So before we begin, we need to ask the question of Why

we need Smart City in the first place?

The primary goal of a smart city is to create an environment that brings a high quality of
life to the people living around the city. 

As the population within cities continues to grow, it becomes necessary for these urban
cities to accommodate the increasing population by making more efficient use of their
infrastructure and assets. 

Smart city concepts enable cities to find and create new value from their existing
infrastructure. Therefore, a major advantage of smart cities is their ability to facilitate
citizens with less infrastructure cost. 

Also, by the use of smart city concepts and advanced city operations the operational
efficiency of the city infrastructure will increase.

(next slide)

So after understanding the importance of Smart city, let’s

now try to understand What is a Smart City?
According to the Govt. of India: 

Though There is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different

things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City varies from city to city
and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to
change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.

So now let’s move our discussion to What are the

characteristics of a Smart City?
These Major characteristics are also used to determine a city's smartness are:

 A technology-based infrastructure 
 environmental initiatives in the city
 a high functioning public transportation system
 a Sensible city planning and
 Effective use of resources.
Now lets shift our discussion on more technical aspects of
Smart City such as How a smart city works?
Smart cities utilize IoT devices and other technologies to achieve their goals of
improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. 

Successful smart cities follow four step mechanism:

1. Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather the data in real time.
2. Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to draw
meaningful insights.
3. Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis phase are
communicated to the decision makers through strong communication networks.
4. Action - Cities & the operators use the insights pulled from the data to create
solutions, optimize operations and asset management and improve the quality of
life for residents.

Gamut of Technologies deployed in Smart City

As you can see from the screen the Smart cities use a combination of Information &
Communication Technology, Sensor technology, Geospatial technology, Internet of
things (that is) IOT devices and Big data, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain solutions.
Now let’s dive deep into each one of them,

(next slide )

so first and foremost we have Information and communication technology.

1. Information and communication technology: 

Creating a two-way communication channel is very important for a city to be

smart. And here comes the role of Information and communication
technology. ICT builds a bridge between the citizens and the government where
the citizens can interact with the government and in return, the government can
build a city of the choice of its citizens. ICT helps the government to analyze the
demand pattern of the state and thus create a pool of resources to address the
same. The interlinkages brought in through ICT can be seen from this diagram
too, where the Governance, Economy, Environment & Society form the overall
boundary of an ideal society and we have several subcomponent industries
which function within those boundaries and ICT acts as an enabler in these
activities.

(next slide)
 2. Moving on we have Sensor technology:

So Sensors are a crucial component of any intelligent control system. A

process is improved based on its environment and for a control system to be
aware of its environment. It collects the required data like intensity of light,
pressure, temperature, humidity, moisture and a variety of other parameters
which plays a pivotal role in decision making function at an aggregate level.

(next slide)

3. Next up we have Geospatial Technology:

Whatever is built in a smart city has to be right and to build a right plan, we
need accurate, concise but appropriately detailed data and here comes the role
of Geospatial technologies. Geospatial technology provides a necessary
framework for collecting data and transforming observation of these
collections to facilitate software-based solutions around smart infrastructure.

There are two main application of Geospatial technology:

1. LiDAR (light detecting and ranging): It is most known for its use in high-
resolution maps, but it has many more applications. 

For Smart Cities, there are 3 key LiDAR applications: Smart Agriculture, Autonomous
vehicle & Air pollution monitoring

a. Smart Agriculture: LiDAR enables precision in agriculture by easily

identifying soil type, forecasting yields, and monitoring crops. 
b. Autonomous Vehicle LiDAR: LiDAR-equipped autonomous cars can
detect objects and people with the aid of laser sensors which gives self-
driving cars the ability to navigate safely.
c. Air Pollution Monitoring: By equipping LiDAR with the Internet of Things
technologies, smart cities can gather precise information about pollution
and smog. The accumulated data can be used to detect environmental
patterns.

2. Geographic information systems:

Which help plan, develop, and operate smart cities. During the planning and
development stages. Internet mapping systems help cities organize and share
important information with the public, such as public transportation schedules and future
construction plans. The Smart city can be benefited through GIS by way of Increase in
efficiency in public services and utilities, assistance in emergency response through
public maps and Improved public transportation systems
(next slide)

4. Next up we have one of the most crucial elements in the entire ecosystem of a
Smart City i.e. Internet of Things & Big Data:

The Internet of things is like veins of the city spread all across and connecting
each dot. Every device that is part of a smart city needs to be connected to each
other so that they can talk as well as take decisions for themselves which in
return facilitates the function of managing resources of a smart city.

Key Examples of application of IoT in smart cities include:

a. SMART STREET LIGHTING:

So the Street lights can be made intelligent by placing cameras or other

sensors on them, which enables them to detect movement. By which  the
people are always surrounded by a safe circle of light. 

b. Then we have the example of SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT:

So the Smart waste management system gives a real time indicator of the
garbage level at any given time. Using that data we can then optimize
waste collection routes and ultimately reduce fuel consumption. 

c. Then we have the eg of SMART CITY TRANSPORT:

Smart city transport can make a big difference in the way passengers
commute in dense urban areas and can help municipalities save costs,
provide better service to citizens, and better manage safety and security.
The Smart city transport uses electronic, wireless and Internet
technologies to provide access to smarter, safer and faster travel between
two points in a large city, and provide richer information and greater
control over traffic flows for city authorities.

d. Then we have the eg of SMART WATER:

A smart water meter tracks the quality, pressure, and consumed quantity
of water in a household or industry. A smart water sensor can be used to
track the flow of water across the entire plant and over the distribution
channels. It helps in monitoring of the pressure of the water, pH
temperature and many other things related to water and water
resources. Not only this, the real-time data tells many more things like
instances of theft and/or other related activities.
 e. Lastly, we have the eg of SMART ENERGY:

So in Smart energy, alongwith with the use of the Geospatial

Technologies module it provides a feature of notification through SMS.
One can easily access the meter working through a web page. Current
reading with cost can be seen on the web page. Automatic ON & OFF of
meters is also possible. Threshold value setting and sending of notification
is the additional task that can be performed. This system enables the
electricity department to read the meter readings monthly without a
person visiting each house.

5. Artificial Intelligence:

We all know that, The Smart city is a digital revolution that generating a huge
amount of data. This data is of no use until and unless we processed it, to get
information. This massive amount of data generation brings the role of Artificial
intelligence that can make sense out of the vast amount of data. AI can be
used in 

SMART HEALTHCARE:

Where, Data management of health records is one of the most popular

applications of AI and automation.

It is also deployed to perform certain repetitive tasks like analyzing

laboratory tests, x-rays, CT scans, and data entry.

AI-based apps can be used to access the current medical condition of

patients and can provide assistance in medical consultation.

And another use in process of drug creation can also be helped by AI-
powered programs which can lower the costs of creation.

Next use of AI is in, 

ROBOTICS:

For example, Cities such as Dubai, Singapore and Tokyo are at the
forefront of this trend, introducing humanoids for services such as room
service in hotels, surveillance and to attend the information desk.

(next slide please)

Blockchain:
 Blockchain is a digital, decentralised ( or a distributed) ledger that keeps a record
of all transactions that take place across a peer-to-peer network.

The purpose of blockchain is to solve the double records problem without the
need of a central server.

It is used for the secure transfer of items like money, property, contracts, etc.
without requiring a third-party like bank or government. Once a data is recorded
inside a blockchain, it is very difficult to modify it.

Blockchain works by validating transactions through a distributed network in

order to create a permanent, verified and unalterable ledger of information

(next slide please)

Now after having discussed all the important aspects of

Smart city lets shift our focus to the Challenges and
Concerns faced by Smart City
 Firstly, the Collaboration between public and private party is a big issue:

On the road to smart city transformation, the public-private partnership (PPP) is

an important mechanism among the possible business models. but PPP is
often tends to be time-consuming, especially around the legal definition and
validation. It also runs the risk of not addressing the real needs of a city.

 Then there is the issue of Data privacy

In a smart city, we need to keep data privacy and security at top of mind, As the
fear of the exposure of the data that citizens produce on a daily basis may
create a risk of hacking or misuse. Additionally, the presence of sensors and
cameras may be perceived as an invasion of privacy or government
surveillance.

 Next we have the Funding related issues

As we saw in earlier slides, smart cities require huge technology investment, so

funding might be considered one of the issue, while implementing smart city
projects, specially in case of developing countries.

 Lastly the biggest challenge is of ensuring Interoperability

 A key requirement of the project is that various services should be interoperable
and should be able to communicate with each other, and share data. But we
can’t neglect technical barriers associated with these technologies and
complexity created by the system.

Lastly, we would like to draw your attention to the Current

status of Smart cities in India:
As we all know that, The Government of India launched the Smart Cities Mission
on 25 June 2015  with the aim of creating 100 smart cities and the estimated cost
of this mission was around 2 lakh crore.

For this mission, the government of India approved the total budget between
2015 and 2019 is around 48000 crore.

Initially, 5,151 projects proposed but then after only 3,629 have been actively
pursued as shown in graph, among them 917 projects were completed, tender
issued for 801 projects, and 1911 projects were still under work.

That's it from our side, Thank you!

(and these is the scenario of how many project is completed, ongoing and in tendering process)