EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Chapter 6 Applications of the Laplace Transform

Part One: Analysis of Network (6-2, 6-3)

1. Review of Resistive Network

1) Elements

2) Superposition

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3) KVL and KCL

4) Equivalent Circuits

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

5) Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis
VS 1  R1 I1  R2 ( I1  I 2 )  R3 ( I1  I 2 )

VS 1  R1 I1  R4 I 2  VS 2 Solve for I1 and I2.

2. Characteristics of Dynamic Network

Dynamic Elements  Ohm’s Law: ineffective

1) Inductor

2) Capacitor

3) Example (Problem 5.9):

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Why so simple? Algebraic operation!

Dynamic Relationships (not Ohm’s Law) Complicate the analysis

Using Laplace Transform

1  I ( s ) i ( 1) (0) 
Vs ( s )  L[ (t )]  L( sI ( s )  i (0  ))      RI ( s )
C s s 
1
 ( Ls ) I ( s )  I ( s )  RI ( s )
Cs
Define ‘Generalized Resistors’ (Impedances)
1
Z1 ( s )  Ls Z 2 (s) 
Cs

 Vs ( s)  Z1 ( s ) I ( s )  Z 2 ( s ) I ( s )  RI ( s)
Vs ( s ) As simple as resistive network!
 I (s) 
Z1 ( s )  Z 2 ( s )  R

Solution proposed for dynamic network:

All the dynamic elements  Laplace Trans. Models.


As
G en eral ize d Oh ms L aw 
su p erp osit io n 


KVL an d KCL 
Eq ui va lent circ ui t 

N od al a na lys is and m esh 
an al ysi s

Resistive Network
Key: Laplace transform models of (dynamic) elements.

3. Laplace transform models of circuit elements.

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

1) Capacitor

Important: We can handle these two ‘resistive network elements’!

2) Inductor

3) Resistor V(s) = RI(s)

4)Sources

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

5) Mutual Inductance (Transformers)

(make sure both i1 and i2 either away

or toward the polarity marks to make
the mutual inductance M positive.)

Circuit (not transformer) form:

di1 di di di
v1 (t )  L1 M 1 M 1 M 2
dt dt dt dt
di d
 ( L1  M ) 1  M (i1  i2 )
dt dt
di di di di
v2 (t )  M 1  M 2  L2 2  M 2
dt dt dt dt
d di
 M (i1  i2 )  ( L2  M ) 2
dt dt

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Benefits of transform

Let’s write the equations from this
circuit form:

The
Same

 Laplace transform model: Obtain it by using inductance model

Just ‘sources’ and ‘generalized resistors’ (impedances)!

4. Circuit Analysis: Examples

Key: Remember very little, capable of doing a lot

How: follow your intuition, resistive network
‘Little’ to remember: models for inductor, capacitor and mutual inductance.

Example 6-4: Find Norton Equivalent circuit

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Assumption: vc (0  )  0
*Review of Resistive Network
1) short-circuit current through the load: I s
2) Equivalent Impedance or Resistance Rs or Z s :
A: Remove all sources
B: Replace Z L by an external source
C: Calculate the current generated by the external source ‘point a’
D: Voltage / Current  Rs  Z s
*Solution
1) Find I s ( s )  I sc

1 1 3 s3
 I ( s )  1   3I ( s )  (1  ) I ( s )  I ( s)
s s s s
1 2
I ( s)   I sc  2 I ( s )  
s3 s3

2) Find Zs

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Vtest ( s )
Zs 
2 I (s)
Vtest(s)
3I ( s )
I ( s)  1   0
s
 3
 (1 ) I ( s )    I ( s )
s

(Will I(s) be zero? We don’t know yet!) condition: 1 ohm = 3/s

or I(s) = 0
=>I(s) = 0 =>Zs = 

3) a

ZL

Example 6-5: Loop Analysis (including initial condition)

Question: What are i0 and v0?

What is v c (t ) ?

Solution
1) Laplace Transformed Circuit Why this direction?

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Why this direction?

2) KVL Equations


( R1  Ls ) I 1 ( s )  ( R 2 )( I 1 ( s )  I 2 ( s ))  V s ( s )  Li 0

 1 v0
  R 2 ( I 1 ( s )  I 2 ( s ))  ( I 2 ( s )  I 3 ( s ))  
 Cs s
 1 v0
  ( I 2 ( s )  I 3 ( s ))  ( R3  R4 ) I 3 ( s )   VC ( s )
 Cs s

Important: Signs of the sources!

3) Simplified (Standard form)

Z ( s) I ( s)  E ( s)  V ( s)
 
 R1  R2  Ls  R2 0   I ( s) 
 1 1  1 
  R2 R2     I 2 ( s )
 Cs Cs   I ( s) 
 1 1  3 
0   R3  R4 
 Cs Cs 
   
Vs ( s )  Li0  V ( s )   Li0 
 v0   s   v 
     0    0 
 s   s
 
 v0  V ( s )  VC ( s )  v0 
 s C   s 

6.4 Transfer Functions

1. Definition of a Transfer Function

(1) Definition
System analysis : Emphasize relationship between input and output, using blocks.

 Network (Circuit) analysis : Details, examples : Branch currents, voltages.

System analysis: How the system processes the input to form the output, or

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

Input : variable used and to be adjusted

to change or influence the output.
Can you give some examples for input and output?

Quantitative Description of ‘ how the system processes

the input to form the output’: Transfer Function H(s)

(2)  input

The resultant output y(t) to  (t) input: unit impulse response

In this case: X(s) = L [ (t)] = 1
Y(s) = Laplace Transform of the unit impulse response
=> H(s) = Y(s)/X(s) = Y(s)
Therefore: What is the transfer function of a system?
Answer : It is the Laplace transform of the unit impulse response
of the system.

(3) Facts on Transfer Functions

* Independent of input, a property of the system structure and parameters.

* Obtained with zero initial conditions.
(Can we obtain the complete response of a system based on its transfer
function and the input?)
* Rational Function of s (Linear, lumped, fixed)
* H(s): Transfer function
H( j2f ) or H( j ): frequency response function of the system
(Replace s in H(s) by j2f or j)
|H( j2f )| or |H( j )|: amplitude response function
H(j2f) or H( j ): Phase response function

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

2. Properties of Transfer Function for Linear, Lumped stable systems

(1) Rational Function of s

Lumped, fixed, linear system =>

bm s m  bm 1s m 1  ...  b0 N ( s )
H ( s)  
an s n  an 1s n 1  ...  a0 D( s )
Corresponding differential equations:

d ( n ) y (t ) d ( n 1) y (t )
an  a n 1  ...  a 0 y (t )
dt n dt n 1
d ( m ) x(t ) d ( m 1) x(t )
 bm  b m 1  ...  b0 x(t )
dt m dt m 1

a 
(2) all real! Why? Results from real system components.
j

b j 

Roots of N(s), D(s): real or complex conjugate pairs.

Poles of the transfer function: roots of D(s)
Zeros of the transfer function: roots of N(s)
D ( s )  ( s 2  3s  1)  D ( s )  ( s  2)( s  1)
Example: poles : 2,1

(3) H(s) = N(s)/D(s) of bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable

system

* Degree of N(s)  Degree of D(s)

Why? If degree N(s) > Degree D(s)
N ' ( s)
 H ( s )  ck s k  ...  c1s  c0  where degree N’(s) <degree D(s)
D( s)
Under a bounded-input x(t) = u(t) => X(s) = 1/s

c0 N ' ( s )
 Y ( s )  ck s k 1  ...  c1  
s sD( s ) (  (t ) not bounded!)
 y (t )  ...  c1 (t )  ...

* Poles: must lie in the left half of the s-plan (l. h. p)

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D ( s )  ( s   1 )( s   2 )...( s   n )
i.e., Re( j )  0
Why?

Bj
Y ( s)  ...   ...( j   j  j )
(s   j ) k
B j t k 1  jt
 y (t )  ...  e  ...
(k  1)!
B j t k 1  jt
 ...  e e jt  ...
(k  1)!
(Can we also include k=1 into this form? Yes!)

B j t k 1  jt
e e jt
( k  1)!
 jt
k  1  Bje e jt
Magnitude : | e jt | 1, | B j |: fixed
 jt  jt
B je e jt | B j || e jt | e
 jt
| B j | e 0 j 0
 cons tan t j 0
 j 0

* Any restriction on zeros? No (for BIBO stable system)

3. Components of System Response

d ( n ) y (t ) d ( m ) x (t )
an  ...  a 0 y ( t )  bm  ...  b0 x (t )
dt n dt m
Because x(t) is input, we can assume
x (0)  x (1) ( 0)  ...  x ( m 1) (0)  0
Laplace transform of the differentional equation

D(s)
C(s)

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6 Instructor: Zhang

an s nY ( s )  an [ s n1 y (0)  s n2 y (1) (0)  ...  y ( n1) (0)

 an1s n1Y ( s )  an1[ s n 2 y (0)  ...  y ( n 2 ) (0)
 ...
 a1sY ( s )  a1 y (0)
 a0Y ( s )
 [bm s m  bm1 s m1  ...  b0 ] X ( s )

 D ( s )Y ( s )  C ( s )  N ( s ) X ( s )
C ( s) N ( s) C (s)
or Y ( s )   X ( s)   H ( s) X (s)
D( s) D( s) D( s)

D(s): System parameters

C(s): Determined by the initial conditions (initial states)

Initial-State Response (ISR) or Zero-Input Response (ZIR):

 C ( s) 
y zir (t )  L1  
 D( s) 
Zero-State Response (ZSR) (due to input)
y zsr (t )  L1[ H ( s ) X ( s )]

From another point of view:

Transient Response: Approaches zero as t∞
Forced Response: Steady-State response if the forced
response is a constant

How to find (1) zero-input response or initial-state response? No problem!

 C ( s) 
L1  
 D( s) 

(2) zero-state response? No prolbem!

L1 [ H ( s ) X ( s )]

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