Türk Biyokimya Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Biochemistry–Turk J Biochem] 2011; 36 (4) ; 322–328.

Research Article [Araştırma Makalesi] Yayın tarihi 30 Aralık, 2011 © TurkJBiochem.com

[Published online 30 December, 2011]

FTIR and SEM analysis of thermo-chemical fractionated

sugarcane bagasse
[Termo-kimyasal olarak fraksiyonlara ayrılmış şeker kamışı küspesinin FTIR ve
SEM analizi*]

Muhammad Irfan, ABSTRACT

Quratulain Syed, Objective: The major objective of this study was to increase the delignification of sugarcane
bagasse by using suitable concentration of KOH after specific heating time.
Sajjad Abbas,
Materials and Methods: Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse was done in 250 ml conical
Muhammad Gul Sher, flask containing ten grams of chopped bagasse mixed with various concentrations of KOH in
Shahjahan Baig, ratio of 1:10 (solid to liquid) for various time of heating at 121oC and 15lb psi. After heating
the slurry was filtered, washed and then dried. The dried biomass was analyzed for delignifi-
Muhammad Nadeem cation. Changes in structure was also observed microscopically (SEM) and spectroscopically
(FTIR) leading to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of the sugarcane bagasse.
Results: Maximum delignification (70.7%) was achieved with 2.5% KOH at autoclaving time
Food & biotechnology research Center, Pakistan of 45 min. Total sugars (192.32 mg/ml) released with 1.5% KOH at 30 min of autoclaving time
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
and maximum weight loss (57.4%) was observed with 4% KOH at autoclaving time of 15 min.
(PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozpure, Road
Lahore, Pakistan Conclusion: Alkaline treatment by using KOH of lignocellulosic materials caused swelling,
leading to an increase in internal surface area, a decrease in the degree of polymerization, a
decrease in crystallinity, separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates,
and disruption of the lignin structure. For efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol produc-
tion, pretreatment is an important technique which accelerates the enzymatic reaction.
Key Words: Alkaline pretreatment, sugarcane bagasse, saccharification

Yazışma Adresi
[Correspondence Address]

Quratulain Syed

Principal Scientific Officer,

Biotechnology and Food Research Centre,PCSIR ÖZET
Labs. Complex, Lahore-54600, Pakistan
Tel: 0092429231834 Amaç: Çalışmada uygun KOH derişimi ve ısıtma süresi kullanılarak şeker kamışı küspesin-
Fax: 0092429231835 deki ligninin uzaklaştırılma veriminin arttırılması amaçlanmıştır.
E-mail: [email protected] Yöntem ve Gereçler: Şeker kamışı küspesinin ön muamelesi 250 ml’lik konik kaplarda ger-
çekleştirilmiştir. Bu kaplarda, 10 gr kıyılmış şeker kamışı küspesi değişik KOH derişimleri
ile 1:10 (katıdan sıvıya) oranında karıştırılmış ve 121oC ve 15lb psi’de değişik sürelerde ısı
ile muamele edilmiştir. Isıtma sonrasında örnek filtrelenerek yıkanmış ve kurutulmuştur.
Kurutulmuş biyokütle ligninin uzaklaştırılması bakımından analiz edilmiştir. Yapısal deği-
şiklikler mikroskobik (SEM) ve spektroskopik (FTIR) olarak da gözlenmiştir.
*Translated by [Çeviri] Özlem Dalmızrak
Bulgular: En fazla lignin uzaklaştırması (%70.7) %2.5 KOH derişimi ve 45 dakika otoklav-
lama süresi ile sağlanmıştır. Toplam şeker salınımı (192.32 mg/ml) %1.5 KOH ve 30 dakika
otoklavlama ile maksimum ağırlık kaybı ise (%57.4) %4 KOH ve 15 dakika otoklavlama
süresi ile elde edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Lignoselulozik materyallere KOH kullanılarak yapılan alkali muamele şişmeye ve
buna bağlı olarak iç yüzey alanının artmasına, polimerizasyon derecesinin ve kristal özel-
liğinin azalmasına ve ayrıca lignin ve karbohidratlar arasındaki yapısal bağlantıların ayrıl-
masına ve ligninin yapısını kaybetmesine yol açmaktadır. Etkili enzimatik hidroliz ve etanol
Registered: 4 November 2010; Accepted: 17 October 2011 üretimi için enzimatik reaksiyonu hızlandıran ön muamele önemli bir tekniktir.
[Kayıt Tarihi :  4 Kasım  2010; Kabul Tarihi : 17 Ekim  2011] Anahtar Kelimeler: Alkali ön mulamele, şeker kamışı küspesi, sakkarifikasyon

http://www.TurkJBiochem.com 322 ISSN 1303–829X (electronic) 0250–4685 (printed)

Introduction texed. Concentrated H2SO4 (2.5 ml) was quickly added
and vortex mixed. The optical density was recorded at
In recent years, there has been an increasing trend to-
490 nm [8]. Total sugar content was calculated from the
wards more efficient utilization of agro-industrial resi-
standard curve obtained from a series of glucose solu-
dues, including sugarcane bagasse. Several processes
tions as standard sugar. Reducing sugars in the filtrate
and products have been reported that utilize sugarcane
were estimated by adding 0.5 ml of sample solution to
bagasse as a raw material. These include electricity ge-
1.5 ml of 3,5 dinitrosalysilic acid. The reaction mixture
neration, pulp and paper production, and products based
was then placed in boiling water bath for 10 min. After
on fermentation. Bagasse could also have been used for
completion of the reaction, cooled at room temperature
the production of fuel grade ethanol. However, proces-
and the absorbance was read out at 550 nm spectropho-
ses involving bagasse for ethanol production required
tometrically [9]. The lignin content in treated and unt-
in substantial quantity. This would affect the supply of
reated samples were measured by considering lignin in
fuel for the sugar mills and would necessitate the search
the remaining solid residue after hydrolysis with 1.25%
for an alternative fuel for them, which has so far largely
H2SO4 for two hours and 72% H2SO4 hydrolysis for four
been unsuccessful [1]. Pretreatment is the first step for
hours. The residues was filtered and washed with dis-
conversion of biomass into ethanol. Pretreatment is ne-
tilled water to remove sulphuric acid and oven dried at
cessary step for efficient conversion because plant cell
105oC for constant weight. The lignin was expressed by
walls are made up of very hard coverings like lignin,
using the formula [10]. Cellulose in the untreated and
hemicelluloses and cellulose. Various pretreatment met-
treated sugarcane bagasse was estimated by weighing 1
hods are used for treating the biomass but alkaline tre-
g of oven dried samples in round bottom digestion flask,
atment of sugarcane bagasse digests the lignin matrix
15 ml of 80% acetic acid and 1.5 ml of concentrated
and makes cellulose and hemicellulose available for enz-
yme degradation [1-3]. A thermochemical pretreatment HNO3 were added to the flask and refluxed for 20 min.
of bagasse involved autoclaving with a binary solvent, After refluxing the material was filtered through What-
composed of water and organic solvent having an upper mann filter paper #1 and washed with hot water. After
critical temperature (UCT) on the mutual solubility cur- washing the digested material was oven dried at 105oC
ve. The pretreatment was termed as UCT-solvent pret- overnight and weighed then incinerated at 550oC for 5 h
reatment and proved to be of significant potential [4]. in muffle furnace and weighed again [11].The percen-
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of bagasse was tage of cellulose on dry matter basis can be calculated
also found effective in improving its digestibility [5,6]. using the following formula.
The present study was conducted to optimize the con- Cellulose (%) Dry matter basis =Weight of Digested Material -
centration of KOH which was necessary for maximum Weight of Ash
delignification of sugarcane bagasse to expose cellulose Weight of material on dry basis
for saccharification process.
Lignin (%) = Lignin Weight (g) X 100
Materials and Methods Bagasse Weight (g)

Lignocellulosic biomass Scanning electron microscopy of sugarcane

Sugarcane bagasse was used as a source of lignocellu-
bagasse
losic biomass which was provided by Shakar Gunj Su- Samples of untreated and treated sugarcane bagasse
gar mills (Pvt.) Limited, Jhang Road, Faisalabad. The were oven dried at 50°C for 1 h and thick layers were
biomass was washed and dried to remove the unwanted supported in the sample holder fixed on a carbon ribbon.
particles and then milled into powder form (2mm) with This assembly was maintained in a vacuum-desiccator
hammer beater mill. until the analysis. The SEM type S-3700 microscope
(Hitachi) was used for observing the bagasse fibers in
Pretreatment of substrate both treated and untreated samples.
Pretreatment of the substrate was performed as descri- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
bed earlier [7]. The chopped sugarcane bagasse samples FTIR was used to check the chemical changes in treated
were soaked in different concentration of KOH ranging and untreated samples. Mixture of sample and KBr (5%
from 1-4% solution at the ratio of 1:10 (solid:liquid) for
sample : 95% KBr) were passed into a disk for Fouri-
2 hr at room temperature. After then the samples were
er Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement. The
autoclaved at 121oC for various time periods (15, 30, 45,
spectra were recorded with 32 scans in the frequency
60 min). Then samples were filtered and solid residues
range of 4000-400 cm-1 with a resolution of 4 cm-1.
were washed up to neutrality.
Statistical analysis
Chemical analysis All measured values are the averages of three replicates.
For total sugar determination, 0.5 ml of sample solution Values in the figures are means of 3 replicates ± standard
was mixed with 0.5 ml of 5% phenol solution and vor- deviation.

Turk J Biochem, 2011; 36 (4) ; 322–328. 323 İrfan et al

Results and Discussion Table 1. Proximate analysis of the sugarcane bagasse (% w/w of the
dry matter)

Compositional analysis of bagasse Content %

The compositional analysis of sugarcane bagasse was Cellulose 40 ± 1.2
shown in Table 1. The results indicates that sugarcane Lignin 23 ± 1.01
bagasse consist of 40% cellulose, 23% lignin, total su- Total Sugars 2.94 ± 0.3
gars, reducing sugars, ash and moisture content. Some Reducing sugars 8.05 ± 0.4
workers reported that sugarcane bagasse contained
Ash 0.9 ± 0.02
cellulose content of 40% and 25% of lignin dry basis
Moisture 7.1 ± 0.5
[12,13]. Other studies also represent that grasses consist
of 25-40% of cellulose and 35-50% of hemicellulose
and 10-30% of lignin content [14-17]. Rodríguez-Chong ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀
et al. [18] also examined the compositional analysis of ㄀　　

sugarcane bagasse which comprised of 38.9% cellulo- 㠀　

䌀 攀氀氀甀氀漀猀 攀 ⠀─ ⤀
se, 20.6% xylan and 23.9% lignin. In another study the 㘀　

cellulose content of 34.3% and ash content of 1.4% was 㐀　

reported in raw sugarcane bagasse [19]. Zandersons et al. ㈀　

[20] reported that the oven dried Brazilian sugarcane ba- 　

　⸀ 㔀 ㄀ ㄀⸀ 㔀 ㈀ ㈀⸀ 㔀 ㌀ ㌀⸀ 㔀 㐀
gasse contained 3.2% ash and 25.4% klason lignin. The- 䬀 伀䠀 䌀 漀渀挀⸀  ⠀─⤀
se variations in the compositional analysis of sugarcane
bagasse might be due to the different varieties which are Figure 1.䘀椀最甀爀攀⸀㄀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀⸀ 漀昀 䬀
Effect of different conc. of KOH and steaming time on
伀䠀 愀渀搀 猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 
cultivated in various parts of the world. Hemicellulose, Cellulose content 漀渀 䌀
of sugarcane bagasse
攀氀氀甀氀漀猀攀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀 漀昀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 戀愀最愀猀猀攀
cellulose and lignin are the three main components of
biomass which varies from 20–40, 40–60, and 10– 25 %
respectively for lignocellulosic biomass [21].
刀 攀搀甀挀 椀渀最 猀 甀最愀爀猀  ⠀洀最⼀洀氀⤀

㈀㔀 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀

The biodegradability of lignocellulosic biomass is li- ㈀　

mited by several factors like crystallinity of cellulose, ㄀㔀
available surface area, and lignin content. Cellulose and ㄀　
hemicellulose are the major components of the secon-
㔀
dary layers of the cell wall in lignocellulosic fibres [22].
When the bagasse samples were analyzed for cellulose 　
content after every treatment, it was observed that ma- 　Ⰰ㔀 ㄀ ㄀Ⰰ㔀 ㈀ ㈀Ⰰ㔀 ㌀ ㌀Ⰰ㔀 㐀

ximum cellulose content (83%) was obtained with 4% 䬀 伀䠀 䌀 漀渀挀 ⸀ ⠀─ ⤀

KOH for 15 min of autoclaving time as shown in the Figure 2. Effect of different concentrations of KOH
䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㈀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䬀 and steaming
伀䠀 愀渀搀 
Figure 1. The isolated cellulose fiber treated with 10% time on release of reducing sugars from sugarcane bagasse
猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 漀昀 爀攀搀甀挀椀渀最 猀甀最愀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 
戀愀最愀猀猀攀
KOH and 10% NaOH yielded 44.7 and 44.2% cellulose
(C3, C4), in which 92.5 and 95.5% of the original hemi-
celluloses were released [23]. They reported that cellulo-
se purity was increased as the strength of KOH, NaOH ㈀㔀　 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀
吀 漀琀愀氀 猀 甀最愀爀猀  ⠀洀最⼀洀氀⤀

and temperature was increased. This significant solubi- ㈀　　

lity of hemicelluloses was probably due to the presence ㄀㔀　
on outer fiber surface, from where they dissolve easily ㄀　　
in the alkaline solution while cellulose fibers are located 㔀　
in the inner parts of the fibres and therefore is not easily 　
dissolved. An important aspect of alkaline pretreatment 　Ⰰ㔀 ㄀ ㄀Ⰰ㔀 ㈀ ㈀Ⰰ㔀 ㌀ ㌀Ⰰ㔀 㐀
is that it changes the structure of cellulose fiber, making 䬀 伀䠀 䌀 漀渀挀 ⸀ ⠀─⤀

it denser and thermodynamically stable than the native Figure 3. Effect of different concentrations of KOH and steaming
䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㌀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䬀 伀䠀 愀渀搀 
fiber [24]. Alkaline extraction can also cause solubiliza- time on release of total sugars from sugarcane bagasse
猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 漀昀 琀漀琀愀氀 猀甀最愀爀猀 昀爀漀洀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 戀愀最愀猀猀攀
tion, redistribution and condensation of lignin and mo-
difications in the crystalline state of the cellulose. These
effects can lower or counteract the positive effects of which indicates the maximum degradation of hemicellu-
lignin removal and cellulose exposure [25]. lose in the biomass. Reducing sugars released were 19.2
Figures 2 and 3 represent the sugars released after tre- mg/ml and 18.9 mg/ml with concentration of 3% and
atment with various concentrations of KOH at various 1% KOH at autoclaving time of 60 min. By increasing
autoclaving times. Maximum total sugar (192.32 mg/ml the concentration of loading NaOH, the delignification
and 163.4 mg/ml) was released during treatment with rate will be increased and enzymatic hydrolysis will be
1.5% and 4% KOH at 30 min of heating time respectively better and maximum sugars were released during this

Turk J Biochem, 2011; 36 (4) ; 322–328. 324 İrfan et al

hydrolysis [26]. The production of fermentable sugars ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀
㠀　
from sugarcane bagasse is possible through thermal, 㜀　

䐀攀氀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 ⠀─⤀
chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis [19,27-29]. Suksombat 㘀　
㔀　
[30] indicated that the hemicellulose content of bagasse 㐀　
was reduced by NaOH treatment. The hydrolysis of the ㌀　
㈀　
sugarcane bagasse during alkali pretreatment involves ㄀　
solubilization and partial destruction of the hemicellulo- 　
se to release sugars. As a consequence, the amount of re- 　Ⰰ㔀 ㄀ ㄀Ⰰ㔀 ㈀ ㈀Ⰰ㔀 ㌀ ㌀Ⰰ㔀 㐀

ducing sugar recovered from the bagasse depends on tre- 䬀 伀 䠀 䌀 漀渀挀⸀ ⠀─⤀

atment time, temperature and acid/alkali concentration.

Figure 4. Effect of different concentrations of KOH and steaming
Hemicellulose is a complex carbohydrate structure that 䘀椀最甀爀攀 㐀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 䬀
time on delignification of sugarcane bagasse 伀䠀 愀渀搀 猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 
consists of different polymers like pentoses (like xylose 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 搀攀氀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 戀愀最愀猀猀攀

and arabinose), hexoses (like mannose, glucose and ga-

lactose), and sugar acids. The dominant component of
hemicellulose from hardwood and agricultural plants, ㌀　 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀
like grasses and straw, is xylan, while this is glucoman- ㈀㔀
nan for softwood [12,31]. Hemicellulose has a lower mo-

䰀 椀最渀椀渀 ⠀─⤀
㈀　

lecular weight than cellulose, and branches with short ㄀㔀

lateral chains that consist of different sugars, which are ㄀　

㔀
easily hydrolyzable polymers [31]. Hemicellulose serves
　
as a connection between the lignin and the cellulose fi-
　⸀㔀 ㄀ ㄀⸀㔀 ㈀ ㈀⸀㔀 ㌀ ㌀⸀㔀 㐀
bers and gives the whole cellulose–hemicellulose–lig-
䬀 伀䠀 䌀 漀渀挀 ⸀ ⠀─ ⤀
nin network more rigidity [32]. The solubilization of
hemicellulose compounds into the water starts around Figure 5.䘀椀最甀爀攀⸀㔀⸀ 䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀⸀ 漀昀 䬀
Effect of different concentrations of KOH and steaming
伀䠀 愀渀搀 猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 
150-180 oC under neutral conditions [33,34]. The solubi- time on lignin content of sugarcane bagasse
漀渀 氀椀最渀椀渀 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀 漀昀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 戀愀最愀猀猀攀
lization of lignocellulose components not only depends
on temperature, but also on other aspects like moisture
content and pH [31]. The xylan of hemicellulose can be cellulose, and be hydrolyzed effectively [28]. The major
extracted quite well in an acid or alkaline environment, purpose of pretreatment is to alter the biomass macros-
while glucomannan can hardly be extracted in an acid copic and microscopic size and structure as well as its
environment and needs a stronger alkaline environment submicroscopic structural and chemical composition to
than xylan to be extracted [31,35,36]. Xylan appears to facilitate rapid and efficient hydrolysis of carbohydra-
be the part that can be extracted the most easily. The lig- tes to fermentable sugars [42]. Zhang and Cai [43] tre-
nin and hemicelluloses are the most thermal-chemically ated rice straw with 2% NaOH and reported reduction
sensitive [37,38]. During thermal–chemical pretreat- in lignin content of before and pretreated straw from
ment firstly the side groups of hemicellulose react, follo- 14.9% to 9.5% respectively and also mentioned that after
wed by the hemicellulose backbone [39,40]. treatment with NaOH the basic tissue become severely
In Figures 4 and 5 lignin content and percentage deligni- shrank. Kim and Lee [44] and Xu et al. [45] founded
fication in the sugarcane bagasse was presented at each that untreated samples were very hard and pretreated
treatment. Untreated sample was taken as control which samples were very soft indicating the destruction of the
consists of 23% lignin content. It was noted after tre- tissues. The removal of lignin is necessary for cellulose
atment that 2.5% KOH reduces the lignin content upto to readily become available for the enzymes which per-
7.32% whereas 4% KOH reduces lignin content upto mit the yeast to convert glucose into ethanol [46]. Lignin
7.6% (delignification 70.72% and 69.6%) respectively. limits the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis by acting as a
Figure 6 represents the scanning electron micrograph of shield, preventing the digestible parts of the substrate
the sugarcane bagasse which indicates that raw bagas- to be hydrolyzed, therefore its removal increases the
se was very hard and after treatment holes were created enzymatic hydrolysis [42]. Lignin normally starts to dis-
which showed the destruction of tissues. The creation solve into water around 180 oC under neutral conditions
of these holes during treatment was very helpful in the [33] and its solubility depends however on the precursor
saccharification process which increases the rate of enz- (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, sinapyl alcohol or combinations
ymatic hydrolysis reactions. The action of alkaline is of them) of the lignin [47]. It is well known that dilu-
to break the ester bonds cross-linking lignin and xylan te acid pretreatment remove hemicellulose components
thus creating pores in the biomass [41]. The enzymatic to expose cellulose for enzymatic digestion and alkali-
hydrolysis rate of untreated natural biomass materials ne pretreatment remove lignin and various uronic acid
was less than 20%, so the materials must be pretreated, substitutions on hemicellulose that lower the accessibi-
during which the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin lity of enzyme to the hemicellulose and cellulose [48].
be separated, the cellulase could be easily penetrated to According to Kaar and Holtzapple [49] lime pretreatment

Turk J Biochem, 2011; 36 (4) ; 322–328. 325 İrfan et al

Figure 6 Scanning electron microscopy of sugarcane bagasse fibers. (A) Control, Untreated (magnification, x100) arrows represents the bagasse
fibers; (B) Treated with 2.5% KOH (magnification, x800) and the arrows represents the holes in the fibers which indicates the removal of
hemicelluloses and lignin.

A B

Figure 7. FTIR analysis of sugarcane bagasse fibers. (A) Control, Untreated bagasse fibers; (B) Treated with 2.5% KOH.

㜀　
Figure 7 shows the spectrum of treated and untreated su-
㘀　 ㄀㔀 洀椀渀 ㌀　 洀椀渀 㐀㔀 洀椀渀 㘀　 洀椀渀 garcane bagasse. The result indicated that alkaline treat-
ment (KOH) causes the degradation of fibriller structure
圀攀椀最栀琀 䰀 漀猀 猀  ⠀─ ⤀

㔀　

㐀　
of cellulose and lignin to greater extent. The absorbance
㌀　
at 3655, 2914, 1601, 1239, 1034, cm-1 in Figure 7a are
㈀　
associated with untreated sugarcane bagasse as reported
㄀　
by Sun et al. [52]. The band at 3334.2cm-1 is depicting the
stretching of hydroxyl group in treated bagasse (Figure
　
　⸀㔀 ㄀ ㄀⸀㔀 ㈀ ㈀⸀㔀 ㌀ ㌀⸀㔀 㐀

䬀 伀䠀 䌀漀渀挀 ⸀ ⠀─⤀
7b). The absorption at 2915cm-1 in treated sugarcane ba-
䘀椀最甀爀攀⸀㠀⸀   䔀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 挀漀渀挀⸀ 漀昀 䬀 伀䠀 愀渀搀 猀琀攀愀洀椀渀最 琀椀洀攀 漀渀  gasse arises from C-H stretching, moreover the absor-
Figure 8. Effect眀攀椀最栀琀 氀漀猀猀 漀昀 猀甀最愀爀挀愀渀攀 戀愀最愀猀猀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀爀攀愀琀洀攀渀琀 
of different conc. of KOH and steaming time on
weight loss of sugarcane bagasse after treatment bance at 1426, 1315.9, 1161.8 and 1032 cm-1 corresponds
to the aromatic skeleton vibration, ring breathing in the
C-O stretching in lignin [53]. The bands at 1315.92 cm-1
(with heating) is sufficient to increase the digestibility of are attributed to absorption by C-H and C-O stretching
low-lignin containing biomass, but not for high lignin in acetyl group in hemicellulose respectively. The strong
containing biomass. Lime pretreatment of switch grass band at 1161.88 cm-1 in pretreated sugarcane bagasse is
assign to C-O stretching in cellulose, hemicellulose and
and corn stover did not inhibit the enzymatic sacchari-
lignin or C-O-C stretching in cellulose and hemicellu-
fication and fermentation steps [50]. The major positive loses. The band at 896 cm-1 is due to glucosidic linkage
effect of lime is that it is relatively cheap, safe and easily [54]. The region of FTIR spectrum between 633 to 606
regained from the reaction mixture [51]. cm-1 was not considered.

Turk J Biochem, 2011; 36 (4) ; 322–328. 326 İrfan et al

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