SCIENCE 2 MODULE Santa Monica Institute of Technology MODULE 1 WEEK NO.

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DATE: 9-14-2020
Andrada Building, Cabili Avenue
x City
Iligan
(+63)221-2678

Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED)

Science 1: Teaching Science in Elementary Grade (Biology and Chemistry)
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021 Instructor: Dominic Ray Y. Gequilan, LPT

Introduction

Fundamental and fascinating facts about biology (pronounced as buy-AHL-oh-

jee). The word, biology comes from the ancient greek bio (life) and –logy (study
of). Modern biology, then, is literally the “study of life” in all its forms – plants,
animals.

Rationale
Biology as the scientific study of living things is a relatively recent development. The
term has been in use since the early 1800s to describe the study of living organisms.
Basically, an organism is a living thing that is highly organized. By this we mean
than an organism has a high degree of Biological Order, a very organized pattern.
Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Explain the different function and uses of special senses.

B. Discuss the importance of special senses.

Activity

Instruction: List at least 10 uses of our senses.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Discussion

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Functions of Special Senses

The functions of the five special senses include:

Vision- Sight or vision is the capability of the eye(s) to focus and

detect images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina of each
eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues,
and brightness.
Hearing- Hearing or audition is the sense of sound perception.
Taste- Taste refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances
such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc.
Smell- Smell or olfaction is the other “chemical” sense; odor
molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific
receptors more or less strongly; this combination of excitatory signals
from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule’s
smell.
Touch- Touch or somatosensory, also called tactition or
mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural
receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the
tongue, throat, and mucosa.

The Eye and Vision

Vision is the sense that has been studied most; of all the sensory receptors in the
body 70% are in the eyes.

Anatomy of the Eye

Vision is the sense that requires the most “learning”, and the eye appears to delight
in being fooled; the old expression “You see what you expect to see” is often very
true.

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External and Accessory Structures

The accessory structures of the eye include the extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids,
conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus.

Eyelids - Anteriorly, the eyes are protected by the eyelids, which meet at the
medial and lateral corners of the eye, the medial and lateral commissure
(canthus), respectively.
Eyelashes - Projecting from the border of each eyelid are the eyelashes.
Tarsal glands - Modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges
are the tarsal glands; these glands produce an oily secretion that lubricates
the eye; ciliary glands, modified sweat glands, lie between the eyelashes.
Conjunctiva - A delicate membrane, the conjunctiva, lines the eyelids and
covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball; it ends at the edge of the
cornea by fusing with the corneal epithelium.
Lacrimal apparatus - The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland
and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into the nasal
cavity.
Lacrimal glands - The lacrimal glands are located above the lateral end of
each eye; they continually release a salt solution (tears) onto the anterior
surface of the eyeball through several small ducts.
Lacrimal canaliculi - The tears flush across the eyeball into the lacrimal
canaliculi medially, then into the lacrimal sac, and finally into
the nasolacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity.
Lysozyme - Lacrimal secretion also contains antibodies and lysozyme, an
enzyme that destroys bacteria; thus, it cleanses and protects the eye
surface as it moistens and lubricates it.

Extrinsic eye muscle. Six extrinsic, or external, eye muscles are attached to

the outer surface of the eye; these muscles produce gross eye movements and
make it possible for the eyes to follow a moving object; these are the lateral
rectus, medial
rectus, superior
rectus, inferior
rectus, inferior oblique,
and superior oblique.

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Internal Structures: The Eyeball

The eye itself, commonly called the eyeball, is a hollow sphere; its wall is composed
of three layers, and its interior is filled with fluids called humors that help to
maintain its shape.

Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball

Now that we have covered the general anatomy of the eyeball, we are ready to get
specific.

Fibrous layer - The outermost layer, called the fibrous layer, consists of the
protective sclera and the transparent cornea.
Sclera - The sclera, thick, glistening, white connective tissue, is seen
anteriorly as the “white of the eye”.
Cornea - The central anterior portion of the fibrous layer is crystal clear;
this “window” is the cornea through which light enters the eye.
Vascular layer - The middle eyeball of the layer, the vascular layer, has
three distinguishable regions: the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
Choroid - Most posterior is the choroid, a blood-rich nutritive tunic that
contains a dark pigment; the pigment prevents light from scattering inside
the eye.
Ciliary body - Moving anteriorly, the choroid is modified to form two smooth
muscle structures, the ciliary body, to which the lens is attached by a
suspensory ligament called ciliary zonule, and then the iris.
Pupil -The pigmented iris has a rounded opening, the pupil, through which
light passes.
Sensory layer - The innermost sensory layer of the eye is the delicate two-
layered retina, which extends anteriorly only to the ciliary body.
Pigmented layer - The outer pigmented layer of the retina is composed
pigmented cells that, like those of the choroid, absorb light and prevent
light from scattering inside the eye.
Neural layer - The transparent inner neural layer of the retina contains
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millions of receptor cells, the rods and cones, which are
called photoreceptors because they respond to light.
Two-neuron chain - Electrical signals pass from the photoreceptors via a
two-neuron chain-bipolar cells and then ganglion cells– before leaving the
retina via optic nerve as nerve impulses that are transmitted to the optic
cortex; the result is vision.
Optic disc - The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire retina,
except where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball; this site is called the optic
disc, or blind spot.
Fovea centralis -Lateral to each blind spot is the fovea centralis, a tiny pit
that contains only cones.

Lens
Light entering the eye is
focused on the retina by the
lens, a flexible biconvex,
crystal-like structure.

Chambers -The lens

divides the eye into
two segments or
chambers;
the anterior
(aqueous) segment,
anterior to the lens,
contains a clear,
watery fluid
called aqueous
humor;
the posterior
(vitreous)
segment posterior to
the lens, is filled with a gel-like substance called either vitreous humor, or
the vitreous body.
Vitreous humor -Vitreous humor helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing
inward by reinforcing it internally.
Aqueous humor - Aqueous humor is similar to blood plasma and is
continually secreted by a special of the choroid; it helps maintain
intraocular pressure, or the pressure inside the eye.
Canal of Schlemm - Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the venous blood
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through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm, which is located at
the junction of the sclera and cornea.

Eye Reflexes
Both the external and internal eye muscles are necessary for proper eye function.

Photopupillary reflex -When the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light,
the pupils immediately constrict; this is the photopupillary reflex; this
protective reflex prevents excessively bright light from damaging the
delicate photoreceptors.
Accommodation pupillary reflex - The pupils also constrict reflexively when
we view close objects; this accommodation pupillary reflex provides for
more acute vision.

Exercise

Instruction: Identify and answer the following.

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Reflection

We should take care of our eyes, for it is the very important organ of our body. The Eye is the window of our
soul. The eye is responsible for us to see the beauty of this world. We appreciate physical matters through seeing
it in our eyes.

Resources and Additional Resources

 Campbell, Neil.. et.al Biology. Eight Edition
 Biology Demystified: A self- teaching guide
Dr. Dale Layman

Additional Resources:

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 https://nurseslabs.com/special-senses-anatomy-physiology/

Assessment

TEST 1: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Projecting from the border of each eyelid.

a. Eyelids c. Conjuctiva
b. Lacrimal glands d. Eyelashes
2. The outermost layers, consists of the protective sclera and the transparent
cornea.
a. Cornea c. Nueral layer
b. Vascular layer d. Fibrous layer
3. The central anterior portion of the fibrous layer is crystal clear; this
“window” is which light enters the eye.
a. Cornea c. Neural layer

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b. Vascular layer d. Fibrous layer
4. Is similar to blood plasma and is continually secreted by a special of the
choroid; it helps maintain intraocular pressure, or the pressure inside the
eye.
a. Chambers c. Aqueous humor
b. Vitreous humor d. Canal of Schemm
5. Consists of the lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the
lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity.
a. Tarsal glands c. Lysozyme
b. Lacrimal apparatus d. Lacrimal canaliculi
6. Moving anteriorly, the choroid is modified to form two smooth muscle
structures.
a. Pupil c. Ciliary body
b. Sensory layer d. Choroid
7. When the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils
immediately constrict; this is the photopupillary reflex.
a. Vitreous humor c. Accommodation pupillary reflex
b. Aqueous humor d. Photopupillary reflex
8. The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire retina, except
where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.
a. Sensory layer c. Fovea centralis
b. Optic disc d. Two-neuron chain
9. The tears flush across the eyeball into the lacrimal canaliculi medially,
then into the lacrimal sac, and finally into the nasolacrimal duct, which
empties into the nasal cavity.
a. Lacrimal canaliculi c. Lysozyme
b. Pupil d. Sensory layer
10. Thick, glistening, white connective tissues, is seen anteriorly as the
“white of the eye”.
a. Pupil c. Tarsal glands
b. Sclera d. Lysozome

Test II- Essay

1. How would you prevent your children in using gadgets at home? Is there
any other way that you can divert their attention in non-gadgets for
leisure? How?
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2. Is there a big impact in the behaviour of our learners in using gadgets
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and screen dependent learners? Does it justify that their behaviours are
changed because of using gadgets? Explain.
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3. In what way you cared your eyes? Is there an activity that you use
abusively your eyes? Did you make steps in caring them? How?
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