2059 w18 Ms 2 PDF
2059 w18 Ms 2 PDF
2059 w18 Ms 2 PDF
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
1(b)(i) • Ideal temperature is 25–35 °C (e.g. so crop grows well / without these 4
temperatures crop will not grow well);
• Mild (moderate) night time temperature / not too cold at night (e.g. so
crop is not damaged or spoilt by frost);
• Dry sunny days (e.g. so harvest is productive / high yielding / ripening);
• 500–1000 mm rainfall / plenty (ample) of rainfall (e.g. to avoid extra
irrigation / high yielding);
• (Medium) loam soil / loamy (e.g. fertile soil / high in nutrients / high
yielding);
• Natural manure (e.g. cheaper / easily available / maintain fertility / avoid
crop rotation / high yields);
• Flat land / level land / terraces (e.g. allows use of mechanisation / easy
to plough, sow or harvest);
Etc.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Name any two of the named provinces above accurately, i.e. in the correct
location.
3 @ 1 mark
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
2(a)(i) Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water to move 1
turbines which drive generators.
1 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) • Some areas have less rainfall e.g. Gilgit and Chitral (e.g. cannot 4
generate electricity if not enough water);
• Rain shadow areas;
• More precipitation in highland areas (e.g. where most dams are
located);
• Less rainfall in winter / more snow / stored as snow and / or ice in
mountains;
• Less rainfall means less water in rivers (e.g. so more difficult to
generate electricity);
• Rainfall not evenly spread throughout Pakistan (e.g. rainfall is
unpredictable);
• Very high temperatures – lead to evapotranspiration, less water
available;
• Very low temperatures – lead to freezing, less water available.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
2(c)(ii) Advantages: 4
• Wind is renewable / does not run out;
• Does not pollute the atmosphere or water or environmentally friendly
(clean or green);
• Plenty of wind available in Pakistan;
• Wind is free / cheap to run;
• Can be deployed locally / remotely;
• Wind turbines improve electricity supply in rural areas;
• Wind farms attract tourists;
• Wind turbines vary in size depending on requirements;
• Wind energy can be generated at night unlike solar;
Etc.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive to build;
• Wind is not constantly blowing / variable wind speed;
• Stop working during storms;
• Many turbines are needed to generate enough power for a town or city /
low output individually;
• Need a large area to construct wind farm / can take land which could be
used for agriculture;
• Can kill birds;
• Perceived as an eyesore;
• Noise pollution;
• Interfere with radio / TV signals;
• Limited sites where wind is reliable;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
• Afghanistan
• Australia
• Bangladesh
• Belgium
• Egypt
• Canada
• China / Hong Kong
• Denmark
• France
• Germany
• India
• Japan
• Kenya
• Kuwait
• Malaysia
• Holland
• Poland
• Portugal
• Russia
• South Africa
• South Korea
• Saudi Arabia
• Spain
• Sri Lanka
• Switzerland
• Sweden
• Tanzania
• Turkey
• Thailand
• United Arab Emirates
• United Kingdom
• United States of America
• Yemen
2 @ 1 mark
3(c)(i) Trade deficit is a negative balance of trade where the value of imports 1
exceeds the value of the exports.
1 @ 1 mark
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1)
Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3)
Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining challenges and strategies
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate
example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate
example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
To increase exports:
• Exports with higher value-added element encouraged;
• Develop cottage and small-scale industries – especially using local raw
materials;
• Increase variety of exports;
• Develop EPZ – export processing zones;
• Reduce taxes on exports;
• Boost industrialisation by developing export agencies e.g. Export
Promotion Bureau;
• Strict quality control;
Etc.
To restrict imports:
• Tertiary sector – less reliance on foreign employees, train Pakistani
workers;
• More goods produced in Pakistan – both low and high value goods;
• Less reliance on other countries / use home produced raw materials if
possible;
• More food could easily be produced in Pakistan;
• Improves local economy;
Etc.
Note: Candidates may suggest that both ideas work hand in hand, i.e. by
reducing imports and increasing exports the development of EPZs would be
a logical step.
4(a)(i) X = Balochistan 3
Y = Punjab
Z = Sindh
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Iran 2
India
2 @ 1 mark
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
5(b)(i) Birth rate – the number of babies’ births / born per 000 of the population per 2
year.
2 @ 1 mark
5(c)(ii) How: 4
• Death rate is falling / decreasing / declining / lower; (decreased from 30
in 1947 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2012);
Why:
• Due to improved access to healthcare / more doctors / nurses;
• Improved medical facilities / more or better or improved hospitals /
clinics / faster emergency services;
• Diseases like cholera / malaria / typhoid have been brought under
control;
• Vaccinations;
• Improvements in food production / hygienic food / improved diets or
examples;
• Education about healthy living / lifestyle / exercise;
• Improved hygiene / sanitation / sewerage;
• Safer / cleaner drinking water / water supply;
• Infant mortality rate decreasing;
Etc.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Low birth and death rates may assist future development because:
• Lead to population / economic stability;
• A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources, e.g.
education and healthcare, food and housing;
• A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio;
• Lower birth rate allows greater investment into agriculture, trade,
industry, transport etc. which will eventually lead to economic growth;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active to
contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes;
• Lower death rate means that elderly people can help with child care /
pass on wisdom / knowledge to younger generations;
Etc.
Low birth and death rates may limit / hinder future development because:
• Lower death rate will mean there are more people living longer, which
leads to an ageing dependent population may offset possible
development from a lower birth rate;
• A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for
investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.;
• There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger
people and who contribute less to the economic growth of the country;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active but
this could lead to high unemployment levels if there are not enough jobs
available putting a further economic burden on the government;
Etc.