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    PID Control

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    Vignesh Rajan
    The document discusses PID controllers, which are commonly used in industrial control. A PID controller consists of proportional, integral and derivative coefficients that are adjusted to achieve optimal response. A proportional controller outputs a value directly proportional to the error between the setpoint and measured process value. An integral controller reduces steady state error and maintains the controlled variable at the setpoint. A derivative controller improves transient response but can amplify noise. Together, the three components of a PID controller help balance response time and stability for a controlled system.

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    PID Control

    Uploaded by

    Vignesh Rajan
    86 views5 pages
    The document discusses PID controllers, which are commonly used in industrial control. A PID controller consists of proportional, integral and derivative coefficients that are adjusted to achieve optimal response. A proportional controller outputs a value directly proportional to the error between the setpoint and measured process value. An integral controller reduces steady state error and maintains the controlled variable at the setpoint. A derivative controller improves transient response but can amplify noise. Together, the three components of a PID controller help balance response time and stability for a controlled system.

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    PID control

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    The document discusses PID controllers, which are commonly used in industrial control. A PID controller consists of proportional, integral and derivative coefficients that are adjusted to achieve optimal response. A proportional controller outputs a value directly proportional to the error between the setpoint and measured process value. An integral controller reduces steady state error and maintains the controlled variable at the setpoint. A derivative controller improves transient response but can amplify noise. Together, the three components of a PID controller help balance response time and stability for a controlled system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views5 pages

    PID Control

    Uploaded by

    Vignesh Rajan
    The document discusses PID controllers, which are commonly used in industrial control. A PID controller consists of proportional, integral and derivative coefficients that are adjusted to achieve optimal response. A proportional controller outputs a value directly proportional to the error between the setpoint and measured process value. An integral controller reduces steady state error and maintains the controlled variable at the setpoint. A derivative controller improves transient response but can amplify noise. Together, the three components of a PID controller help balance response time and stability for a controlled system.

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    of 5

    PID CONTROLLER

     Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control is the most common control


    algorithm used in industry and has been universally accepted in industrial
    control.
     As the name suggests, PID algorithm consists of three basic coefficients;
    Proportional, Integral and Derivative which are varied to get optimal
    response.

    PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER:
     A Proportional controller gives an output that is directly proportional to the
    error. Error is the difference between set-point and measured variable. Thus,
    if error increases, an increase in the controller output is expected.
     The error in PID controller is defined as Set-point – process value. If the
    controller output increases when the measurement value rises, it is a direct-
    acting controller, and if controller output decreases when the measurement
    rises, it is a reverse –acting controller

    A (t)= Kp e (t)
    DIRECT ACTING CONTROLLER:
     A Large error generates a large control output, and a small error generates a
    small control output.
     If a positive error increases the control output, the controller is said to be direct
    acting.
    FOR EXAMPLE: While controlling the level of a tank with an outflow valve, if
    the level increases the valve would need to be opened more, if level decreases the
    valve would need to be closed.
    REVERSE ACTING CONTROLLER:
     If the positive error decreases control output, the controller is said to be
    reverse acting.
    FOR EXAMPLE:
    Consider again level control of a tank but with an inflow valve, if the level increases
    the valve would need to be closed and if level decreases then the valve would be
    opened further.
    ADVANTAGES:
     Proportional controller helps in reducing the steady state error, thus makes
    the system more stable.
     Slow response of the over damped system can be made faster with the help
    of these controllers.
    DISADVANTAGES:
     Due to presence of these controllers we get some offsets in the system.
     Proportional controllers also increases the maximum overshoot of the system.
    PROPORTIONAL BAND:
     In a purely proportional controller (P controller) the manipulating variable
    (controller output Y) is proportional to the control deviation within the
    proportional band (Xp).
     The gain of the controller can be matched to the process by altering the
    proportional band.
     If a narrow proportional band is chosen, a small deviation is sufficient to
    achieve a 100% output, i.e. the gain increases as the proportional band (Xp)
    is reduced.
     If the proportional band is set to zero, the controller action is ineffective.

    INTEGRAL CONTROLLER:
     The integral control in the PID controller is a control loop feedback
    mechanism widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other
    applications requiring continuously modulated control.
     Integral measures the area between the error values and the time axis. If the
    error doesn’t return to zero, the area of the error gets larger and larger.
     It will maintain the records of each and every settings and also maintain the
    steady state response.
    𝒕
    A (t)= Ki∫𝟎 𝒆(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
    Where Ki is integral constant also known as controller Gain.
    ADVANTAGES:
     Due to their unique ability they can return the controlled variable back to the
    exact set point following a disturbance that’s why these are known as reset
    controllers.
    DISADVANTAGES:
     It tends to make the system unstable because it responds slowly towards the
    produced error.
    INTEGRAL GAIN:
     The integral gain controls how much of the control output is generated due
    to the accumulated position error or velocity error while in position control
    or velocity control.
    INTEGRAL WINDUP (or) RESET WINDUP:
     Integral windup also known as integrator windup or reset windup, refers to
    the situation in a PID feedback controller where a large change in set-point
    occurs (say a positive change) and the integral terms accumulates a significant
    error during the rise (windup), thus overshooting and continuing to increase
    as this accumulated error is unwound.

    DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER:
     The derivative is defined as the Slope of a curve. We never use derivative
    controllers alone. It should be used in combinations with other modes of
    controllers because of few disadvantages.
     In the derivative controller the output is directly proportional to the derivative
    of the error signal
    𝒅𝒆(𝒕)
    A (t)= Kd
    𝒅𝒕

    Where Kd is the proportional constant also known as controller gain.


    ADVANTAGES:
    The major advantage of derivative controller is that it improves the transient
    response of the system.
    DISADVANTAGES:
     It never improves the steady state response. It can be used only in the slow
    process for eg: Temperature process.
     It produces saturation effects and also amplifies the noise signals produced in
    the system.

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