellow, cloudy and brackish (Irman, 2013).
Based on preliminary data compiled by the National Disaster Management
Operations Control Center (BNPB), there are 105 districts/municipalities, 715 sub
districts, and 2.726 villages in Java and Nusa Tenggara Islands experiencing
drought due to the normal drought of 2017.

III. Causes of Clean Water Crisis

As stated before, clean water is hard to obtain in certain areas. There are
many reasons why water can be hard to get. Water pollution, groundwater
overdrafting, overuse and misuse of water, and climate change act as powerful
catalysts on this thirsty combination, ensuring no respite from unsustainable
demand for a finite resource.

3.1 Water Pollution

Most of the sources of water in rural areas are terribly polluted due to poor
sanitation and lack of waste treatment plants. Overall levels of global pollutants
are having a negative effect on the drinking water that is currently clean, as time
goes on this damage will be exacerbated (Water Pollution and its Impact on the
Human Health, 2015). If there is conflict over an area of land, it may be difficult
to access the water that is located there. In the worst case scenarios, people could
end up dying if they try to access the water in these areas (due to violence). This
can result in a variety of other issues, including pollution, which we discussed in
the previous.

3.2 Groundwater over drafting

The excessive use of groundwater in our agricultural industries is leading to
diminished yields and wasted water. Over 70% of our water is used to grow crops
and most is wasted due to leaky pipes and poor watering techniques (Groundwater
overuse, 2015).

3.3 Overuse and misuse of water

This leads to more water being wasted and squandered for pointless reasons
and leads to further escalations of the crisis. Besides, Improper training and
education leads to needless waste of safe clean water every day, as well as overuse
in areas that don’t require so much water.
3.4 Climate change
Climate change is the catch-all term for the shift in worldwide weather
phenomena associated with an increase in global average temperatures (Robert. L
Wilby, 2017). It's real and temperatures have been going up around the world for
many decades. Reliable temperature records began in 1850 and our world is now
about one degree Celcius hotter than it was in the period between 1850 and 1900
– commonly referred to as the "pre-industrial" average (Wired, 2018).

The change is even more visible over a shorter time period – compared to
average temperatures between 1961 and 1990, 2017 was 0.68 degrees warmer,
while 2016 was 0.8 degrees warmer, thanks to an extra boost from the naturally-
occurring El Niño weather system (Wired, 2018). This temperature increase is
referred to as global warming, climate change is the term currently favoured by
science communicators, as it explicitly includes not only Earth's increasing global
average temperature, but also the climate effects caused by this increase.

3.5 Loss of groundwater

Due to climate change, human expansion and development is leading to loss
of groundwater worldwide. A drought is, in short, an area which is not getting
enough rainfall to be able to sustain the life that is residing there. Some areas are
in perpetual drought, whereas other areas may be dealing with a drought on
occasion. Droughts are common all over the world, and there is little that can be
done to prevent such things from happening (Groundwater overuse, 2015).

IV. The Impact Of Clean Water Crisis

Indonesia, the biggest archipelago in the world that contains 21 per cent of
water resources in Asia-Pacific, is facing clean water crisis in some areas of it’s
country. Clean water crisis is a condition where people are hard to find clean
water that proper for drinking, washing, or bathing. People, as a human life-being,
needs water to survive and meet their daily needs; however, more than 27 millions
of Indonesians are lack of safe water 1. The impact of clean water crisis is so

1
https://water.org/our-impact/indonesia
important that we can not be ignored. If we know how dangerous the impact of
this problem, we will realize how important it is to maintain the existence of clean
water. Clean water crisis causes human health, environmental, and economic.

4.1 Human Health Impact

In Indonesia, human disease like diarrhoea is still a major cause of death
amongst children under the age of five. Riskesdas 2007 reports diarrhoea as the
cause of 31 per cent of deaths between the ages of 1 month to a year, and 25 per
cent of deaths between the ages of one to four years old. 2 Around 88 per cent of
deaths caused by diarrhoea are linked to unclean water and poor sanitation. In
Indonesia as a whole, an estimated 60 percent of the rivers, especially in Sumatra,
Java, Bali, and Sulawesi, are polluted by wastes ranging from organic materials to
bacteria coliform and fecal coli, which are the causes of diarrhea.

Hundreds of residents in Lakardowo village, Jetis, Mojokerto, Jawa Timur

demonstrate to the governor about the appearance of diseases in their villages.
These diseases allegedly caused by PT PRIA industrial activities. Toxic waste
from this industry contaminate their groundwater. People here are so lack access
of clean water that they can not even use their groundwater anymore. In 2016,
there are more than 230 children of Lakardowo were suffered in dermatitis
disesase because of its contaminating water. Research finds that its groundwater
contains heavy metals, sulfates, and high TDS reach up to 2000 ppm.3

4.2 Environmental Impact

Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) says that more than 3.9
millions of Indonesians are struggling in drought. When the dry season comes,
some areas in Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, and Bali had been experiencing drought
continously since 1995. Moreover, a long dry season caused by El Nino that
happened in 1997, 2002, and 2015 causes drought increasingly spread.According
to Tribun News, In 2017, a total of 2.726 villages in Jawa and Nusa Tenggara are
experiencing drought. As a result, 3.9 millions people that are affected by drought
need clean water supplies.

2
https://www.unicef.org/indonesia
3
https://www.factualnews.co
 Drought also causes 18.516 hectares of agricultural land in Jawa and Nusa
Tenggara were failed to harvest. In addition, forest and trees are failed to grow
because the lack of water. In a long dry season in Kalimantan, drought caused
wildfire that had killed entire species in the forest. The smoke from the wildfire
were also inflict to respiratory disease and some of educational activity were
forced to closed.

4.3 Economic Impact

Higher demand of clean water affects to its price. According to
tanjungpinangpos.id, In Tanjung Pinang, Kepualauan Riau, most of residents
there have to spend Rp 300.000 to buy clean water in a month. Water from
PDAM is often jammed; therefore, they need to buy water from water peddler.
This problem is like an irony where people in some areas are free of charge
through access for clean water, these people are suffered to get the access for
clean water.

V. Prevention before we run out of clean water

Prevention is very important before we absolutely run out of clean water. The
crisis might not be felt by developed countries or major cities but we need to be
aware that even though it might not be affecting us, it is still happening to others
in many parts of the world. If things stayed the way they are, eventually we will
all face the same concern. It will be a global phenomenon, threatening all of us
without exception.

5.1 Education
The first step that we can do is to improve our education especially awareness
about how fast our clean water is depleting. This issue might not be a major
concern to some people, but it is certainly happening. Clean water crisis is not
only about not having drinking water, but also clean water to do daily chores like
bathing, cleaning, etc.
It is important to save water and to use it wisely. After being educated about
how fundamental clean water crisis is, poeple can start to help those who are
facing it at the moment. For instance, donating either with your time, skills, or
finances to organizations whose concern is clean water crisis could be an easy
way to help. People who are not facing it at the moment will also be more
cautious to use water wisely so it won’t happen to them in the near future.
5.2 Population Control
Another step is to control the population growth. Overpopulation creates a
greater demand for clean water. Malthusian Theory of Population said that human
population grow exponentially, while food production grows at an arithmetic rate
(Robert Malthus,1798). This means the human population will increase far
beyond the food sources available. In this case it is not limited to the availability
of drinking worthy water. To produce vegetables, meats, and most of foods, water
is very crucial too.
To solve this issue, the government has made some efforts. Education about
birth control and contraceptives have been a major attempt. In some places, higher
tax is enacted to families with a lot of kids. This method hopes to prevent rapid
addition of children in a family. No matter how hard we try to conserve water, if
the need for water itself is greater than the source available, it’ll be hard to fulfill
everyone’s needs.
5.3 Use another type of irrigation
Regarding of the population issue, one important thing that we need to know
is agriculture activities consume a lot of fresh water. It is estimated that 70% clean
water is used for agriculture needs (Jensen, 2007). Plants need to be watered daily
in order to mature. It takes a long time for a plant to grow until it is ripe enough
and be ready to be harvested. Some might even take years to develop until we can
consume them.
There are 3 main way to water the crops. By rain water, irrigation, or a mix
of both. In this case when a certain place doesn’t get rain, the amount of water
used for irrigation increases. In tropical countries, rain happens often because of
the high humidity level. But this doesn’t mean tropical countires don’t need
irrigation. Natural phenomenon like drought decrease the amount of rainfall.
There are three irrigation types; continuous flow, rotational irrigation, and
intermittent irrigation (Allen, 1998). The most used one is the continuous flow
which use the most water. People need to implement other irrigation types as
rotational and intermittent irrigation are more efective and save a lot of water.
5.4 Add more forest or other supporting area
Next is to maintain the availability of ground water. The main source of clean
water we usually use is ground water which came from rain. Ground water is a
body of water present under the earth’s surface. The existence of trees allows
water to be absorbed rather quickly. The roots that pierce through the earth helps
the water to pass easily by giving hollow space underground. By having a broad
forest area, there would be less run-off water and more to be saved underground.
Another solution is to have a large open area specialized to absorb rain. In
the city, having an open land might be hard because of the expensive land prices.
It is important nontheless to set aside some land to be used for open area.

VI. Solving Clean Water Crisis

To reduce and eradicate this crisis, there are several ways that can be done,
some of which are using technology like desalination process, fog catcher, and
products from a non-profit organizations called Water Is Life.
6.1 Desalination
One of the most known thing to help those in need of clean water is to build a
desalination plant which can transform salt water into clean water. The idea to
generate clean water from the oceans simply because the oceans have an
unlimited water. Hence, it can be said that the main resources to generate
desalination water won't be an obstruct to gain clean water. Instead, the
obstruction comes from the expensive cost to build the plant. Data from Texas
Water Development stated that a desalination plant which can generate 2.5 million
gallons per day will cost approximately $32 million and a desalination plant
which can generate 100 million gallons per day will cost approximately $658
million. Not just the installation of the plant is expensive, the cost of desalination
water is also expensive. In general, a thousand gallons of clean water from a
desalination plant costs around $2.50 to $5 for US consumer, compare to $2 on
conventional clean water.
 Even though it's expensive to generate clean water from the oceans, this
process is proven effective and used all over the world. Based on a data from The
International Desalination Association, as of June 2015, there has been 18.426
desalination plants in 150 countries worldwide, which generated more than 86.8
million cubic meters per day, and more than 300 million people around the world
who rely on it for their daily needs.

6.2 Fog Catcher

Fog catcher is a vast mesh nets that capture moisture from fog, this moisture
will be condensate into water. The water is then need to be filtered so it will clean
and drinkable. This method can be used in a high area where there are a lot of fog,
such as in the area of a mountain. The largest of these projects, which has been
managed since 2006 by a non-profit organization called Dar Si Hmad, is on the
slopes of Mount Boutmezguide in Morocco where 6.300 liters of water can be
harvested per day for 400 people in five villages.

The use of fog catcher is only effective in a high area and also can only
generate water for a small group of communities; therefore, communities which
are not located in a high area should consider to use other options.

6.3 Water Is Life

To some countries or communities that don't have enough resources to build a
desalination plant, fog catcher, or any other technology to produce clean water
and also their government isn't stable, they tend to depend on non-government
organizations. One of the non-government organizations that helps in reducing
clean water crisis in the world is Water is Life, which was founded in 2007 and
located in Edmond, Oklahoma, USA
They help communities around the world by using innovative technologies,
drilling/pumps, and excavation. Their technologies are The SunSpring, Water
Straw Filters, Bucket Filter System, and The Drinkable Book. These technologies
are not cheap, that's why they need to generate money from donation to help
eradicate this crisis.
Their flagship product is The SunSpring, which is a stand-alone and self-
contained solar and wind-powered filtration unit with an automated self-cleaning
maintenance system. They said the SunSpring can remove 99% of particulate
matter, turbidity, bacteria, viruses, and cysts dirtying any water source, from
murky rivers to buckets of rainwater. And the amazing thing is, one SunSpring,
which only cost $25.000, can filter up to 5.000 gallons of clean water per day for
10 years and beyond.

Since Water is Life established, they have provided 2.9 billion liters of clean
water in some water crisis countries, such as Haiti, N. Ghana, Thailand, Ethiopia,
Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Chile, Kenya, India, Flint, China, Mexico,
Congo, and Tanzania.

VII. Conclusion
Clean water crisis has become one of the most known problem in the world.
Clean water (Freshwater) is natural water on Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps,
glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and underground as
groundwater. Many of the water systems that keep ecosystems thriving and feed a
growing human population, have become stressed because the population has
exploded. The water crisis affect people’s health and the environment through
drought in the dry season. In addition, water crisis cause the increase of demand
and price. Water crisis is actually avoidable by improving our education,
controlling population growth, and maintaining the availability of ground water.
The solution for the water crisis is done trough desalination, fog catcher, and non-
profit organization.
It is important to save water and to use it wisely. There are a lot of preventive
solutions we never noticed which can make a great impact. Of course it is hard to
do it alone. Daily activity as simple as turning the tap water off while brushing
your teeth would be significant if done by many. The government also have the
responsibility to construct better regulations regarding clean water crisis. But at
least when we are aware about it, we can try to help. By doing so, we could learn
to appreciate the availability of clean water and try to make a difference.
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