Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2016, Article ID 2375836, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2375836

Research Article
A Novel Two-Step Method for Fabricating Silver
Plating Cotton Fabrics

Hao Liu,1,2,3 Lili Zhu,1 Jie Xue,1 Lei Hao,1 Jin Li,1,2 Yin He,1,2 and Bowen Cheng1
1
School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
2
Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China
3
Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300387, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Hao Liu; [email protected] and Jin Li; [email protected]

Received 26 April 2016; Revised 10 July 2016; Accepted 21 July 2016

Academic Editor: Yilong Cheng

Copyright © 2016 Hao Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A novel two-step method was presented for fabricating silver plating cotton fabrics (SPCFs) with high electrical conductivity and
excellent washing fastness. First, polydopamine (PDA) film was coated on the surface of cotton fabrics by in situ polymerization of
dopamine, the silver ions in silver nitrate solution were reduced by the catechol groups of polydopamine, and silver nanoparticles
were combined with polydopamine by covalent bond on the surface of cotton fabrics. Second, silver ions were reduced by glucose,
and silver plating was coated on the surface. Subsequently, the properties of SPCFs were characterized by field emission scanning
electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and so forth. With
the increasing of silver-ammonia solution concentration or dopamine concentration, the surface resistivity of SPCFs decreases and
gradually stabilized. The surface resistivity of the SPCFs can reach 0.12 ± 0.02 Ω, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (ESE)
of the SPCFs can reach 58.5 ± 4.5 dB. Conductive fabrics have wide application prospect in many of fields, such as antibacterial,
intelligent textiles, smart garments, electromagnetic shielding, and flexible sensors.

1. Introduction at the micron and submicron scale using electroless met-

allization. Yu et al. [12] prepared silver plating wool fabric
Conductive fabrics have attracted a great deal of researchers’ using electroless silver plating. Lu et al. [13] fabricated silver
attention due to the rapid development and huge market plating polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric by ultrasonic-
potential of wearable electronics and smart textiles [1, 2]. assisted electroless silver plating. However, silver plating
Conductive fabrics can be applied to many fields, such as fabrics have low washing fastness when silver plating is coated
textile electrode [3], electromagnetic shielding [4–6], and on surface of fabrics by electroless plating method. Hence,
heating fabrics [7]. Conductive fabrics can be produced by surface modification of substrate is of great importance
coating metals, metallic salts films, and conducting polymers for improvement of the adhesive force between the metal
on the surface of fabrics [1]. A lot of methods have been and the substrate [14]. Lee et al. [15, 16] reported that
applied to development of conductive fabrics, such as vacuum polydopamine films could be formed on the surface of
deposition [8], chemical plating [9], and composite plating materials by self-polymerization of dopamine and have a
by in situ polymerization [10]. The chemical plating method wide range surface-adherent for all types of inorganic and
has better industrial application prospect for fabricating organic materials, including noble metals, oxides, polymers,
conductive textiles due to operation simplification and high semiconductors, and ceramics. Further studies found that
efficiency. In recent years, electroless silver plating has been the self-polymerization of dopamine has secondary reaction
utilized for surface metalizing of many of electrical insulating and weak reducibility [15–20]. The process of polydopamine
materials due to superior electrochemical properties and preparation is simple and environment-friendly. Lee et al. [15]
good electric conductivity of silver nanoparticles. Gout et al. dissolved dopamine into the Tris buffer solution (pH = 8.5)
[11] obtained silver patterns onto flexible polymer surfaces and then formed a layer of polydopamine film under aerobic
2 Journal of Nanomaterials

Dopamine Polydopamine
Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+
NH2 N NH HO OH HO OH
Polymerization Polydopamine

HO OH HO OH HO OH HN N

Dopamine solution Silver-ammonia solution

Cotton fabrics Cotton fabrics with polydopamine film

Silver particle

Glucose solution

Silver plating cotton fabrics by polydopamine reduction Silver plating cotton fabrics

Figure 1: Process of silver plating cotton fabrics (SPCFs) by electroless silver plating.

condition. In general, adhesion mechanism of polydopamine Table 1: Composition of dopamine solution.

film shows that catechol and amino functional groups in
Tris (g) Ethanol (mL) Deionized water (mL) Dopamine (g/L)
polydopamine have the covalent and noncovalent bonds
combination with the inorganic or organic materials [14–17]. 0.420 150 350 1∼6
Xu et al. [18] fabricated silver plating glass fibers by dopamine
functionalization and electroless plating. Wang et al. [19]
prepared surface silverized meta-aramid fibers by bioinspired for 30 minutes at room temperature and dried at 30∘ C, and
functional polydopamine. they were kept in the dry state until next treatment.
In this study, silver plating cotton fabrics (SPCFs) will
be fabricated through polydopamine reduction and glucose 2.2.2. Modification of Cotton Fabrics by In Situ Polymerization
reduction reaction. First, the silver nanoparticles will be of Dopamine. The composition of dopamine solution was
reduced from silver nitrate by in situ reduction of poly- shown in Table 1. pH value of tris buffer solution was
dopamine (PDA). Second, silver ions will be reduced by glu- regulated to 8.5, the dopamine was dissolved in the tris
cose, and silver nanoparticles were coated on the surface. The buffer solution, and the dopamine solution was obtained by
whole process is shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, some tests mixing the tris buffer solution, ethanol, and deionized water
will be performed to obtain the properties of SPCFs by using according to proportion as shown in Table 1. The pretreated
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray cotton fabrics were, respectively, immersed into dopamine
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric solution with the dopamine content from 1 to 6 g/L interval
analysis (TGA), and so forth. Silver plating fabrics can be 1 g/L, the bath ratio being 1 : 50, and stirred for 24 hours at
applied in these fields such as antibacterial, intelligent textiles, room temperature. Polydopamine film was coated on surface
smart garments, electromagnetic shielding, and flexible sen- of cotton fabrics by in situ polymerization. Subsequently, the
sors. cotton fabrics with polydopamine film (CFPF) were washed
using deionized water and dried at room temperature.
2. Experimental
2.2.3. Preparation of Conductive Cotton Fabrics. First, silver-
2.1. Materials. The dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) ammonia ([Ag(NH3 )2 ]OH) solution consisted of silver
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., LLC, USA. Tris nitrate (99%), sodium hydroxide (0.1 mol/L), and ammo-
(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) and other chemicals nia (200 mL/L). Silver-ammonia solution with silver nitrate
were all obtained from Tianjin recovery technology Co. Ltd., from 0.1 to 0.25 mol/L interval 0.05 mol/L was, respectively,
China, and used without further purification. The cotton poured into different beakers. To perform the polydopamine
fabrics (150 g/m2 ) were provided by Changxing Jiahong Co. reduction reaction, these cotton fabrics were immersed in
Ltd. in China. Commercial silver plating fabrics were from corresponding beakers and were heated in a water bath
Qingdao Hengtong X-Silver speciality textile Co., LTD, in (40∘ C) for 8 hours. Subsequently, these beakers were taken
China. out and cooled in air. Second, different concentration (as
shown in Table 2) glucose solution (100 mL) was prepared and
2.2. Preparation Methods poured into corresponding beaker. The mixed solution was
stirred for 1 hour to perform the glucose reduction reaction;
2.2.1. Pretreatment of Cotton Fabrics. Cotton fabrics with subsequently, the cotton fabrics were taken out, rinsed using
10 cm × 10 cm size were immersed in a diethyl ether solution deionized water, and dried in the air.
Journal of Nanomaterials 3

(a) (b)

Figure 2: Photos of (a) pristine cotton fabric and (b) silver plating cotton fabrics by polydopamine reduction.

Table 2: Technological parameters of glucose reduction reaction. Electromagnetic shielding test of the SPCFs was performed
by vect-netw analyzer ZNB40 (ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Ger-
Composition Concentration many). Measurement results are located usually in the cor-
(mol/L)
responding interval with a probability of approximately 95%
Silver-ammonia (mol/L) 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 (coverage factor 𝑘 = 2).
Glucose (mol/L) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

3. Results and Discussions

2.3. Characterizations. Surface morphology of the samples
was characterized by a field emission scanning electron Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the photos of pristine cotton
microscope (FESEM, S4800, Hitachi). The surface chemical fabric and silver plating cotton fabric by polydopamine
compositions of cotton fabrics and polydopamine films reduction (SPCF-PR), respectively. One can observe that the
were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, pristine cotton fabric is white, but the first-step silver plating
K-Aepna, ThermoFisher). XPS curves can be utilized for cotton fabric is dark brown; obviously, the reason is that
analyzing the surface element content of samples according polydopamine film was coated on the surface of cotton fibers.
to the peak area ratio, and the measurement errors are less The theoretical nitrogen to carbon signal ratio (N/C) of
than 5%. The surface resistance of SPCFs was measured by the dopamine is 0.125 [15, 20]. Table 3 shows the N/C of cotton
U3402A digital multimeters (Agilent Technologies, USA), fabrics and cotton fabrics with polydopamine film (CFPF) is,
and surface resistivity of SPCFs can be calculated by respectively, 0.015 and 0.10; obviously, the N/C of the CFPF
approximates to theoretical value of polydopamine. Hence,
𝑑 we can confirm the polydopamine film has been coated on
𝜌𝑠 = 𝑅, (1)
𝐿 𝑠 surface of cotton fabrics. Table 3 also shows 2.6% silver
content is coated on the surface of the CFPF after performing
where 𝜌𝑠 is the surface resistivity, in Ω, 𝑅𝑠 is the surface polydopamine reduction reaction.
resistance between two electrodes on the surface of samples, XPS is performed to explore that the polydopamine layer
in Ω, 𝐿 is width of the two electrodes, in cm, and 𝑑 is the was coated on the surface of pristine cotton fabrics. Figure 3
distance between two electrodes, in cm. shows the XPS curves of the pristine cotton fabrics and
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of pristine cotton the CFPF. With process of the dopamine oxidative self-
fabrics and the SPCFs were performed by simultaneous ther- polymerization, the color of solution quickly turned to pink
mal analyzer STA409PC (NETZSCH, Germany) in nitrogen as the catechol was oxidized to benzoquinone. Subsequently,
environment from room temperature to 600∘ C at a rate of the pink solution turned slowly to deep brown; the reason
10∘ C/min. is that the polymerization was followed by a part of melanin
The washing fastness test of the SPCFs was performed formation [6, 10]. The C 1s core-level spectrum of the pristine
according to the standard of China (FZ/T60014-93). The cotton fabrics in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) could be fitted into
liquid ratio was 40 : 1 and the temperature of liquid was three peak components at binding energies (BEs) of about
controlled in 40 ± 2∘ C. The SPCFs were washed in a washing- 285.0 eV, 287.9 eV, and 286.6 eV; these binding energies are
machine with water including 1 g/L detergent for 10 minutes corresponding with C-H, C=O, and C-O species, respectively.
and dried in ventilating oven at 40∘ C. To evaluate the stability The C 1s core-level spectrum of the CFPF in Figure 3(b)
of silver plating, the resistance of the SPCFs was measured has three same peak components as that of the pristine
after each washing. cotton fabric. However, an additional peak component of
4 Journal of Nanomaterials

Table 3: Element content of pristine cotton fabrics and CFPF and SPCF-PR.

Element content
Pristine cotton fabrics Polydopamine (theoretic) CFPF SPCF-PR
C 1s (at%) 65 72.7 72 72.05
N 1s (at%) 1 9.1 7 6.95
O 1s (at%) 34 18.2 21 18.39
Ag 3d (at%) 0 0 0 2.61
N/C 0.015 0.125 0.10 \

C-O C 1s C 1s

C-N

C-H
C=O C-H C-O

C=O

280 285 290 295 300 280 285 290 295 300
Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV)
(a) (b)

N 1s N 1s

-N-H
-N= -N-H

395 400 405 410 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412
Binging energy (eV) Binding energy (eV)
(c) (d)

Figure 3: XPS C 1s core-level spectra of (a) pristine cotton fabric and (b) CFPF and XPS N 1s core-level spectra of (c) pristine cotton fabric
and (d) CFPF.

C-N (285.6 eV) which is from polydopamine is observed structure evolution during the self-polymerization process
in Figure 3(b). As shown in Figure 3(c), the N 1s core- of dopamine [21–25]. The characteristic peaks in XPS curve
level spectrum of the pristine cotton fabrics has one peak exhibit polydopamine was successfully coated on the surface
component at the BEs of about 399.5 eV which is attributable of the cotton fabrics.
to the -N-H species. The N 1s core-level spectrum of the CFPF Figure 4 is the FESEM images of fibers of pristine
in Figure 3(d) can be fitted with two peak components which cotton fabrics, cotton fabrics with polydopamine film, cotton
is attributable to the amine (-N-H) species at a binding energy fabrics with silver nanoparticles reduced by polydopamine,
(BE) of 399.5 eV and the imine (-N=) species at the BE of and cotton fabrics with silver layer reduced by glucose in
398.5 eV. The -N-H species is derived from the amine group magnification of 1000 times and 10000 times, respectively.
of the polydopamine. The -N= species is formed through The surface of pristine cotton fibers in Figures 4(a) and
Journal of Nanomaterials 5

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Figure 4: FESEM images of (a, b) the pristine cotton fibers, (c, d) CFPF, (e, f) SPCF-PR, and (g, h) SPCFs.

4(b) is smooth. One can observe from Figure 2(b) that polydopamine film after 24 h self-polymerization. Figure 4(f)
the pristine cotton fabrics are coated with a layer of dark shows some sparse silver particles in black circle are coated on
brown polydopamine film; Figures 4(c) and 4(d) show that polydopamine film of cotton fibers that were immersed into
some polydopamine pieces in black circle are coated with the silver-ammonia solution for in situ reduction reaction for
6 Journal of Nanomaterials

O 1s
Ag 3d
O 1s

C 1s
C 1s

N 1s
Ag 3d5/2 Ag 3d3/2

N 1s

0 300 600 900 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV)
(a) (b)

O 1s
Ag 3d5/2 Ag 3d3/2
Ag 3d
C 1s

N 1s

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Binding energy (eV)
(c)

Figure 5: XPS wide scan spectrum of (a) pristine cotton fabrics and (b) SPCF-PR (c) SPCFs.

8 hours. Figure 4(g) shows some silver pieces are adhered electrode materials. Figure 6 shows surface resistivity of
on the surface of cotton fibers; however, Figure 4(h) further SPCFs decreases with increasing of concentrations of silver-
shows compact silver particles are coated evenly on the ammonia ([Ag(NH3 )2 ]OH) solution from 0.1 to 0.25 mol/L
surface of cotton fibers. interval 0.05 mol/L when concentration of dopamine is a
XPS is performed to explore the chemical state of silver constant value, and the surface resistivity of SPCFs has slight
on the surface of SPCF-PR and SPCFs. Figures 5(a), 5(b), decreasing or increasing when the concentration of silver-
and 5(c) show the XPS wide scan spectrum of the pristine ammonia varies from 0.2 to 0.25 mol/L and the concentra-
cotton fabrics, SPCF-PR and SPCFs. Figures 5(b) and 5(c) tion of dopamine varies from 1 to 6 g/L. Meanwhile, the
show the essential marker of silver 3d (Ag 3d) peaks of SPCF- surface resistivity of SPCFs decreases with increasing of
PR and SPCFs; however, no peaks corresponding to silver concentration (from 3 to 6 g/L) of dopamine. The surface
were observed from XPS wide scan spectrum for the pristine resistivity of SPCFs is in the range of 0.12 ± 0.02 Ω, when
cotton fabrics (Figure 5(a)), which means the silver particles the concentration of silver-ammonia solution is 0.2 mol/L,
have been coated on the surface of polydopamine on the and the concentration of dopamine of is 6 g/L. The surface
cotton fabrics. To further explore the chemical state of the resistivities of commercial silver plating woven fabrics and
silver particles, a detailed deconvolution of the Ag 3d peak commercial silver plating knitted fabric are, respectively,
is exhibited. In Figures 5(b) and 5(c), the Ag 3d core-level 0.136 ± 0.02 Ω and 0.22 ± 0.03 Ω; the conductivity of SPCFs
spectrum consists of two peak components at BE of 368.48 eV is approximate to that of the commercial conductive fabrics.
(Ag 3d5/2 ) and 374.48 eV (Ag 3d3/2 ), which indicates the silver Table 4 shows the surface resistivity of silver plating cotton
particles are metallic silver particles. fabrics by glucose reduction and silver plating cotton fabrics
Low surface resistivity is very important for conductive by polydopamine reduction. The surface resistivity of silver
fabrics which can be used as electromagnetic shielding or plating cotton fabrics by polydopamine reduction is 12.53 Ω
Journal of Nanomaterials 7

Table 4: Surface resistivity of (A) the SPCF-PR and (B) silver plating cotton fabrics by glucose reduction before and after washing.

Samples/washing times 0 times 5 times 10 times 15 times

A (Ω) 12.53 ± 2.3 13.68 ± 2.3 16.27 ± 3.5 17.68 ± 2.3
B (Ω) 0.24 ± 0.03 1200 ± 56 \ \

60
100

50
Surface resistivity (Ω)

80

Mass fraction (%)

40

30 60

20
40 (b)
10
(a)
0 20

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
[Ag(NH3 )2 ]OH concentration (mol/L) Temperature (∘ C)

Dopamine concentration 1 g/L (a) Pristine cotton fabrics

Dopamine concentration 2 g/L (b) Silver plating cotton fabrics
Dopamine concentration 3 g/L
Dopamine concentration 4 g/L Figure 7: Thermogravimetric analysis diagram of (a) pristine cotton
Dopamine concentration 5 g/L fabrics and (b) SPCFs.
Dopamine concentration 6 g/L

Figure 6: The surface resistivity of SPCFs in condition of different

technological parameters.
increasing of washing times, the abscission of silver plating is
severer.
Figure 9 shows the surface resistivity increases with
increasing of washing times. The SPCFs were fabricated in
before washing and is 17.68 Ω after 15 times washing. But the our laboratory by using 0.2 mol/L silver-ammonia solution
surface resistivity of silver plating fabrics by glucose reduction and 6 g/L dopamine; the surface resistivity quickly increases
is 0.24 Ω before washing and is 1200 Ω after 5 times washing. for the first washing; subsequently, the surface resistivity of
Obviously, the washing fastness of silver plating cotton fabrics SPCFs slowly increases and reaches 0.8 ± 0.03 Ω; however,
by polydopamine reduction is better than that of silver plating the surface resistivity of commercial silver plating fabrics
cotton fabrics by glucose reduction. smoothly increases with the increasing of washing times.
TG analysis was performed to acquire the thermal sta- The washing fastness of silver plating on cotton fibers is
bility of pristine cotton fabrics and SPCFs. The SPCFs were not as good as that of the commercial silvered fabrics. The
fabricated according to the following parameters: 0.2 mol/L reason is possible that the cotton fibers (a natural fiber) have
silver-ammonia solution and 6 g/L dopamine. The curves more complex chemical bonds than nylon fibers in com-
in Figure 7 indicate the decomposition temperature of the mercial silver plating fabric. However, the conductive cotton
pristine cotton fabrics and the SPCFs were, respectively, fabrics have many advantages such as excellent wearability,
330.44∘ C and 331.12∘ C. Obviously, silver plating hardly affects air permeability, and moisture absorption. Hence, they can
the decomposition temperature of cotton fabrics. However, be utilized for biopotential dry electrode, electromagnetic
when the decomposition temperature is more than 600∘ C, shielding garments, or other smart textiles.
the residual content of the two samples keeps at 17.57% and Figure 10 shows the photos of SPCFs and commercial
33.15%, respectively. Because the decomposition temperature silver plating fabrics before washing and after 15 times
of silver is far more than 600∘ C, hence, we can confirm the washing and in air for 30 days. After performing 15 times
silver content in SPCFs sample is 15.58%. washing, the color of SPCFs fabricated in our laboratory has
Figures 8(a), 8(b), 8(c), and 8(d) show, respectively, the no obvious change as shown in Figures 10(a) and 10(b), but
FESEM images of SPCFs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 times washing. the commercial silver plating fabrics become darker and fade
An even and smooth silver layer was coated on the surface partially in color due to the presence of silver oxide and
of SPCFs before washing. However, some silver pieces which the stripping of the surface silver layer as shown in Figures
were stripped from the surface of SPCFs after washing were 10(d) and 10(f). The surface resistivities of SPCFs, commercial
enclosed in black circle in Figures 8(b), 8(c), and 8(d). With silver plating woven fabrics, and commercial silver plating
8 Journal of Nanomaterials

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 8: FESEM images of SPCFs after (a) 0 times, (b) 5 times, (c) 10 times, and (d) 15 times washing.

0.9 resistivity is acceptable and has not remarkable influence for

0.8 electrical signal transmission in smart garments or intelligent
textiles. Obviously, separation of silver plating is not the
0.7 main reason of color change. The change in SPCFs in
Surface resistivity (Ω)

0.6 color is inconspicuous due to good color fastness and dark

brown surface of polydopamine film; however, light coloured
0.5
commercial silver plating fabrics fade easily.
0.4 Figure 11 shows the ESE of SPCFs fabricated in different
0.3
technological parameters under electromagnetic radiation
ranging from 10 MHz to 3 GHz. When the concentration of
0.2 dopamine and silver-ammonia solution is, respectively, 6 g/L
0.1 and 0.25 mol/L, the surface resistivity of SPCF is the smallest
(0.12 ± 0.02 Ω), and the ESE is the best (in the range of
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 58.5 ± 4.5 dB). Table 5 shows the electromagnetic shielding
Washing times
effectiveness of SPCFs is in negative correlation with their
surface resistivity when the structure and material of fabrics
Silver plating cotton fabrics are identical.
Commercial knitted fabrics
Commercial woven fabrics
4. Conclusion
Figure 9: Surface resistivity versus washing times curve of silver
plating fabrics. This paper presented a novel two-step method for fabricating
the SPCF with high conductivity and excellent washing
fastness. Polydopamine (PDA) film was coated on the surface
of cotton fabrics by self-polymerization of dopamine, the
knitted fabrics are, respectively, 0.8 ± 0.03 Ω, 0.28 ± 0.04 Ω, silver ions in silver nitrate solution were reduced by the
and 0.4 ± 0.03 Ω. The increasing of surface resistivity of catechol groups of polydopamine, and silver nanoparticles
SPCFs is due to separation of partial silver nanoparticles were combined with polydopamine by covalent bond on
after 15 times washing, but the change amplitude of surface surface of cotton fabrics. Subsequently, silver plating was
Journal of Nanomaterials 9

(a) (c) (e)

(b) (d) (f)

Figure 10: Images of the (a) SPCFs before, (c) the commercial conductive nylon woven fabric, (e) the commercial conductive nylon knitted
fabric, and (b) SPCFs and (d, f) commercial fabrics were treated after washing 15 times and exposed in air for 30 days.

65

60 (a)

55 (b)
(c)
50
ESE (dB)

(d)
45

40

35

30

25
0 500000 100000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000
Frequency (kHz)

(a) 6 g/L dopamine, 0.2 mol/L silver-ammonia solution

(b) 6 g/L dopamine, 0.25 mol/L silver-ammonia solution
(c) 5 g/L dopamine, 0.25 mol/L silver-ammonia solution
(d) 5 g/L dopamine, 0.2 mol/L silver-ammonia solution

Figure 11: Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (ESE) of the SPCFs.

10 Journal of Nanomaterials

Table 5: ESE (100 M∼3 GHz) and surface resistivity of SPCFs fabricated by different technological parameters.

Sample number 1 2 3 4
Concentration of dopamine (g/L) 6 6 5 5
Concentration of silver-ammonia solution (mol/L) 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.25
ESE (dB) 58.5 ± 4.5 51.1 ± 3.2 48.6 ± 1.9 43.6 ± 1.4
Surface resistivity (Ω) 0.12 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.2 1.25 ± 0.2

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