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Insect Molecular Biology: Winter 2020-21 Course Coordinator: Dr. Zain Ul Abdin Contact

This document provides information about the course ENT-708 Insect Molecular Biology taught by Dr. Zain ul Abdin at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. It includes the course contents which cover topics on insect cell structure, genetics, molecular biology techniques. It lists practical experiments on nucleic acid extraction and electrophoresis. Suggested reading materials are also provided. The document is authored by Dr. Zain ul Abdin who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Entomology at UAF and can be contacted via email.

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Syed Ali Hadi
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163 views26 pages

Insect Molecular Biology: Winter 2020-21 Course Coordinator: Dr. Zain Ul Abdin Contact

This document provides information about the course ENT-708 Insect Molecular Biology taught by Dr. Zain ul Abdin at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. It includes the course contents which cover topics on insect cell structure, genetics, molecular biology techniques. It lists practical experiments on nucleic acid extraction and electrophoresis. Suggested reading materials are also provided. The document is authored by Dr. Zain ul Abdin who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Entomology at UAF and can be contacted via email.

Uploaded by

Syed Ali Hadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENT-708, 2 (1-1)

INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


Winter 2020-21

Course coordinator: Dr. Zain ul Abdin


Ph.D (Italy), Fulbright Postdoc (USA)
Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail. [email protected]
Course contents:
Theory

➢ Introduction to insect cell, structure of the nucleus, chromosomes and cell division
➢ Composition of insect DNA and Genetic systems in insects and dynamics of insect
genome
➢ Central dogma of molecular biology
➢ A brief of insect genomics and proteomics,
➢ Gene regulation in Eukaryotes
➢ Molecular structure of DNA and RNA
➢ DNA barcoding and Molecular Systematics
➢ DNA replication in eukaryotes
➢ Multiple genomes in insects (multiple symbionts, wolbachia, polydnaviruses in parasitoids
and Gut symbionts in arthropods)
➢ Role of insect Biotechnology in sustainable insect control programs

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof. Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Practical contents;
➢ Introduction to some basic molecular genetic techniques like
Extraction and precipitation of Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

➢Electrophoresis in Agarose and Acrylamide gels, detecting, viewing


and photographing of nucleic acids in gels, southern blot analysis,
restriction enzymes and restriction site mapping, cloning and
expression vectors and PCR etc.

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail:
[email protected]
Suggested Readings:

1. Marjorie, A. H. 2003. Insect Molecular Genetics. Academic Press, USA.


2. Blackman, R.L., G.M. Hemitt and M. Ashburner. 1980. Insect Cytogenetics.
Black-Well Scientific Publications, Oxford, London. 278 P.
3. Gray, J. Blomquit, Richard. 2003. Insect pheromone biochemistry and molecular
biology, (Elsevier Academic).
4. Dnyansayer, V.R. 1992. Cytology and Genetics. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co. New Delhi.
5. Swanson, C.P., T. Merz & W.J. Young. 1998. The Chromosomes in Division,
Inheritance & Evolution (3rd ed). Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Sambrook J and Russell DW (2001) Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual,
3rd ed. (Vol.1,2,3) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail: [email protected]
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail: [email protected]
Insect body structure

Head Thorax Abdomen

•6 segments •3 segments •11 segments


•Sensory (antennae, eyes) •Locomotion •External genetalia
& feeding (mouth parts) (by wings and legs) •Cerci
Total segments = 20 (primitively)

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail: [email protected]
Does an insect has same form
throughout its life?
What is
metamorphosis?????
Metamorphosis is derived from two Greek
words
‘Meta’ = Change,
‘morph’ = form or structure.
Series of changes that
takes place during the
development of an
insect from egg to
adult are collectively
known as
metamorphosis
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Some terms related to
metamorphosis
Ecdysis: Shedding of exuviae is known as ecdysis or moulting

Instar: It is the form of the body during two inter moults. The larva is known as
first instar, immediately after hatching from egg, and as second instar after
first moult and so on.

Stadium : The interval or time period between two moults is known as stadium.

Exuviae : The skin shed during moulting process is known as exuviae.

Imago or Adult : It is the final stage of insect with well developed organs for
reproduction which emerges out from pupal body.

Sub-imago: It is a pre-adult stage with fully developed wings but without


reproductive organs e.g., mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail: [email protected]
Ametamorphosis
(without metamorphosis)

• Immature are called nymph


Egg nymph adult
•Changes in form during growth are minor; all immature stages resemble adults
Examples: Springtails, Silverfish, Firebrats and telsontail Anamorphosis: In telsontail, the nymph has
8 abdominal segments and 3 segments are added during adult development. Such addition of segments
is named as anamorphosis.
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Associate Prof. Deptt. Entomology, UAF. E.mail: [email protected]
Hemimetamorphosis
(Incomplete/ Partial Metamorphosis)

Three stages of development


Egg nymph/ naids adult

At each stage the insect looks much the same


as it does when it becomes an adult.

Examples: Grasshopper or cockroaches

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
none partial complete

2
3 4
1 5
“wing pads”

Incomplete development in a bug (Hemiptera)


Partial changes in form toward adulthood.
Wing development (externally) is clearly and distinctively identified
Examples: Coackroache, crickets, grasshoppers, termites, dragonfly

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Names of hemimetabolous immatures

General: nymph

Terrestrial: nymph (Aphids/ Grasshopper)

Aquatic: naiad (Order Odonata)

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Holometamorphosis
(Complete Metamorphosis)

Four stages of development


Egg -Larva-Pupa-Adult

Beetles

Butterflies
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Types Of Mouthparts:

1. Chewing or Biting / Mandibulate


2. Piercing-Sucking
3. Chewing-Lapping
✓ Ectognathous (not hidden withen head)
e.g. grass hopper, bugs, butterflies
✓ Entognathous ( hidden withen head
eg.double tail, telsontail and spring tail

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Chewing Type

• These kinds of mouthparts have 5 parts

➢Labrum
➢Mandibles (upper jaws)
➢Maxillae (lower jaws)
➢Labium (lower lip)
➢Hypopharynx (tongue or lingua)

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Chewing or Biting type

Grasshopper Caterpillar

Cricket Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof. Beetle
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Piercing-Sucking Type
• Common and important type

• Greatly modified for puncturing


plants and animals
• Mouthpart components form needle-like stylets
• Capable of transmitting viruses
• Toxic saliva
• Examples: mosquitoes, stink bugs, etc.
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Piercing-Sucking Type

Red Cotton Bug Stink Bug

Mosquito

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Piercing-Sucking Type

Mouthparts of Red cotton Bug


Dysdercus koenigii

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Chewing-Lapping Type

• Modified to use liquid or semi-liquid foods

• Some mouthpart components function for chewing


- mold wax
- grasping prey
- cutting flowers

• Other components form the proboscis


- ‘lapping’ surface
• Examples: honey bee, bumble bee

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Chewing-Lapping type

Honeybee
Bumble Bee

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Chewing-Lapping type

Mouthparts of Honeybee

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Introduction to Molecular Biology

➢ Cells are fundamental building blocks of living organisms.


➢ Cells contain a nucleus, mito chondria and chloroplasts, endoplasmatic
reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc.
➢ The nucleus is important organelle because it houses chromosomes
which include the DNA.
➢ The DNA is in essence a blueprint of the organism as it encodes
information needed to synthesize proteins.
➢ Molecular biologists would like to understand how human biology works
with the hope to treat diseases like cancer.
➢ One can look at simpler organisms such as yeasts to understand how
human biology works.
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
➢ unicellular yeasts are very different from humans who have
approximately 1014 cells. However, the DNA is similar across
all living organisms.

➢ For example, humans share 99% of DNA with chimps.


Naturally, we would like to know what information contained in
that 1% of DNA is so critical to determine all the distinguishing
features of humans,

Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.


Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]
Ent-708 (Insect Molecular Biology), Dr. Zain, Assocaite Prof.
Deptt.Entomology, UAF. e.mail. [email protected]

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