A SYNOPSIS REPORT ON

THIS PROJECT IS ENTITLED "REUSE OF SEWAGE WATER BY

NANOTECHNOLOGY

A Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Bachelors degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING (2019-2020) conferred by

SUBMITTED BY :-
SAHIL B. PATIL
DURVA Y. PATIL
VIVEK C. PATIL

( Department of Civil Engineering)

CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(2019-2020)
 SHEDUNG, PANVEL

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled “ Reuse of sewage water by nanotechnology” duly
submitted by the following students

SAHIL B. PATIL
DURVA Y. PATIL
VIVEK C. PATIL
Have worked under my supervision in a satisfactory manner for the submission of this project in
a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering
to be conferrerd by the UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

PLACE :
DATE:

GUIDED BY:- PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR:

PROF.SHREYAS PANDE DR. A.K OJHA

[HOD CIVIL] [PRINCIPAL]
PROJECT SYNOPSIS APPROVAL FOR B.E
This project is entitled “Reuse of sewage water by nanotechnology”

submitted by

SAHIL B. PATIL

DURVA Y. PATIL
VIVEK C. PATIL
Is approved for the degree of bachelor of engineering in Civil Engineering

Examiner
1.
2.
Date:
Place:
DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where other's
ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original sources.
We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea data/factory/source in our submission. We
understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and
can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

1] SAHIL B. PATIL
2] DURVA Y. PATIL
3] VIVEK C. PATIL

------------------------------
(Signature)

-------------------------------
(Name of student and Roll No.)
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my guide for the help, guidance , and
encouragement ,he provide during our project. This work would have not been possible
without is valueable time patience and motivation. I thank him for making stint thoroughly
pleasant and enriching . It was great learning and an honour being his student
I am deeply indebted to our professor and the entire team in the department of Civil
Engineering. They supports me with scientific guidance advice and encouragement, they
were always helpful and enthusiactic and this inspired me in work
I take the privilege to express my sincere thanks to DR. A.K. OJHA our principal for
providing the encouragement and much support throughout my work
PREFACE
It gives me immense pleasure to present this project report on Reuse of sewage water by nanotechnology
as a curricualum of BE. This project report is strictly written as per DTE rules. This project was
motivated by desire I and others including H.O.D and faculties of civil engineering department. This
project deals with
ABSTRACT

Sewage/ waste water treatment consist of different processes which protect the environment
and human health through cleansing the water pollutants. In the past people use to have different
method for this treatment which has been passed over development through history, due to the
advancement of technology and the growing needs of the society. The name of advance
technology is nanotechnology by using salophaegn liquid.
 INDEX
Sr. No. TITLE Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
4 MATHODOLOGY
5 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Sewage treatment consists of applying known technology to improve orupgrage the quality of
Sewage

Sewage treatment involves collecting the Sewage in a central, segregated location (The Sewage
Treatment Plant) and subjecting the Sewage to various treatment processes
The principle objective of Sewage treatment is generally to allow human and industrial

effluents to be disposed off without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environment With the current emphasis on environment health and water pollution
issues, there is an increasing awareness of the need to dispose of these Sewages safely and
benificially.

Municipal Sewage is the combination of liquid or water-carried wastes originating in the sanitary
conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions, in addition to any
groundwater, surface water and storm water that may be present.
Untreated Sewage generally contains high levels of organic material, numerous pathogenic
microorganisms, as well as nutrients and toxic compounds. It thus entails environmental and
health hazards, and, consequently, must immediately be conveyed away from its generation
sources and treated appropriately before final disposal. The ultimate goal of Sewage
management is the protection of the environment in a
manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. Due to the largely arid
nature of the ESCWA member countries, Sewage treatment is of particular
concern to them. The first chapter of this study identifies and briefly describes typical
contaminants found in municipal Sewage. extensively illustrates various Sewage treatment
technologies.
Technical details on treatment methods and applications and sludge disposal are presented. goes
on to discuss the management of treated effluents and how they are reused and disposed of.
Devices and techniques used for instrumentation and control in Sewage treatment facilities are
covered .It is concerned with the economics of Sewage treatment, with details on installation and
operation costs for several treatment methods. Case studies on selected ESCWA member
countries (Egypt Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon and Yemen) are presented . The case studies outline
the current status of each country with respect to its Sewage treatment efforts and look at its
future plans for the development of Sewage treatment facilities. Finally, It contains a number of
recommendations,emphasizing in particular that more efforts are needed in the ESCWA region
for the improvement of water reuse through an integrated, multi-disciplinary water management
strategy.
Sewage is a major carrier of disease (from human wastes) and toxins (from industrial waste. The
safe treatment of sewage is thus crucial to the health of any community. This article focuses on
the complex physical and biological treatments used to render sewage both biologically and
chemically harmless. The Auckland region has two sewage treatment plants: one in Albany and
one in Mangere. The process described below is that used by the Mangere treatment plant, which
was built in 1960 and currently serves Auckland, Manukau and Waitakere Cities and the
Papakura District. It is the largest such treatment plant in New Zealand, but its methods are
similar to those used throughout the country. The waste treated is a mixture of domestic and
industrial waste, with the domestic accounting for XIII-Water-C-Sewage Treatment slightly
more than half of the total. Some stormwater also enters the system through leaks and illegal
connections
 OBJECTIVES
COST SAVINGS

With SaloPhaegn, the following cost savings can be seen immediately:

1. Energy Savings: Aeration is known to account for 40 to 70 % of the energy in the STP
process. With the SaloPhaegn, we can operate at the minimum possible D.O. levels, thus
bringing down the energy consumption in the aeration process drastically. Examples:

No. Current Dissolved Oxygen levels Energy savings with SaloPhaegn

1. 1.8 – 2.2 ppm 40 – 50 %

2. 2.2 – 3 ppm 50 – 65 %

3. Above 3 ppm 65 – 80 %

2. Space & Land Saving: Faster biological degradation of substrate and Sedimentation can be
seen and that too within seconds and minutes.

a. Thus, the treatment capacity can be increase without further capital expenditure.

b. Alternatively, the plant can be made much more compact.

3. Energy, maintenance and operation of Decanters: With very low SVI (Sludge Volume Index)
< 100 ml/l, the operation time, maintenance and energy used to operate the decanters can come
down by 15 to 40 %.

4. Sludge dewatering polymers: Polymer consumption in the sludge dewatering process can
come down by 15 to 50 %.

5. Chlorination: No more chlorination. Chlorination costs can be saved and the use of this
hazardous chemical can be stopped.

6. No additional chemicals required: No other chemicals are necessary in combination with

SaloPhaegn.
7. Corrosion protection: By eliminating H2S and other corrosive elements, corrosion of
equipment and downstream infrastructure can be eliminated.

8. No more fines, penalties and regulatory issues with pollution control boards, activists and
local residents. Simply calculate the cost in Rs /m3 before and after the treatment with
SaloPhaegn to find out the value in terms of money saving that can be achieved with such
treatment. It is common to achieve a negative treatment cost per m3 with SaloPhaegn.
LITERATURE REVIEW

Sewage treatment is a vital process in the modern industrial world, along-side this, more than
97% of water is stored in Saline (Oceans) and only 3% in fresh water, however only less than 1%
is available for consumption (9). As time goes by, there will be population growth for which the
government would have to provide more useable water for society. Sewage treatment uses
chemical, physical, and biological processes to cleanse Sewage in order to protect the
environment and public health.
Sewage treatment is a modern practice, while ancient Romans used to create sewers for
removing the foul-smell of the used water; now days, the main reason for constructing sewages
is to remove or decrease the dangerous pollutants such as nutrients, carbon, inorganic and
organic elements (2). (Zhou and Smith) introduced the most beneficial approach to
sewage/Sewage treatment which is the process that releases the most minimal amount of
pollutants into the environment which furthermore affects the lives of the public by using the
unlitered Sewage
Sewage is the water which has been released to the environment that is demaned as a
combination of the water plus wastes that have been added to the water from a variety of uses,
such as industrial, commercial, residences etc and there are two sources which release the
Sewage into the environment. First, sewage/community is the kind which has been expelled from
domestic premises such as institutions, residence and commercial establishments which are
organic because of the consistency of carbon composites alike vegetables ,human waste, paper
etc. Second, is the Sewage that has been produced by industrial procedures which is also organic
in composition (10). Although this literature introduces the variety of Sewage treatment
techniques and sewage systems design generally.
 Figure no 2.1 SEWAGE WATER

2.1 Review of Background Bibliography

The First Sewage treatment attempt was releasing the pollutants into rivers,
which were the sources of most water supplies. In 1871 this problem drew the publics attention
to itself when the future King Edward VII caught typhoid fever while staying at a house in
Yorkshire .
The reason was traced to bad drainage and his illness resulted in immediate
efforts to improve the prevailing sanitary systems and so by the 19th century
large cities realized that they must reduce the water pollution which they release into the
environment. Sewage systems began to be designed and created after Louis Pasteur and his
colleagues proved that the bacteria which lived in sewers could cause infectious diseases(e.g. 1).
From the early 1990s, sewer systems started to grow but as cities started to
develop, less spaces were available for disposal and _ltration (8),furthermore, the amount of
waste increased rapidly because of the population growth (13; 20). This
all lead to the change in dimension of treatment facilities today and former designs proved to be
insufficient for today's needs in society. Over-all, introduced three main objectives in
Sewage/Water treatment :
i. The Evacuation of postponed particles and oatable materials
ii. The treatment of organic elements in the Sewage BOD removal
iii. The removal of micro-organics which may be the cause of dangerous
diseases.
These objectives have been continued into early pollutant removal and reduction
processes only in better systematic methods . While the older treatment goals are still valid, the
new ways of treatment have invented and developed significantly and more objectives have been
injected into the water treatment science.

Domestic Sewage characteristics

Domestic Sewage is the main reason for designing a proper Sewage treatment
plan and building sewers in the cities. The domestic pollutants characteristics in Sewage can be
physical, Chemical or industrial with physical characteristics consisting of colour, temperature
and weight. The colour of Sewage which has been produced recently is grey, however as time
goes by it changes to black, the reason why is the suspended solids which cannot dissolve or
settled in the waste water.

In addition, the solids increase the weight of the Sewage which has been
measured 1,000,000 grams in one cubic meter in the Sewage. The temperature of the sewage
water is higher than normal water because of the heating pipes in the structures and the
household activities, estimated the temperature of the domestic Sewage to be between 10 and
20_C.
Defining the chemical Sewages characteristics is more complicated than
explaining the attributes of the physical. There are a lot of di_erent chemical elements in Sewage
which makes the exact chemical measurement impossible. However, the experts in the _eld
divided the Sewages chemicals into general groups of compounds for making the measurements
easier; for example polyphosphates, orthophosphates and organic.
phosphate are all being considered under a major group called Total Phosphorus .
Mono-hydrogen phosphate is usually determined to be phosphorus in
Sewage. Its removal is existence in order to prevent the reduction of eutrophication
and this process is put to use through chemical participation, using the three compounds
mentioned below :
1. Ferric chloride (FeCl)
2. Alum (Al)
3. Lime

2.2 NATURE OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE OR WASTE-WATER

 An understanding of the nature of waste-water is fundamental for the design of
appropriate Sewage treatment plants and the selection of effective treatment technologies.
Waste-water originates predominantly from water usage by residences and commercial and
industrial establishments, together with groundwater, surface water and storm water (see figure
1). Consequently, waste-water flow fluctuates with variations in water usage, which is affected
by a multitude of factors including climate, community size, living standards, dependability and
quality of water supply, water conservation requirements or practices, and the extent of meter
services, in addition to the degree of industrialization, cost of water and supply pressure. Wide
variations in waste-water flow rates may thus be expected to occur within a community .
Waste-water quality may be defined by its physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics. Physical parameters include colour, odour, temperature, and turbidity. Insoluble
contents such as solids, oil and grease, also fall into this category. Solids may be further
subdivided into suspended and dissolved solids as well as organic (volatile) and inorganic (fixed)
fractions.
 TABLE 1. TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF UNTREATED DOMESTIC
WASTE-WATER

Concentration

Weak Medium Strong

Contaminants Unit
Total solids (TS) mg/L 350 720 1 200
Total dissolved solids (TDS) mg/L 250 500 850
Fixed mg/L 145 300 525
Volatile mg/L 105 200 325
Suspended solids mg/L 100 220 350
Fixed mg/L 20 55 75
Volatile mg/L 80 165 275
Settleable solids mL/L 5 10 20
BOD5, 20ºC mg/L 110 220 400
TOC mg/L 80 160 290
COD mg/L 250 500 1 000
Nitrogen (total as N) mg/L 20 40 85
Organic mg/L 8 15 35
Free ammonia mg/L 12 25 50
Nitrites mg/L 0 0 0
Nitrates mg/L 0 0 0
Phosphorus (total as P) mg/L 4 8 15
Organic mg/L 1 3 5
Inorganic mg/L 3 5 10
Chlorides mg/L 30 50 100
Sulfate mg/L 20 30 50
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/L 50 100 200
Grease mg/L 50 100 150
Total coliforms No/100 ml 106-107 107-108 107-109
Volatile organic compounds μg/L <100 100-400 >400

The effects of the discharge of untreated waste-water into the environment are manifold
and depend on the types and concentrations of pollutants. Important contaminants in terms of
their potential effects on receiving waters and treatment concerns ar