Introduction to Programming in C++

Eighth Edition

Chapter 8: More on the Repetition Structure

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whole or in part.
 Objectives

• Include a posttest loop in pseudocode

• Include a posttest loop in a flowchart
• Code a posttest loop using the C++ do while
statement
• Nest repetition structures

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 2
whole or in part.
 Posttest Loops

• Repetition structures can be either pretest or posttest

loops
• Pretest loop – condition evaluated before instructions
are processed
• Posttest loop – condition evaluated after instructions
are processed
• Posttest loop’s instructions are always processed at
least once
• Pretest loop’s instructions may never be processed

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whole or in part.
 Posttest Loops (cont’d.)

Figure 8-1 Problem specification, illustrations, and solutions

containing pretest and posttest loops
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whole or in part.
 Posttest Loops (cont’d.)

Figure 8-2 Selection structure added to Solution 2 from Figure 8-1

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whole or in part.
 Flowcharting a Posttest Loop

• Decision symbol in a flowchart (a diamond)

representing a repetition structure contains the loop
condition
• Decision symbol appears at the top of a pretest loop,
but at the bottom of a posttest loop

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whole or in part.
 Flowcharting a Posttest Loop
(cont’d.)

Figure 8-3 Commission Program’s problem specification and flowcharts

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whole or in part.
 Flowcharting a Posttest Loop
(cont’d.)

Figure 8-3 Commission Program’s problem specification and flowchart

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whole or in part.
 The do while Statement

• do while statement is used to code posttest loops in

C++
• Syntax:
do {
one or more statements to be processed one time,
and thereafter as long as the condition is true
} while (condition);
• Some programmers use a comment (such as:
//begin loop) to mark beginning of loop

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whole or in part.
 The do while Statement (cont’d.)

• Programmer must provide loop condition

– Must evaluate to a Boolean value
– May contain variables, constants, functions, arithmetic
operators, comparison operators, and logical operators
• Programmer must also provide statements to be
executed when condition evaluates to true
• Braces are required around statements if there are
more than one

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whole or in part.
 The do while Statement (cont’d.)

Figure 8-4 How to use the do while statement

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whole or in part.
 The do while Statement (cont’d.)

Figure 8-5 Commission Program containing a posttest loop

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whole or in part.
 Nested Repetition Structures

• Like selection structures, repetition structures can be

nested
• You can place one loop (the inner, or nested loop)
inside another loop (the outer loop)
• Both loops can be pretest loops or posttest loops, or
the two loops may be different types
• Programmer decides whether a problem requires a
nested loop by analyzing the problem specification

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whole or in part.
 Nested Repetition Structures
(cont’d.)

Figure 8-6 Problem specification and solution that requires a loop

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whole or in part.
 Nested Repetition Structures
(cont’d.)

Figure 8-7 Modified problem specification and solution that

requires a nested loop
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whole or in part.
 The Clock Program

• Simple program that simulates a clock with minutes and

seconds.
• The outer loop represents minutes.
• The inner loop (nested loop) represents seconds.
• To make it easier to desk-check the instructions, the nested
loop uses only three seconds per minute and the outer loop
stops after two minutes.

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whole or in part.
 The Clock Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-8 Algorithm, code, and a sample run of the Clock Program

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whole or in part.
 The Clock Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-10 Completed desk-check table and output

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whole or in part.
 The Car Depreciation Program

• Calculate the depreciation of a car over time.

• Program uses a counter-controlled loop to display the
value of a new car at the end of each of five years, using
a 15% annual depreciation rate.

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whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-11 Beginning of Car Depreciation Program with Problem

Specification
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whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-11 Remainder of Car Depreciation Program with sample

run
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 21
whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

• Modify the Car Depreciation Program to use different

depreciation rates.
• This modified program displays the value of a new car
at the end of each of five years, using annual
depreciation rates of 15%, 20%, and 25%.

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 22
whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-12 Beginning of the modified Car Depreciation Program

with problem specification
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 23
whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-12 Remainder of the modified Car Depreciation Program

with sample run
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 24
whole or in part.
 Car Depreciation Program (cont’d.)

Figure 8-13 Flowchart for the modified Car Depreciation Program

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whole or in part.
 Summary

• A repetition structure can be either a pretest loop or a

posttest loop
• In a pretest loop, the loop condition is evaluated before
the instructions in the loop are processed
• In a posttest loop, the evaluation occurs after the
instructions within the loop are processed
• Use the do while statement to code a posttest loop
in C++
• Use either the while statement or the for statement
to code a pretest loop in C++

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 26
whole or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• Repetition structures can be nested, which means one

loop (called the inner or nested loop) can be placed
inside another loop (called the outer loop)
• For nested repetition structures to work correctly, the
entire inner loop must be contained within the outer
loop

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 27
whole or in part.
 Lab 8-1: Stop and Analyze

• Study the program below and answer the questions.

Figure 8-14 Code for Lab 8-1

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create

Figure 8-15 Problem specification, IPO chart, and desk-

check table for the Retirement program
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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-15 Remainder of the desk-check table for the Retirement program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 30
whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-16 Beginning of the IPO chart information and C++

instructions for the Retirement program
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 31
whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-16 Remainder of the IPO chart information and C++

instructions for the Retirement program
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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 32
whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-17 Desk-check table for the Retirement program

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-18 Beginning of the finalized Retirement program

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 8-18 Remainder of the finalized Retirement program

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-3: Modify

• Modify the program in Lab8-2.cpp. Change the outer for

loop to a posttest loop. Save the modified program as Lab8-
3.cpp
• Save, run, and test the program.

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-4: What’s missing?

• The program is this lab should display the pattern of

numbers shown in Figure 8-19 below.
• Follow the instructions for starting C++ and opening the
Lab8-4.cpp file. Put the C++ instructions in the proper order,
and then determine the one or more missing instructions.
• Test the program appropriately.

Figure 8-19 Sample output for Lab 8-4

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-5: Desk-Check

• Desk-check the code in Figure 8-20

• What will the code display on the computer screen?

Figure 8-20 Code for Lab 8-5

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whole or in part.
 Lab 8-6: Debug

• Follow the instructions for starting C++ and opening the

Lab8-6.cpp file.
• The program should display a store’s quarterly sales, but
it is not working properly.
• Debug the program.

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in 39
whole or in part.