MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE – HYDRAULICS (Fluid Properties)

FLUID PROPERTIES SURFACE TENSION
FLUID: Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to The membrane of ‘skin’ or ‘thin-film’ that seems to form on the free surface of a
shearing forces fluid that is due to the intermolecular cohesive forces.
● IDEAL FLUID
- Assumed to have no viscosity
- Incompressible
- Have uniform velocity when flowing
- No friction between moving layers of fluid
- No eddy currents or turbulence
● REAL FLUID
- Exhibit infinite viscosities
- Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
- Compressible
- Experiences friction and turbulence in flow Force along the interface
σ=
Length of interface
• NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- Water or Air 1. A fishing spider is known to float in water surface. A vertical force of 5.0 x
10-4 N is transmitted from each leg. Assuming the end part of the leg is in
• NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS contact with water surface horizontally, what is the minimum contact length
- Pseudoplastic Fluids to stay afloat? Angle of contact between the water and the legs is 75
- Dilatant Fluids degrees. Use surface tension = 0.0728 N/m.
- Bingham Fluids
CAPILLARY ACTION
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COMMON FLUIDS
Substance Specific Gravity (SG) Rise or fall of liquid in small conduits (Example: void spaces between soil, thin-
Air 0.001204 bore tubes) that is due to the combined effect of adhesion and surface tension.
Ethyl Alcohol 0.79 It depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the
Gasoline 0.68 adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.
Mercury 13.6 4σ cos θ
Sea Water 1.025 h=
γD
Water (at 4° C) 1.0
Data listed above are specific gravities of substances at 20 °C and 1 ATM unless stated otherwise. where:
h – capillary action (rise or fall) ɣ – Unit Weight
IDEAL GAS LAW σ – surface tension D – Pipe diameter
θ – contact angle
PV = mRT
P
DensityAir = 2. A plastic tube from Zesto has a radius of 2 mm. The surface tension of the
RT
where: Juice at 20°C is equal to 0.071 N/m. Contact angle is 10°. Determine the
P - absolute pressure T - absolute temperature capillary rise in the tube. Use unit weight 9820 N/m3.
V - volume R - gas constant 3. Mercury stands in a glass tube of 5.0 mm diameter at a height of 20.0 mm.
m - amount of substance (Normal Air R= 287 J/kg °K) (Glass-Mercury, θ = 130°). What is the true static height? The surface
Absolute Temperature: tension of mercury is 0.46 N/m.
SI: Tabs = [ T (°C) + 273 ] Kelvin
English: Tabs = [ T (°F) + 460 ] Ranking 4. If the 4-mm thick oil (SG = 0.85) film is in between two glass identical plates,
what is the expected rise of oil inside the plates if the surface tension is 0.546
Absolute Pressure: N/m and the contact angle is between oil and glass is 40 degrees.
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge (To be discussed below)
PRESSURE IN A DROPLET OF LIQUID OR AN AIR BUBBLE
1. The specific weight of Emperador Light is 7.788 kN/m3. What is the density,
Droplet (Liquid surrounded by Gas) & Air Bubble (Gas surrounded by Liquid):
specific volume and specific gravity?
4σ
ΔP =
2. Bristleback’s Viscous Nasal Goo weighs 7.2 lbs for a volume of one-tenth d
cubic foot. Calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity. Soap Bubble (Thin Film of Liquid enclosing a Gas and surrounded by Gas):
3. Approximate the density of air in Baguio when the temperature dip to 9.4 °C, 8σ
ΔP =
assuming an atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa. d
4. Five kilogram of hydrogen is confined in a mini SpaceY rocket with a volume where:
of 12,000 L at 25 °C. What is the pressure if R is 4.115 kJ/kg - K? Neglect ∆P – excess pressure d – droplet or bubble diameter
any possible change in state σ – surface tension

5. Droplets of size 3 mm diameter was produced from a shower. Determine the

excess pressure exists in the interior of these droplets considering that water
is at 35 °C. Assume σ = 0.0752 N/m at 0 (zero) degrees Celsius.
6. A person with very interesting skill can produce bubbles from the mouth.
Assuming σ = 0.0732 N/, what is the excess pressure of a bubble 4 mm in
radius?
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

VISCOSITY
3. CE May 2015. A mercury barometer at the top of a mountain reads 700
Viscosity is a property of a fluid that quantifies the ratio of shear stress to rate of
deformation (strain rate) of a fluid particle. It is property of a fluid which mmHg and at the same time the barometer at its base reads 800 mmHg.
determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces. Assuming that the unit weight of air is 12 N/m3 and specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6, what is the approximate height of the mountain?
Absolute Viscosity (also called Dynamic Viscosity)
𝜏 4. A hydraulic jack shown is filled with oil at 850 kg/m3. Neglecting the weight
𝜇= of the two pistons, what force F on the handle is required to support the 1.5
𝑈⁄𝑦
MT weight?
Kinematic Viscosity
𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
where:
𝜇 – Absolute Viscosity 𝜈 – Kinematic Viscosity
𝜏 – Shear Stress 𝜌 – Density
𝑈⁄𝑦 – Strain Rate

Units Absolute (Dynamic) Kinematic

SI: N-s / m2 m2/s
CGS: dyne-s/ cm2 cm2/s
English: lb-s/ ft2 ft2/s
5. CE MAY 2015. The unit weight of a liquid is variable and is given by the
relation 𝛾 = 10+0.5h, where 𝛾 is in kN/m3 and h is the depth of the liquid
from the free surface in meters. Determine the gage pressure in kPa at a
1. Benzene at 20 degrees has a viscosity of 0.000651 Pa-sec. What shear
stress is required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 7500 s-1? depth of 5 m.

2. A shaft 70.0 mm in diameter is being pushed at a speed of 400 mm/s through 6. The system in the figure is at 20oC. If atmospheric pressure is 101.33 kPa
a bearing sleeve 70.2 mm in diameter and 250 mm long. The clearance, and the pressure at the bottom of the tank is 242 kPa, what is the specific
assumed uniform, is filled with oil at 20 °C with 𝑣= 0.005 m2/s and SG = 0.90. gravity of fluid X? Specific weight of SAE 30 oil is 8720 N/m3
Use 1000 kg/m3 as density of water. Find the force exerted by the oil on the
shaft.
3. A square block weighing 1.1 kN and 250 mm on an edge slides down an
incline plane (20⁰ from the horizontal) on a film of 6.0 µm thick. Assuming a
linear velocity profile in the oil, what is the terminal speed of the block?
(Viscosity of oil is 7 mPa-s)

MANOMETRY AND PASCAL’S LAW

Pabs = Pgage + Patm
Patm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr = 29.92 in Hg
Pgage = ∑ γh
7. In the figure, both ends of the manometer are open to the atmosphere.
1. For the given fluid heights and specific gravities, calculate the pressure Estimate the specific gravity of fluid X. Specific weight of SAE 30 oil is
difference DP = PB - PA. 8720 N/m3.

2. The 500-kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in the figure is to be raised by
pouring oil (r = 780 kg/m3) into a thin tube. Determine how high h should be
in order to begin to raise the weight.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

GAS LAWS
NOTES: The pressure and temperature must be ABSOLUTE

BOYLE’S LAW (Pressure vs. Volume):

P1 V1 = P2 V2
CHARLES’ LAW (Volume vs. Temperature):
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW (Pressure vs. Temperature):
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
COMBINED GAS LAW:
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2

1. An open-top cylinder 1 m in diameter and 5 m high is to be submerged in

such a way that the open top will be facing the seawater surface (SG =
1.025). If the depth of the fluid inside the tank is 19.5 m from the seawater
surface, what is the volume of the air present inside the cylinder?
2. I will travel from my province to a certain urban area through a hot air balloon.
In my province, the temperature is 20°C and a barometric pressure of 800
mm Hg. I inflated the balloon using 30 cu. meter of dry air. What will the
volume of air inside the balloon be if I reached the urban area whose
temperature is -10 °C and barometric pressure of 650 mm Hg?

COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

COMPRESSIBILITY, β
Compressibility is the extent to which a fluid particle changes volume when
subjected to either a change in pressure or a change in temperature.

1
β=
K

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, K

-∆P -∆P
K= ∆V = ∆V
(V ) (V )
o o

1. A liquid is compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm3 to 990 cm3 at

2 MPa. What is the bulk modulus of elasticity?

SITUATION. At a depth of 10 km in the ocean, the pressure is 82.6 MPa, Assume

a specific weight at the ocean surface of 10.45 kN/m3 and the average bulk
modulus of elasticity of 2.34 GPa for that pressure range.
2. Determine the change in specific volume between the surface and 10 km.
3. Determine the specific volume at 10 km.
4. Determine the specific weight at 10 km.