BIOL 220 – Final (Page 1)
1. ?
2. ?
3. For mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to be available in the cytoplasm for the fatty acid biosynthesis, it must be
transported from the mitochondria. What compounds are involved in the shuttle system for this transport ?
a. Citrate-malate-oxaloacetate
b. Oxaloacetate-pyruvate
c. Citrate-malate-pyruvate
d. Carnitine acyltransferase 1
4. The hydrolysis of ATP can be used to drive reactions that have a G that is :
a. greater than + 32 kJ/mol
b. less than + 32 kJ/mol
c. between + 20 and + 40 kJ/mol
d. none of the above is true
5. Glucokinase
a. is found in all mammalian tissues
b. converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
c. is a hexokinase isozyme found in liver hepatocytes
d. acts in the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate
e. none of the above is correct
6. An example of an activation step in metabolism is
a. The hydrolysis of a triglyceride
b. The cis-trans isomerization of retinal
c. The formation of an acyl derivative of CoA
d. The formation of peptide bond
e. More than one of the above is correct
7. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis in the reaction catalyzed by :
a. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
b. Hexokinase
c. Phosphofructokinase
d. More than one of the above
e. None of the above
8. Which of the following enzymes is not needed in the synthesis of cholesterol ?
a. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase
b. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase
c. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase
d. Thiolase
e. More of one of the above are not needed
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 2)
9. When glycogen rather than glucose is the starting point of glycolysis
a. The yield of ATP per molecule of glucose increases from 2 to 4
b. The yield of ATP per molecule of glucose decreases from 2 to 1
c. A step in glycolysis involving glucose-1-phosphate is bypassed
d. Substrate-level phosphorylation is involved in the first step
10. During seed germination, the glyoxylate pathway is important to plants because it enables them to :
a. Obtain glyoxylate for pyrimidine synthesis
b. Get rid of isocitrate formed from the aconitase reaction
c. Form acetyl-CoA from malate
d. Carry out the net synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA
e. More than one of the above
11. A cell in inactive metabolic state has
a. A high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD+) ratio
b. A high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD+) ratio
c. A low (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD+) ratio
d. A low (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD+) ratio
e. None of the above is true
12. The glycerol phosphate shuttle
a. is prominent in mammalian tissues
b. involves 2 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases
c. includes oxaloacetate as an intermediate
d. includes the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 only
13. Uncouplers are compounds that inhibit the phosphorylation of ADP
a. by enhancing the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
b. by enhancing the proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane
c. because they are transmembrane proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane
d. without affecting electron transport
e. none of the above is true
14. Complex II
a. is called succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase
b. like complex I catalyzes the reduction of Q to QH2
c. contains FAD and one iron-sulfur cluster
d. contributes to the proton concentration gradient
e. two of the above are correct
15. A Kreb’s cycle intermediate not used in biosynthesis reaction is :
a. Isocitrate
b. -ketoglutarate
c. Succinyl-CoA
d. Oxaloacetate
e. More than one of the above
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 3)
16. The 2 molecules of CO2 that are produced in Kreb’s cycle are derived directly from
a. The carboxyl carbons from the acetyl group that entered the cycle in this round
b. The carboxyl groups in oxaloacetate
c. The non-carboxyl groups in oxaloacetate
d. One carboxyl group and one non-carboxyl group in oxaloacetate
e. None of the above is correct
17. An essential feature of the glyoxylate cycle that is not associated with Kreb’s cycle is :
a. It utilizes one molecule of acetyl-CoA
b. It can produce a net synthesis of 4-carbon units, which are Kreb’s cycle intermediate
c. The glyoxylate cycle occurs in the mitochondria
d. Malate synthase permits the production of succinate
18. The major organs for gluconeogenesis are :
a. Brain and muscle
b. Liver and muscle
c. Liver and kidney
d. Muscle and heart
19. The initial phase of the pentose phosphate pathway does not include
a. Release of CO2 molecule
b. The production of two molecules of NADPH
c. The reduction of glucose-6-phosphate
d. The production of ribulose-5-phosphate by an oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate
20. Which of the following does not characterizes -oxidation of saturated fatty acid ?
a. 2-C units are eliminated at each step
b. -oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
c. -oxidation is quantitatively the primary route to degradation
d. -oxidation is initiated at the methyl end of the fatty acid
21. Acylcarnitine
a. is an energy rich molecule, similar to a thioester
b. is formed in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferase II
c. is formed in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferase I
d. is formed in the intermembrane space catalyzed by carnitine acyltransferase II
e. Both (a) and (d)
22. The first 3 reactions in the -oxidation of saturated fatty acid produce :
a. 2 moles of NADPH
b. 2 moles of QH2
c. 2 moles of ATP
d. 1 mole each of NADH and QH2
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 4)
23. Ketone bodies are transported primarily from the liver to other tissues
a. complexed to serum albumin
b. by incorporation into chylomicrons
c. complexed to fatty acid binding proteins
d. without any special transport aid
24. What is the correct order of function of the following enzymes of -oxidation ?
1. -hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
2. Thiolase
3. Enoyl-CoA hydratase
4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
a. 1, 2, 3, 4
b. 3, 1, 4, 2
c. 4, 3, 1, 2
d. 1, 4, 3, 2
e. 4, 2, 3, 1
25. The addition of two carbon units to the growing fatty acid chain is driven by :
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Oxidation of NADPH
c. Reduction of NADP+
d. Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA
26. One of the main sources of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis is :
a. the TCA cycle
b. oxidative phosphorylation
c. conversion of malate to pyruvate, catalyzed by malic enzyme
d. the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase
e. none of the above is correct
27. The formation of acetoacetate-ACP is catalyzed by :
a. -ketoacyl-ACP synthase
b. acetyl-CoA carboxylase
c. acetyl transacylase
d. -hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase
28. All of the following are characteristics of arachidonic acid except :
a. It contains 4 double bonds, all of which are cis
b. It is a precursor of leukotrienes
c. Extension of stearic acid, the final product of fatty acid synthase, is accomplished in the
mitochondria by reaction with acetyl-CoA
d. More than one of the above
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 5)
29. If the carbon in the bicarbonate used in malonyl-CoA synthesis were labeled with 14C in the synthesis of
palmitate, where would the label be found in the reaction products ?
a. CO2
b. C-16 of palmitate
c. C-1 of palmitate
d. Evenly distributed in palmitate
e. None of the above is true
30. The reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 :
a. Involves the hydrolysis of 1 ATP
b. Involves the hydrolysis of 2 ATPs
c. Involves the synthesis of ATP
d. Requires no ATPs
e. None of the above is true
31. “Ketone bodies” are formed when
a. Oxaloacetate is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA
b. There is a deficiency of acetyl-CoA
c. There is not enough oxaloacetate to react with available acetyl-CoA
d. The organism consumes excessive amounts of carbohydrate compared to its lipid intake
32. The ultimate precursors of porphyrins are
a. Glycine and leucine
b. Glycine and acetyl-CoA
c. Glycine and succinyl-CoA
d. Glycine and valine
33. The base of inosinic acid is
a. Hypoxanthine
b. Inosine
c. Xanthine
d. Xanthosine
34. In the urea cycle
a. Energy in the form of CTP is required
b. The carbon of asparate are partially incorporated into arginine
c. Arginine is the immediate precursor of citrulline
d. Oxaloacetate is a direct product of the arginosuccinate reaction
e. None of the above
35. In the presence of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate, the synthesis of urea would require the addition
a. Of arginine
b. Of HCO3 –
c. Of citrulline
d. Of ammonia
e. None of the above
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 6)
36. The pentose phosphate pathway from glucose-6-phosphate
a. Requires UDP-glucose
b. Produces one molecule of NADPH for each molecule of CO2 released
c. Is a source of NADH for oxidative phosphorylation
d. Produces one mole of inorganic phosphate in the oxidation of six moles of substrate
e. None of the above
37. The conversion of palmitoyl-CoA (16:0) to myristoyl-CoA (14:0) and 1 mole of acetyl-CoA by the -
oxidation pathway results in the net formation of
a. 1 QH2 and 1 NADH
b. 2 QH2 and 2 NADH
c. 1 QH2 and 2 NADPH
d. 2 QH2, 2 NADH and 1 ATP
e. 1 QH2, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP
38. An intermediate in the -oxidation of stearic acid is
a. L(+)--hydroxybutyryl-CoA
b. trans-2-palmitoyl-CoA
c. -ketooctanoyl-CoA
d. D(-)--hydroxyoleyl-CoA
e. More than one of the above
39. Acetoacetate can be activated by the transfer of
a. CoA from acetyl-CoA
b. CoA from succinyl-CoA
c. Phosphate from ATP
d. CoA from malony-CoA
e. None of the above
40. During fatty acid synthesis, the formation of acetoacetyl-S-ACP is an example of
a. Reduction reaction
b. Condensation reaction
c. Oxidation reaction
d. Hydration reaction
e. Dehydration reaction
41. Of the basic 20 amino acids, only leucine is
a. Purely glucogenic
b. Purely ketogenic
c. Glucogenic and ketogenic
d. None of the above
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 7)
42. How many ATP equivalents are generated by the complete oxidation of palmitoleate ?
a. 106.5 ATP
b. 104.5 ATP
c. 26.5 ATP
d. 24.5 ATP
e. None of the above
43. Which of the following is not specifically required in the synthesis of fatty acid ?
a. Biotin
b. Acetyl-CoA
c. Malonyl-CoA
d. NADH
e. Bicarbonate ions
44. Which of the following isn’t true for both the fatty acid synthase and the fatty acid -oxidation systems?
a. Acyl-CoA derivatives are intermediates
b. Double bonds are oxidized or reduced by pyridine nucleotide coenzymes
c. The processes occur in the mitochondrial matrix
d. A derivative of the vitamin pantothenic acid is involved
e. More than one of the above
45. In which of the following are the enzymes in the correct metabolic sequence ?
a. acyl dehydrogenase, -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, thiolase
b. -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, acyl dehydrogenase, thiolase
c. enoyl hydrase, thiolase, -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, acyl dehydrogenase
d. acyl dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase, thiolase
e. acyl dehydrogenase, enoyl hydrase, thiolase, -hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase
46. In the urea cycle, the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is associated with the
a. Formation of ornithine from citrulline
b. Formation of citrulline from ornithine
c. Transamination of ornithine
d. Hydrolysis of ornithine
e. Formation argininosuccinate
47. Acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis is generated in the cytosol by
a. Acetyl-CoA synthetase
b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
c. ATP-citrate lyase
d. Carnitine-acyltransferase
e. Thiolase
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 8)
48. The intracellular localization of glucose-6-phosphatase is the
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Mitochondria
c. Cytosol
d. Chloroplast
e. None of the above
49. Which of the following can be synthesized by plants but not by humans ?
a. Palmitate (18:00)
b. Stearate (20:0)
c. Linoleate [18:2 (9:12) ]
d. Pyruvate
e. Phosphatidylcholine
50. The synthesis of both phospholipids and triacylglycerols involves
a. CDP-diacylglycerol
b. Phosphoethanolamine
c. Phosphatidic acid
d. CDP-choline
e. Phosphatidate phosphatase
51. CDP-derivatives are not precursors for the synthesis of
a. Phosphatidylethanolamine
b. Phosphatidic acid
c. Cardiolipin
d. Phosphatidylinositol
52. The end-product of purine catabolism in amphibians is
a. Allantoin
b. Allantoate
c. Urea
d. Uric acid
53. Which of the following amino acids are both ketogenic and glucogenic ?
a. Isoleucine and tyrosine
b. Valine and arginine
c. Histidine, valine and arginine
d. Isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine
e. Valine, tyrosine and arginine
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 9)
54. Which of the following isn’t true for the reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase
a. Ammonia is produced
b. The enzyme is specific for glutamate, but the reaction is also involved in the oxidation of the
other 19 amino acids
c. The enzyme can use either NAD or NADP as a cofactor
d. -ketoglutarate is produced from an amino acid
e. The reaction is similar to transamination in that it involves the coenzyme ? phosphate
55. An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is
a. Hexokinase
b. Glucose-6-phosphatase
c. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
d. Phosphofructokinase-1
e. Pyruvate kinase
56. In humans, gluconeogenesis
a. Helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal
b. Is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose
c. Can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose
d. Requires the enzyme hexokinase
e. None of the above
57. Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is incorrect ?
a. It is principally directed toward the generation of NADPH
b. It requires the participation of molecular oxygen
c. It generates CO2 from C-1 of glucose
d. It is predominant in lactating mammary glands
e. More than one of the above is correct
58. The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
a. Uses glucose as a substrate
b. Uses glucose-6-phosphate as a substrate
c. Catalyzes a hydrolytic cleavage of (1 4) bonds
d. Catalyzes a hydrolytic cleavage of (1 6) bonds
e. None of the above
59. Galactosemia is a genetic error of metabolism associated with
a. Excessive ingestion of glucose
b. Inability to digest glucose
c. Deficiency of galactokinase
d. Deficiency of UDP-glucose
e. Deficiency of UDP: galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 10)
60. The cost in high-energy phosphate bonds for the formation of one mole of glucose from lactate is
a. 8 moles of ATP
b. 6 moles of ATP
c. 4 moles of ATP
d. 2 moles of ATP
e. None of the above
61. The nitrogen needed for amino acids and for the bases of nucleotides comes from
a. Directly from the atmosphere
b. The fixed in the form of nitrite
c. The fixed nitrogen by plant cells in the form of ammonia
d. The fixed nitrogen by some bacteria in the form of ammonia
e. The fixed nitrogen through the activity of the plant nitrogenase enzyme
62. Aspirin blocks the production of some eicosanoids through
a. Irreversible inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase
b. Irreversible inhibition of the enzyme lipoxygenase
c. Rreversible inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase
d. Reversible inhibition of the enzyme lipoxygenase
e. Inhibition of arachidonate synthesis
63. The synthesis of sphinganine
a. Requires NADPH
b. Requires the enzyme 3-ketosphinganine reductase
c. Requires 3-ketosphinganine
d. Both (a) and (b)
e. All of the above
64. Which of the following is not needed for the synthesis of ether lipids ?
a. CDP-choline
b. Phosphatase
c. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
d. CMP
e. All of the above are needed for the synthesis of ether lipids
65. The first reaction in the synthesis of ceramide requires
a. Serine and stearyl-CoA
b. Serine and palmitoyl-CoA
c. NADPH
d. N-acyltransferase
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 11)
66. Which of the following is not a precursor for the synthesis of both inosine and uridine monophosphate ?
a. Glycine
b. Glutamine
c. Aspartate
d. CO2
67. The immediate precursors for the synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate are :
a. ATP and ribose 1-phosphate
b. ATP and ribose 5-phosphate
c. AMP and ribose 1-phosphate
d. AMP and ribose 5-phosphate
68. The conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde is an example of
a. Oxidation
b. Reduction
c. Dehydration
d. Hydration
e. Rearrangement
69. Which of the following statements apply to anabolism ?
a. Proceeds in stages
b. Requires energy
c. Requires reducing agents
d. (b) and (c)
e. (a), (b) and (c)
70. Which of the following is correct for the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ?
a. The activity of E2 is inhibited when the concentration of CoA is high
b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of E2, thereby inhibiting it
c. E3 is inhibited by a high NADH : NAD+ ratio
d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is allosterically inhibited by NADH and acetyl-CoA
e. Pyruvate and ADP activate the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
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True or False
1. Iron-sulfur clusters are found only in Complexes I, II and III
2. In intact mitochondria, a respiratory inhibitor such as rotenone, stops electron transport but doesn’t
affect ATP production
3. The cytochrome c oxidase complex utilizes copper ions as well as iron ions to achieve the transfer of
electron to oxygen
4. 2,4 Dinitrophenol allows increased oxygen consumption even when mitochondria is deprived of ADP
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 12)
5. The inner mitochondrial knobs contain an enzyme that, in vitro, was shown to catalyze the conversion of
ATP into ADP and Pi
6. In contrast to glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway allows the complete oxidation of glucose to
CO2
7. The Cori cycle is a combination of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
8. Phosphate is transported into the mitochondria in electroneutral symport with pro…?
9. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the degradation of glycogen chains from their reducing ends but
stops four glucose residues from a branch point
10. -oxidation of eicosanoyl CoA yields 10 NADH, 10 QH2, and 10 acetyl-CoA
11. The carbon atoms of the steroid ring structure of cholesterol are all derived from acetyl-CoA
12. In addition to the prostaglandins and thromboxanes formed as one class of eicosanoids, another class
includes the leukotrienes, molecules involved in allergic response
13. Non-cyclic precursors of cholesterol that have 10, 15 and 30-carbon chains, respectively, are geranyl
pyrophosphate, farnesyl pyrophosphate and squalene
14. The majority of transaminases exhibit a specificity for L-glutamate and -ketoglutarate
15. Urea is synthesized in mammalian livers and kidneys
16. Arginase is an enzyme found at high activity levels in nearly all mammalian organs and tissues
17. One of the nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms of urea enter the urea cycle as a single molecule called
carbamoyl phosphate
18. The urea cycle requires energy to form urea. The equivalent of four ATP molecules are required
19. In the 1st step of the Q cycle, QH2 at the matrix face of the membrane donates an electron to the Fe-S
protein of complex III
20. According to the binding-change mechanism, ATP synthase contains 3 catalytic sites : the open site
which becomes the loose upon the inward passage of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane,
the loose site which becomes the tight site and the tight site which becomes the open site.
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 13)
KEY
A B C D E A B C D E
1 36
2 37
3 38
4 39
5 40
6 41
7 42
8 43
9 44
10 45
11 46
12 47
13 48
14 49
15 50
16 51
17 52
18 53
19 54
20 55
21 56
22 57
23 58
24 59
25 60
26 61
27 62
28 63
29 64
30 65
31 66
32 67
33 68
34 69
35 70
KEY
BIOL 220 – Final (Page 14)
TRUE FALSE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
