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DIASS Module 4

The document summarizes different types of counseling clients and processes. It describes the clientele of counseling as normal people seeking guidance, skills development, or coping assistance. It then lists specific client types like students, job-seekers, couples, and communities. Finally, it outlines nine counseling processes/methods: psychoanalytic, Adlerian, existential, person-centered, gestalt, transactional analysis, behavior, rational-emotive, and reality therapies. Each focuses on helping clients through various directive and non-directive means like addressing unconscious motives, social influences, personal responsibility, behavior modification, and cognitive restructuring.

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402 views4 pages

DIASS Module 4

The document summarizes different types of counseling clients and processes. It describes the clientele of counseling as normal people seeking guidance, skills development, or coping assistance. It then lists specific client types like students, job-seekers, couples, and communities. Finally, it outlines nine counseling processes/methods: psychoanalytic, Adlerian, existential, person-centered, gestalt, transactional analysis, behavior, rational-emotive, and reality therapies. Each focuses on helping clients through various directive and non-directive means like addressing unconscious motives, social influences, personal responsibility, behavior modification, and cognitive restructuring.

Uploaded by

Elexis Castillo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences: Module 3

Learning Competencies
 describe the clientele of counseling
 illustrate the different processes and methods involved in counseling
5

Characteristics of the Clientele and Audiences of Counseling


The Clientele and audiences of counseling are normal people. They are not in need of clinical or mental
help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their growth, anyone in need of
assistance in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, or simply seeking to achieve a goal. What the audience
10 normally calls for in counseling is application or development of social skills, effective communication,
spiritual direction, decision-making, and career choices. Sometimes, people need to cope with crisis. Other
clientele and audiences of counseling may be people in need of premarital and marital counseling, grief and
loss (divorce, death, or amputation), domestic violence and other types of abuse, or coping with terminal
illness, death, and dying.
15
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
 As school guidance and counselors, these professionals provide the need for personal guidance by helping
students seek more options and find better and more appropriate ones in dealing with situations of stress or
simply decision-making.
20  As job-hunting coaches, counselors provide avenues for people to find necessary information and get
employment that is suitable to them. The services offered may include technical aspects of how to prepare
a curriculum vitae (CV) or a resume, how to speak to employers, and how to present and conduct oneself
before employers.
 As conflict management providers, these professionals provide the need for principles and theory-based
25 approaches to deal with conflict and deescalate it, if not revolve it positively.
 As human resources personnel, these professionals provide the needs common to all workplaces and they
are employed in almost all workplaces to deal with various employee needs that cover aspects of
remunerations, social services, compensations, conflict resolution, and discipline.
 As marriage counselors, these professionals provide the need for conflict resolution skills to parties,
30 couples, and children to deal with various stresses and issues that threaten their unity or peaceful
coexistence. Sometimes, their work is to reconcile couples, while at other times, they work to help them
part ways in the best way possible through available legal instruments such as separation, divorce, or
annulment.
 As drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors, these professionals meet the need to help people overcome
their problems or mitigate some of the most negative effects of drug abuse. Their goal is to facilitate client
rehabilitation.
 As bereavement counselors, these professionals respond to the need to be helped to go through loss, such
5 as death in the family, in a way that will help prevent depression and other unhealthy ways of dealing or
coping with loss such as committing suicide or giving up on life.
 As abused children caretakers and rehabilitation in government and NGO settings , counselors meet the
need to facilitate processing and restoration of abused children through recognition and implementation of
existing laws and recovery procedures in coordination with relevant units.
10
Audiences in Counseling
The Individual as Client of Counseling- The individual who needs to be helped to manage well a life-
changing situation or personal problem or crisis and other support needs may undergo counseling as an
individual.
15 The Group and Organization as Client of Counseling- Groups exist in communities, organizations, students
in schools, teachers in school, and departments in workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group counseling
to meet counseling needs on that level. The needs can range from desire to reduce conflict or manage it,
become more productive as a team or work better together.
The Community as Client of Counseling- When people experience something collectively, which may be
20 socially troubling and constitute the danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counseling is
necessary to be undertaken on a community level.

The settings, processes, methods and tools in counseling.


1. Psychoanalytic Therapy is an approach developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is based on Freud's
25 explanation that human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences. These
unconscious energy and experiences drive people's behavior in the form of unconscious motives and conflicts
The goal of a therapist is to help a client become conscious of this energy and early experiences and thereby
become empowered and harness both positively.

30 2. Adlerian Therapy is an approach similar to the Freudian. It was developed by Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who
believed that the first six years of life influence an individual. But ensuing behavior depended on how one
interprets his/her past and its continuing influence on him/her. For Adler, humans are motivated primarily by
social urges.
3. Existential Therapy has no single founder, but Viktor Frank] (1905-1997), Abraham Maslow (1908-1970),
and Rollo May (1909-1994) are considered key figures. Existential therapy focuses on the human capacity to
define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstance through reflection, decision-making,
and self-awareness. It draws heavily on existentialist philosophy that emphasizes human freedom to define
5 oneself, and that our lives are not predetermined; we have a responsibility to live .and to see in life what we
chose to. The only things we cannot control is being born and the fact of dying.

4. Person-centered Therapy originated from Carl Rogers (1902-1987). For Rogers, people get, share, or
surrender power and control over themselves and others, and so empowerment depended on the self and such
10 required non-directive process. Nondirective counselors focus on the client's self-discovery rather than their
input. The main stay in this non-directive counseling is counselor-client reflecting and clarifying the verbal and
non-verbal communications of clients. The process includes the counselor use of active listening, reflection of
feelings, clarification, and just "being there" for the counselee in a non-interventionist way.

15 5. Gestalt Therapy was developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970). It is an existential
approach, stressing that people must find their own way in life and accept personal responsibility for maturity.
They must develop an awareness of their unfinished business from the past, traumatic experiences in life, and
what they are doing in order for them to bring about change in their lives. Gestalt therapy techniques include
confrontation, dialog with parties, role-playing, reliving, and re-experiencing unfinished business in the forms
20 of resentment and guilt. Counselors push for doing and experiencing rather than just talk about one's feelings as
client. It involves recognizing and letting go, accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting something
hard.

6. Transactional Analysis was developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970). Its main uniqueness is its emphasis on
25 decisions and contracts that must be made by the client. Like other existentialist philosophies, which are based
on the understanding of human nature, this approach believes that the client has the potential for choice and so,
the contract made by the client clearly states the directions and goals of the therapeutic process.

7. Behavior Therapy, also referred to as behavior modification, is associated with many theorists and among
30 them are Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, B.F. Skinner, M,J. Mahoney, David L. Watson, and A.E. Kazdin.
Behavior therapy uses many action-oriented methods to help people take steps to change what they are doing
and thinking. This approach focuses on overt behavior, precision in specifying the goals of treatment, and the
development of specific treatment plans. In this approach, the counselor is active and directive, and functions as
a teacher or trainer in helping clients to work on improving behavior.
35
8. Rational-emotive Therapy was developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007). It is a form of cognitively-oriented
behavioral therapy and is based on the assumption that human beings are born with a potential for both rational
or straight thinking, and irrational or crooked thinking. Because people are fallible, this approach focuses on
helping clients accept themselves as people who would continue to make mistakes, yet at the same time learn to
5 live with themselves and be at peace with themselves. Ellis stressed that through thinking, judging, deciding,
and doing, people can change their cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes and react differently from their
usual patterns. They can train to master themselves and control themselves like choosing not to be upset.

9. Reality Therapy was founded and promoted by William Glasser (1925-2013). This therapy is a short-term
10 approach that focuses on the present and highlights a client's strength. It stresses that a client can learn more
realistic behavior and achieve success. For Glasser, people choose their behavior and are therefore responsible
for what they do and how they think and feel. What a client needs from a counselor is encouragement to assess
the current style of living then leave them to employ a process of honest self-examination, leading and resulting
to improvement of one's quality of life.
15

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