中国地质大学(武汉)

学术硕士研究生学位论文
开题报告登记表

Nexus between energy consumption,

Financial development, and carbon
dioxide emission evidence from china and
Russia

Student ID: 1201790174

Master Candidate: Ishumbaev Konstantin

Faculty: School of Management and Economics

Major: Management Science and Engineering

Supervisor Name:王小林

Proposal Date: November 30th2020

I. Brief List

中俄天然气贸易的影响因素和潜力研究
 Thesis Title Research on the nexus between energy consumption, Financial development
(English) and carbon dioxide emission evidence from china and Russia
Source of Topic Free Project
Type of Topic Basic Research Is the paper classified? No
Date of defense Place of defense

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 This research major objective is to study the impact of the financial development, energy,
income, and consumption and the openers for trees for the carbon emissions in China and
Russia in the duration of 1980 to 2014. Hence the significant analysis of the impacts of
the C O 2 (carbon dioxide) emissions also called “green gasses emission: that is
considered as the underlying danger for these emissions. Currently, the negative impacts
of these emissions on the environment can also change that has become the major hot
topic around the world. More considerably, in the “united environment program” also
announces the overall world’s temperature that will further enhance the two degree
Celsius, that will modify that may be irreversible.
Therefore, for eliminating or decreasing the bad effects of these emissions, there must be
some controlled and planning points develop in the middle of the era and also at the end
of centuries. However, the research is focusing on identifying the major factors of the
C O 2emissions, the level of influence on each factor. This would be helpful for
analyzing the maximum effects of carbon dioxide that is emitted all around the
atmosphere, however, the limit of acceptance in the temperature also increasing more in
2020.
This research is focusing on the causal line between the “electricity, consumptions,
economic growth, and C O 2emission” in China and Russia for the period of almost 1990
to 2011 by using the causality analysis panel, on the dependence of accounting and
Abstract heterogeneity amount different countries. Hence, in the concerns of electricity-GDP
nexus, the “empirical results also used for supporting the evidence on the “hypothesis
feedbacks for Russia, the conventional hypothesis for South Africa”. While the
hypothesis related to the neutrality merge for the “china, Brazil, India” that indicates the
electricity consumptions, not for the growth of economic that is also sensitive for other
countries as well. Hence based on the GDP-C O 2emission nexus and feedback for Russia
and China is one way for grander causality that used to run from GDP to C O 2emissions
in Russia and China. Therefore, there is still no evidence for the Grander Causality in
between the C O 2and GDP in Russia and China. Moreover, the consumptions of
electricity are founded by the Granger causes of C O 2emissions in Russia and China,
therefore, the multiple results among different countries lie in the policies that will not
further uniformly implemented as well they have distinctive impacts on different
countries.
It should be noted that in the application of various scientific methods (factor
analysis, generalization, grouping, etc.) and the use of scientific literature, statistical
and analytical materials author: identifies key factors that characterize the current
situation and the influence of the emission of gas industry of Russia in the
cooperation countries, outlines the key tasks necessary to ensure dynamic and
effective development of the industry in the future.
Keywords: Electricity consumption, economic growth, C O 2emissions, Russia, CHINA, Panel
(3~5 words) Causality test, Dependency, and heterogeneity

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1. The basis of the topic selection (including the source of the topic, the purpose and
significance of the research, the current situation and development trend of research at
home and abroad, the development trend of scientific research, or the critical scientific
and technological problems in the development of “Nexus of electricity consumptions,
economic growth, and C O 2emission in the financial development national economy
and society that need to be solved urgently to discuss its application prospects. List of
main references attached)

（一）选题的来源，研究的目的，意义 Background, purpose and meaning of the topic

1. 选题来源 Background
Since in the eighty’s century, maintenance and environmental protection have
become one of the major economic points and first priority of social life around the
globe. Therefore, this concept is adopted by multiple countries “in the united states”.
That also wants to establish a special program known as “United Nations Environment
programs”. Since the leading profile of our University is Geosciences, I decided to link
this direction with my Department and came to the conclusion that the topic of emission
of C O 2cooperation between our countries is very relevant. At the moment, there is a
very strong complementarity between Russia and China in the C O 2energy aspect. China
pays great attention to participation in the search and exploration of the gas fields in the
Eastern regions of Russia. Therefore, the development of bilateral gas cooperation is
important not only for the accelerated development of the Russian economy(OZCAN 等,
2015).
As Emission of carbon dioxide has currently been knowns as the major problem
internationally, as a consequence the negative impact on the emissions on the changes o
climate, however, the climate changes of patterns of rainfall also enhance the storm
intensities and the levels of the rising sea. This result will ultimately modify the
ecosystems and multiple wildlife and human beings.

 研究目的 Objectives
o Problem Statement:

From the importance of carbon emission, the problems and the research objective
are to analyze the major impacts on financial development, energy consumptions, and

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 GDP, the carbon emission. This research will be done by analyzing more questions.
(JAMMAZI 等, 2015).
Moreover, the potential of finding scientific measurements for the potential for gas
emissions between China and Russia will further analyze the financial development
between these countries. The major objective of this research is to measure the
scientifically the potential C O 2gas emissions in China and Russia, some the research
questions are mentioned below that needs to be analyzed during research.

1. How financial development in China, Russia among the duration?

2. What are the GDP impacts on carbon emissions?
3. What are the major impacts of GDP on carbon emissions?
4. What are the major effects of energy consumption on carbon emissions?

 The major objective of the research:

The purpose is to research and analyze the impacts of financial development on
“carbon emissions”. Furthermore, the major objectives must be achieved by
a. To estimate the impacts of GDP, financial development, energy consumptions,
and trade openness, and carbon emissions.
b. To make research that processes the decision making for giving the facilities
for decreasing the emissions of carbon dioxide.

Moreover, for exploring the influential factors among the C O 2gas emission between China
and Russia. Therefore, the existing research, there is a huge gap between China and Russia
however, no accurate conclusions, and major influences for the trades gas and factors are
presented largely(MARQUES 等, 2017). Hence, based on the research analysis, the research
is focusing to build the “Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL).
Hence this research is trying to complete the gap, and recently, the literature work also
focuses on the major effects on the C O 2emissions on the environment. However, the
theoretical references are also used for enhancing the efficiency trade between the gas in
China and Russia.(LIU 等, 2017).

In order to better promote the financial development trade between China and
Russia to provide countermeasures and suggestions. An important purpose of this paper
is to analyze the current situation of C O 2emission gases between China and Russia,
grasp the structure of gas trade between China and Russia accurately, excavate the

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 current problems of gas trade between China and Russia, and provide practical guidance
for better promoting the development of gas trade between China and Russia.
(SALMORAL 等, 2018)

2. 研究意义 Research significance

Carbon dioxide is considered to be the Toxic gas and is largely available in the largest
quantities in all around the atmosphere that also have negative impacts on the environments,
as a result the, “Animal, humans, plants” and all living things are badly affected.
According to our research, there no significant research performs for investigating and
finding carbon emissions in Russia and China by considering the points of financial
development by using the different countries’ data.
Moreover, to analyze all those factors that affect the C O 2emissions will be helpful for
making the decisions and also formulating the different policies that require. Moreover, the
policymakers’ more objectives are to eliminate the emission of carbon dioxide. Hence, the
research is to make such ways for making the development more sustainable and the growth
in economic growth(JAMMAZI 等, 2018).
It’s conductive for the measurement of sciences for the impacts of emission gasses such as
C O2in the environment in between the Chin and Russia. That also gives the theoretical
impacts and major realizations for the advantages of analyzing the emission gasses on the
financial development in China and Russia(CAO 等 , 2018). Hence, the impact of the
research on the Nexus impacts on the emission of C O 2gases, theoretical research. also
promoting the financial development and impacts of emission gas C O 2.
Practical importance: in the latest novel era, the structure of the gases, in china, and Russia
is also modifying. Hence the influential analysis and the factors and the research on the
economic analysis also examines that used to run the equilibrium hence, the recent direction
for the relationship between the financial development and carbon emissions as well as the
economical growths, for the consumptions of energy and the trading operations in China and
Russia(DI FELICE 等 , 2019). More specifically, the research uses the “Autoregressive
distributed Lag (ARDL) also bounds for the procedure testing, also testing the units and
analysis of their relationships.

3. （二）国内外研究现状和发展趋势 Research status and development trend at

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 home and abroad

Sources and literature.

The research is focusing on the analysis and impacting the financial development
for the energy consumptions and the carbon emissions in China and Russia. Hence, for
following the research analysis and literature from different research’s the authors are
changing the relationships between “the capita income, and income inequality” is sued to
reserve for the different curving shape.
Furthermore, the C O 2emissions have also been considered by different researchers
the research also applies to identifying the major factors that will further influence the
emissions of C O 2and their levels however, the direction also lies the influences. The
most significant variables that were used to find the influences of C O 2emissions that
enhance financial development, economical growths, and the openness of trade and
consumption of energy.

Financial Development and C O 2emissions:

Among the multiple variables that also examining the financial development that
was far from the most famous testing procedure of Autoregressive distributed lag
(ARDL) for the purpose of testing procedures. However, the ARDL is bound for testing
the multiple proceeded, and the theory of employed co-integrations, vector errors for the
techniques of correction modeling. Moreover, the relationship examination in the
financial development and carbon emissions is technically used for the economical
growth, consumptions of energy, and openness of trades as well(LARSEN 等, 2019).
Furthermore, the use of “Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)” is bound to do the
testing for multiple procedures. More domestically it is used in private sectors and the
financial developments that most studies the financial developments and have the major
impacts on the C O 2emissions. Hence, the research presented the financial developments
that have major impacts on the C O 2emissions relationships.

Domestic products, economical growths, and domestic income as well as the C O 2emissions.
another point for the domestic variable in the researchers also paying the
following attention for the domestic products and generating economical
growths. Hence by using the “Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)” the

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 testing procedures and the co-integrations theories also the vector and the
techniques for the modeling of vector error corrections.
Moreover, the research on the long-run and the relations between the
economical growths and pollutant emissions and energy consumptions of
energy in China and Russia(FRANKOWSKA 等, 2019).
Hence, applying the modified versions for the causality test also indicates the
unidirectional causality existence that used to runs from the pollutant
emissions for the economical growths
However, the relationships examine the financial relationships developments
for the C O 2emissions and the growths of economical growths by using the
models.
Moreover, the literature work is also concentrated on the relationship
between the C O 2emissions and the level of income that is further used for
economical growth(ERDOǦAN 等, 2019).
according to the author in the hypothesis of china, the income has an
optimistic and significant impaction and influences on the emission of carbon.

 Research-based on the trades Openness and C O 2emissions

Alternatively, the research has found and lined the C O 2emissions and the trade
openness that resulted with the openness that changes with the resulted projects.
In the research analyze it has been presented that the trading of openness negatively
influencing the levels of C O 2however, in other countries, it has been observed the
positive and important impacts and relationships of C O 2and trade openness.

 Energy Consumption and C O 2emission

In the last, the research also used to attempt to addresses the relationships of C O 2
emissions and energy consumptions. Moreover, the research analysis the energy
consumptions that used to drive the C O 2levels for the environmental factors.
However, the research explains the carbon emissions that cause the consumptions
of energy.
In the more specific domain of the emission of C O 2between China and Russia,
however, many authors also explain much research that used to point out many energies
that are focusing on the many methods and results that plays a major part in the financial
and economical developments for the multiplicative developments. Currently, China’s

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energy consumptions and social developments. Hence for analyzing the mechanisms for
the energy tradeoff emissions the research is paying attention for the enterprises and the
governments trades(MAJI 等, 2019).
The literature works have shown the intensive interest in the relationships between eh
C O 2consumptions do and electricity emissions as well as economical growths.
However, the literature studies also divide into three major standards such as the
economical growth the energy consumptions and secondly nexus emissions of the
economic growth pollutant and final the relationships between the emission of pollutants
and growth of economic and growth of economics.
The major works fin terms of energy consumption and economical growth are also
introduced. This research on the causal relationship between the gross nation’s products
and the united states during timings(CREMADES 等, 2019).
The research articles were the unidirectional causality that runs from the GNP to the
energies without taking feedbacks, hence, the conclusions that the government preserved
the policies that pay the negative impacts on economic growth. Hence, the economical
literature research energy consumptions and economical growth(JIN 等, 2019).
However, the trade openness also have impacted on the C O 2emission consumptions
while the researcher explains the argument about the nations of high and low emissions.
That is used to deliver a higher level of openness. It also contains multiple variables for
controlling the variables. This thing contains the population sixes, the industrial
structures, and economic growth and C O 2emissions. This present as the trade openness
and the qualities for the environments that enhances the economical growths. While the
researcher liberalization trades that enhance the quality of environments due to the
resources that used to do more efficiently, hence the t strength and the internalization of
the instrumentals are also used to grow the sustainability.
In 2015, the researcher also argues that there are multiple researcher articles that ignore
the variable influence, that argue the financial openness and democracy. That is different
by the C O 2emissions and distributions(ŽIKOVIĆ 等, 2020).
While in terms of political variables of the democracy contains the multiple research that
influences the rules of environmental police and set by the counties. In the literature
works, this is also known as democracy the environmental pollution nexus.
The effects of the environments are, however, more complicated while the financial
openness and the variable scene the influential environmental pollution that used to
sense the financial infrastructure for the improvements that will further impact the
financial growths.

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However, both China and Russia are facing social transformation, realizing economic
development through economic restructuring. In terms of economic development, the
two countries have a unified goal, thus laying an important foundation and an effective
opportunity for gas industry cooperation between the two countries(SARKODIE 等 ,
2020). With the active encouragement of the two governments and the active
participation of enterprises, it is believed that the Russian C O 2 emissiongas industry
cooperation will be better and better.
China and Russia have good prospects for gas industry cooperation, and both sides
should seize the opportunity in time. On this basis, it also studies the advanced
international experience, and combines with the actual situation of Sino-Russian oil and
energy cooperation, puts forward the strategic system strategy of Sino-Russian energy
cooperation, which is based on oil and gas development and transportation strategy,
supported by oil and gas reserve strategy, and through a comprehensive strategic plan, to
achieve the long-term sustainable development of the oil industry between China and
Russia(TABATABAIE 等 , 2020). These include strengthening the construction of gas
reserve facilities, ensuring the safety of gas transmission, improving the quality of gas
development, insisting on the sustainability of energy development, and creating a good
gas cooperation environment(ENDO 等, 2020).
Sino-Russian energy cooperation played an important role in promoting the
economic development of the two countries. With the continuous development of
China's economy, China's gas production has been unable to meet its own snow demand,
and it is urgent to find new sources of energy supply. The Middle East and other regions
are difficult to form better cooperation stability because of high transport costs, and the
energy cooperation with Russia can completely avoid the above phenomenon. Although
there are still many problems in oil and gas cooperation between China and Russia that
have not been agreed upon, the intentions of the two sides have not been affected by
these problems. Compared with other countries in energy cooperation, China has greater
advantages in transportation, which can effectively reduce transportation costs. In
addition, the energy cooperation between China and Russia is not only on the economic
side. To a certain extent, it gives political color and promotes political cooperation
between China and Russia, which will play an important foundation for energy
cooperation between China and Hunger.
Moreover, the researchers focusing on the in-depth analysis of the advantages and
disadvantages of natural gas cooperation between China and Russia, and pointed out the

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differences between China and Russia in some questions and questions. Among them,
the price of natural gas has always been the topic of debate between China and Russia,
and the long-term disputes over price have led to the lagging of transportation route
construction, but at present, China and Russia are still in the middle of the debate. In
terms of Russia's intention to cooperate with natural gas, the above problems will be
gradually alleviated and finally reached an agreement(VAN DEN HEUVEL 等, 2020).
The researchers also took the Russian energy industry model as the main research
direction. From the point of view of the current Russian energy industry, it is difficult to
form a high degree of consistency between energy production and environmental
protection. Only by comprehensively improving the energy production structure, can the
negative impact on the environment be reduced. At present, Russia has used energy
production equipment for 30 years. In the past, if we want to renew these facilities, we
must invest more money. At present, the Russian country is not sufficient in terms of
funds. It is difficult to renew and optimize energy production equipment. If the Russian
country wants to reduce the impact on the environment and improve energy production
capacity, it must go beyond cooperation with other countries to improve economic
strength(LARKIN 等 , 2020). Therefore, the energy cooperation between China and
Russia will contribute to the economic development of Russian countries and promote
the political cooperation between the two countries.
Moreover, the researchers made a systematic analysis of Russia's energy diplomacy
through the way of combining theory with practice. At the same time, they made a
detailed summary of the problems existing in the process of oil and gas cooperation
between China and Russia, which had a great influence on the research of future
generations. In 2013, Qi Wenhai studied the strategic issues of Sino-Russian energy
cooperation, mainly focusing on Sino-Russian energy industry cooperation. Through a
comprehensive comparison of Sino-Russian energy industry cooperation, it was found
that Russia has a higher industrial production system, but there are still some
shortcomings in industrial upgrading, which requires a lot of investment. The energy
cooperation between China and Russia can not only promote the economic development
of the Russian Gothic countries but also contribute to the further realization of Russian
national industrial reform(AMIN 等, 2020). For China, it is absolutely possible to solve
the current shortage of oil and natural gas, so as to achieve mutual benefit and a win-win
situation.
Moreover, the authors analyzed the development process of energy cooperation
between China and Russia and put forward the opportunities and challenges in oil and

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gas cooperation between China and Russia. The energy cooperation between China and
Russia is the inevitable result of historical development. By discounting the development
process of Russian C O 2gas emissions cooperation, we can see that the main problems
faced by Russian cooperation are the lack of strategic game, political mutual trust, and
the difference in markets forecast between the two countries(SLORACH 等 , 2020). In
view of the above situation, we put forward corresponding rationalization proposals to
accelerate the long-term development of Sino-Russian energy cooperation. In 2014,
Yang Lei discussed in detail the reasons that restrict the cooperation between China and
Hungary and explained the problems of energy cooperation and pus and energy
competition between countries. The important influence of Russia's energy strategic
cooperation with other countries is put forward.

 Overview of China and Russia Economy

For the comparisons of carbon emissions in China and Russia with other countries,
we have found that the carbon emissions Reacher’s to the point of 3.6 metric tons er
capita and this is considered as the huger number compares with the other countries.
However, Egypt the carbon emissions were researched to the point of 2.6 meters tons per
capita. While the carbon emissions in 1.7 metric tons per capita are considered to be very
small as compared to the other countries.

 Gross Domestic Product:

In the economy of China and Russia, the research makes the development plans
that have the 4 different decades while the GDP has used to be grown naturally that
grows the non-oil development countries(MAHJABIN 等, 2020). With the world, bank
reposts the china and Russia are meeting the 22 million USD in 2009 and about 29
million USD in 2012.
While China and Russia achieved success in structuring the reforming of the
educations, healths, and liberalizations and privatizations. While China is focusing on
the concrete point towards the enhancements to change the climates and that performs
the business. While the Russian and china economy is also considered the economical
services that are services are constituted as the agricultural sectors(ETOKAKPAN 等,
2020).
Moreover, the researchers also facing the more complication due to the regional’s
shakiness, that have unemployment that are granting the economic and processes the
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natural resources of pressures.

Moreover, the researchers also explain and studying the economic transformation
process of China and Russia, found the differences in the supply and demand of oil and
gas resources between the two countries, and believed that the trade potential of China
and Russia in the field of oil and gas is huge, so the oil and gas trade should be placed at
the core of the economic level of China Russia strategic partnership. Although the
development of gas trade between China and Russia seems to be very smooth at present,
factors such as imperfect transnational energy investment mechanisms still restrict both
sides in the oil and gas trade. For the development of the region, China and Russia
should take action to remove these obstacles(HADENGUE 等, 2020).

 Banking sectors
The Chinese and Russian banking sectors are one of the major pillars that support the
economy. That used to demonstrate the saturated, which is also witnessed in the period
of financial risks and the slowdown economy(HAJI 等, 2020). Hence the banking sectors
are used to explains the moderns and advances from the prefects the destinations of
investments.

4. Methodology and Data analysis

the research objectives are to analyze the research with the impacts of financial
development and the GDP consumptions of energy, the trade openness and the
emission of carbon in china and Russia.

 Estimation Strategy
The “Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) is used for a bounded testing
procedure that is introduced for testing the long-run equilibrium relationships in the
C02 emissions that explains the variables such as “(financial developments, GDP,
energy consumptions and trader openness)”.
However, the ARDL also becomes among the various researchers that is compares
with the single integration procedures(SCHWOERER 等 , 2020). The advantages
also apply by the ARDL, which firstly portion the regressors models and that also

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 bounds the approach of testing bounding to the unbiased estimations of the long run
that is valid t-statistics, hence the problems endogeneity also estimates the
coefficients over the long run associates with the pick-up methods.

 Foreigner researches

There are two most commonly used research methods on trade potential. One
method is to calculate comparative advantage or complementarity index. The authors
calculated the export competitiveness of different countries by constructing export
similarity and export similarity weighted index, and further analyzed their trade
potential. Another method is to make an empirical analysis with the aid of the trade
gravity model. The trade gravity model, as the name implies, is the application of the
gravity model in trade issues(MAHJABEEN 等, 2020).
The researchers first applied the gravity model to the international trade problem.
Its core idea is that the trade scale of the two countries is directly proportional to their
GDP and inversely proportional to the distance between the two countries. As the model
has a strong ability to explain practical trade problems, it has been widely recognized by
scholars and used to measure trade potential(DOGAN 等, 2020).
Moreover, the researchers used panel data from 2000 to 2012 to measure the trade
potential between India and Central Asian countrie and found that the trade potential
between India and Central Asian countries is huge, but there are still some geopolitical
problems hindering their trade development. Therefore, both sides should strive to seek
ways to improve trade. In addition, the historical and cultural rejuvenation of India and
Central Asia will also promote bilateral trade.

 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Co-Integration Analysis

the single co-integration techniques are called as “autoregressive distributed lag
(ARDL) used for the bounded testing and the approach of the integrations is also
introduced by the many research. While the ARDL co-integration approaches have
multiple advantages that is compares with the many co-integration methods a
procedure(TEITELBAUM 等 , 2020). So, the estimation in long-run relationships,
the ARDL bounds the approached for testing the bound for the co-integration that
involves the two steps. The first step is used to analyze the long-run relationship
existences. While the procedure of bound testing is also based on the F-statistics

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 and wald statistics that are used for testing the null hypothesis, this shows there are
no co-integrations(NOROUZI 等, 2020).
Hence, in a long-run relationship there exist the variable that will further used for
the error- correction models(LE, 2020).

5. Summary
The research explains the complicated relationships between financial development
and energy consumptions, as well as the trade open and C O 2emissions in China and
Russia that are covered in 1980 and 2012. While the research used the time series
techniques for the data collections from the world bank and their data-based(ZAREI,
2020). Moreover, the bound F-test will perform for the F-test and for co-integration
testing the produces for the proofs of long-run relationships in the carbon emissions and
energy emissions. While the financial development and trade openness and the results
explain the support for validating the country-based hypothesis. Moreover, the C O 2
emissions also enhance the level of income initially while further, it will be used for the
point of stabilizations that will later decrease in china and Russia. However, the long-
run elasticity for the emissions of C O 2also used for the energy consumptions positively
that will further enhance the relationship between the emission of C O 2and GDP in the
positive long run(ALI 等, 2020).
Through the research on the energy cooperation between China and Russia by
scholars from China, Russia, and other countries, different scholars have analyzed it
from different angles(MAHLKNECHT 等 , 2020). Most scholars agree that Russia has
abundant energy resources and that China has technological and economic advantages
and can bargain separately with Russia in terms of trade. The difference is that this paper
combines the current political environment of China and Russia as well as the current
situation of gas trade, but from the perspective of gas analysis(MALAGÓ 等, 2021). The
connection is that we can fully draw on the research methods and characteristics of
previous studies to pave the way for this study(TIAN 等, 2021).
Based on the background of the new era, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis
of the gas trade between China and Russia, analyzes the basis of gas trade from the
perspective of theory and reality, analyzes the causes of gas trade from the perspective of
the domestic and international environment, and analyzes the gas production,
consumption and current situation of gas trade between China and Russia. This paper
defines the concept of trade potential and analyzes the influencing factors of Russia's oil

15
 and gas export potential qualitatively according to the trade gravity model and PEST
factor analysis model(LEE 等, 2021). the model is used to evaluate the trade potential,
and the stochastic frontier trade gravity model is used to measure the trade efficiency and
trade potential. The main factors that affect the trade potential are obtained and the
corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

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6. Research content and objectives (describe the specific research content,

research objectives, and key issues to be solved.)

（一）研究内容 Research contents

Based on the current situation of gas trade between China and Russia, this paper
analyzes the influencing factors of emission of C O 2in China and Russia by combining
qualitative and quantitative analysis, and constructs a stochastic frontier trade gravity
model to measure the potential of bilateral trade between China and Russia. This paper
consists of six parts:
Chapter one: introduction. This chapter is divided into four sections, the first
section describes the background of the topic; the second section is the purpose and

19
significance of the study; the third section is the literature review at home and abroad,
mainly summarizes the research results of domestic and foreign scholars, and reviews
the current literature; the fourth section describes the research methods and technical
routes.
Chapter two: related concepts and theoretical basis. This chapter mainly defines the
concept of gas trade and gas trade potential, and then uses the theory of factor
endowment, comparative advantage, intra industry trade and other relevant theories of
gas international trade to further extend the international trade situation of gas between
China and Russia.
Chapter three: analyze the current situation of the financial development and
impacts of C O 2between China and Russia. This chapter first analyzes the openness
trade scale between China and Russia, then analyzes the structure of C O 2emissions
trade between China and Russia, and finally analyzes the status of gas trade between the
two countries.
Chapter four: Empirical Study on the influencing factors and trade potential of gas
trade between China and Russia. In this chapter, based on the existing research, we select
the relevant variables and put forward two hypotheses.
Chapter five: countermeasures and suggestions. Based on the analysis of the current
situation and the results of empirical analysis, this chapter puts forward countermeasures
and suggestions to promote the development of gas trade between China and Russia.
Chapter six: conclusion. Based on the previous theoretical and empirical analysis,
this paper summarizes the whole paper.

Research Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1:
H0: There is no significant effect of cooperation between the regions of the
Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the energy field on the
increase in the level of export demand for Russian energy resources.
H1: There is a significant effect of cooperation between the regions of the Russian
Federation and the People's Republic of China in the energy field on the increase in the
level of export demand for Russian energy resources.
Hypothesis 2:
H0: There is no significant effect of C O 2emission between China and Russia on
improving economic cooperation between countries.
H1: There is significant effect of C O 2emission between China and Russia on

20
 improving economic cooperation between countries.

Table of Contents
（一）选题的来源，研究的目的，意义 Background, purpose and meaning of
the topic..........................................................................................................................5
1. 选题来源 Background............................................................................................5
 研究目的 Objectives.............................................................................................5
 The major objective of the research:.......................................................................6
2. 研究意义 Research significance...........................................................................7
3. （二）国内外研究现状和发展趋势 Research status and development trend at
home and abroad............................................................................................................7
Sources and literature.....................................................................................................8
Financial Development and CO 2emissions:..................................................................8
Domestic products, economical growths, and domestic income as well as the CO 2
emissions........................................................................................................................8
 Research-based on the trades Openness and CO 2emissions..................................9
 Overview of China and Russia Economy.............................................................13
 Gross Domestic Product:......................................................................................13
 Banking sectors.....................................................................................................14
4. Methodology and Data analysis............................................................................14
 Estimation Strategy...............................................................................................14
 Foreigner researches.............................................................................................15
 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Co-Integration Analysis.....................15
5. Summary...............................................................................................................16

（二）研究目标 Thesis goals

1) To explore the influencing factors of C O 2emission and trade between China and
Russia. In the existing literature, there are great differences in the research on the
influencing;
2) Scientific measurement of the potential of C O 2emission between China and
Russia;
3) In order to better promote the development of C O 2emission trade between

21
China and Russia to provide countermeasures and suggestions.
（三）拟解决的关键问题 Key problems to be solved
In order to conduct successful research and be able to provide answers for the above
objectives, the question will be raised up to respond 3 main objectives:
1) to determine the main directions of financial development and effects of C O 2
emissions of Russia and China and their motivation;
2) To make an empirical factors analysis and test model on collected data;
3) To make specific conclusions and recommendations on the findings of the study.

7. Research scheme and feasibility analysis (including research methods,

technical routes, theoretical analysis, calculation, experimental methods and
steps and feasibility, etc.

（一）研究方法 Research Methodology

1)Document retrieval method
Through a large of classical and the latest research literature at home and abroad to
understand and master the academic frontiers and trends in this field. Firstly, the research
content, research hypothesis, research method and research conclusion of the existing
research literature are sorted out, and then the relevant research literature is compared
and analyzed to seek the breakthrough point of the paper. Through high-quality literature
retrieval at home and abroad, the author understood and mastered the latest theoretical
and empirical research results on the factors influencing gas trade, thus providing ideas
for the construction of SFGM in this paper and laying a theoretical basis for the follow-
up research.
2) Comparative analysis
Comparative analysis is generally divided into two methods: horizontal comparative
analysis and vertical comparative analysis. Horizontal comparison is mainly to find out
the differences and common points between the research objects by comparing them. In
this study, by comparing the types of natural gas between China and Russia, the trade
scale, import and export structure and trade status of natural gas between China and
Russia are analyzed. Vertical comparison is mainly comparison of different periods. In
this study, based on the natural gas trade between China and Russia between 2002 and
2018, the overall trend and trade structure of natural gas trade between China and Russia
were analyzed to grasp the characteristics of natural gas trade between the two countries
from a macro level.
3) Quantitative research

22
 This paper, based on theory and empirical evidence, uses relevant natural gas trade
data to analyze the current situation of Sino-Russian natural gas trade. Combining the
influence factors of basis trade and human factors as explanatory variables, this
proposition integrates the stochastic frontier method and gravity model well and provides
a new idea for the study of trade efficiency.. Based on the established measurement
model, the gas trade efficiency between China and Russia was calculated, and the gas
trade potential between countries was quantitatively calculated by means of quantitative
analysis.

（二）技术路线 Technical route

23
 （ 三 ） 理 论 分 析 、 计 量 方 法 和 步 骤 及 可 行 性 分 析 Theoretical analysis,
measurement methods, steps and feasibility analysis
1.理论分析及可行性 Theoretical analysis and feasibility
1) Preliminary theoretical knowledge reserve
We have read a lot of relevant literature at home and abroad, analyzed the current
situation and trend of domestic and foreign research, and obtained the content of the
research from the related theories and methods of predecessors with practical
significance.
2) Complete data
Taking Russia’s and China's provinces as research units, data collection on foreign
economic activity of oil and gas companies is relatively complex and complete.
3) Personal research experience
I have participated in research projects and conferences related to energy
cooperation between Russia and China, where were used relevant models and software,
and experiences in the writing methods of scientific and technological papers, which will
used a solid foundation for the writing of this dissertation.
4) Tutor guidance
Under the strong guidance of the tutor, the title and content of the paper were
determined.
2. 计算方法和步骤及可行性 Calculation method, steps and feasibility
This topic is operable and can effectively achieve the purpose and requirements of
this topic by drawing on the previous research experience in the measurement of
economic resilience and the analysis of influencing factors and combining with specific
analysis of specific problems. It is feasible to do a good job of each stage of research
work in accordance with the time stipulated by the school in terms of time and specific
implementation steps.
24
 四、本研究课题的创新点 Innovation of this research topic
As the best of the study of modern cooperation between Russia and China in the gas
sector, there no well-studied exit before and is the subject of discussion about possible
directions and methods of cooperation.
The stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM) was used to empirically analyze the
influencing factors and trade potential of Sino-Russian gas trade, allowing trade
conflicts, avoiding the deviation of estimation results caused by traditional trade gravity
model, and enhancing the credibility of the research results.
五、研究基础与工作条件（与本项目相关的研究工作基础，包括已具备的工作条
件 ， 尚 缺 乏 的 工 作 条 件 及 拟 解 决 途 径 等 ） Research basis and working conditions
(research basis related to the project, including existing working conditions, working
conditions lacking and proposed solutions, etc.)
The school library has abundant books and electronic resources of network
database, and the acquisition of relevant research literature and data can meet the basic
requirements of this topic. During the postgraduate period, I have mastered basic
professional knowledge and skills, skilled operation of SPSS, Stata and other related
computer software, and have a lot of time and energy to carry out research and paper
writing on this topic.

学位论文工作计划及预期研究成果
Dissertation work plan and expected research results

Time Research contents Expected research results

Consolidate the relevant

theoretical basis, complete
the opening report, and
Read the relevant literature and
make corresponding
2020.07-2020.10 determine the framework of the
amendments according to
paper
the comments of the
reviewing group of the
opening report.
According to the literature and
related research results, the The Theoretical Basis of
2020.11-2020.12
paper is written in the early Writing Papers
stage.

25
 Collect and process relevant Complete the data analysis
data, and use measurement and processing part of the
2021.01-2021.02
software to achieve the results of paper, and get the empirical
the paper results.
Finish the first draft of the
2021.02-2021.03 Thesis writing and revision
paper
Revising and perfecting the
Finish the final draft of the
2021.03-2021.04 thesis under the guidance of the
paper
tutor

Complete thesis submission

2021.05-2021.06 Oral defense
and defense

26