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Project: Electrical Machines-II (15EEE303) Mini-Project

This project report describes the design and implementation of a line-following robot using an ATtiny microcontroller to deliver medicine. The robot uses two photoresistors and a dual comparator integrated circuit to sense a line and steer a left or right hobby gearmotor accordingly. When the right photoresistor senses the line, the right motor stops and left motor moves to turn right. When the left sensor detects the line, the left motor stops and right motor turns the robot left. The robot is powered by AA batteries and can automatically follow a path to deliver medicine, providing an affordable alternative to manual delivery in hospitals.

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69 views8 pages

Project: Electrical Machines-II (15EEE303) Mini-Project

This project report describes the design and implementation of a line-following robot using an ATtiny microcontroller to deliver medicine. The robot uses two photoresistors and a dual comparator integrated circuit to sense a line and steer a left or right hobby gearmotor accordingly. When the right photoresistor senses the line, the right motor stops and left motor moves to turn right. When the left sensor detects the line, the left motor stops and right motor turns the robot left. The robot is powered by AA batteries and can automatically follow a path to deliver medicine, providing an affordable alternative to manual delivery in hospitals.

Uploaded by

smart telugu guru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Project Report

Electrical Machines- II (15EEE303)


Mini-Project

PROJECT NAME: - Line-Following Robot (LM393)

SUBMITTED BY:

BANDARU SANDEEP

BL.EN.U4EEE18008

Vth Semester
Abstract: -
Due to increasing demands for patient supervision. The jobs like supply
of food, medicines etc. has become a time consuming process. So, a
Microcontroller based line following robot carrying medicine can be
designed for providing the medicine to the patient whenever they
need. Line follower robot is an electronic system that can detect and
follow a line drawn on the floor. The robot uses photo resistor sensors
to sense the line. The ability to get someone around the clock is the
best thing that this system can do. This helps and simplifies the job of
material supply and also reduces the manual routine work done by the
hospital staff. This technology focuses on the delivery of safe, timely,
efficient, effective, patient-centered health care.

Introduction: -
Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be
visible like a black line on a white surface (or vice-versa) or it can be
invisible like a magnetic field. Sensing a line and maneuvering the robot
to stay on course, while constantly correcting wrong moves using
feedback mechanism forms a simple yet effective closed loop system.
Components:
Name Quantity Component
Bat1 1 2 x AA Battery
S1 1 Slide switch
T1, T2 2 NPN Transistor (BJT)
D1, D2 2 Red LED
R3, R4 2 3.3 kΩ Resistor
R5, R6 2 51 Ω Resistor
R7, R8 2 1 kΩ Resistor
R9, R10 2 10 Ω Resistor
C1, C2 2 100 uF, 16 V Polarized Capacitor
D3, D4 2 Yellow LED
R13, R14 2 Photoresistor
U2 1 Dual comparator
U1 1 ATtiny
M3, M1 2 Hobby Gearmotor
Rpot2, Rpot5 2 10 kΩ , Potentiometer

Block Diagram:-
The LM393 is a dual independent accuracy voltage integrated circuit operated with single or
else split supply. These ICs comprises two independent voltage comparators to operate from an
only power supply more than a wide variety of voltages.

A photoresistor (LDR for Light Decreasing Resistance, or light-dependent resistor, or photo-


conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving
luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface.

A gearmotor is a pairing of gear reducer

These motors use gears, typically assembled as a gearbox, to reduce speed, which makes more


torque available
Circuit Diagram:

Working:

When Right Led comes in Black (for black line tracer) region then right
motor stops while left motor continue to move so that right turn takes
place and Right led returns on white.

When Left led comes in Black (for black line tracer) region then left motor
stops while right motor continue to move so that left turn takes place and
left led returns on white.
Right Turn

 Total light passes through the LDR 1 .So resistance decreases and voltage across also
decreases
 Voltage across LDR2 is greater than LDR1 ,Due to higher resistances it offers in low light
 Since there is voltage different. Inside Dual Comparator it compares the voltage and
from pin 7(Output pin)
 It triggers the gate of BJT 1. Since BJT Works as Switch.
 It switch on the left Motor to Turns Right
Left Turn

 Total light passes through the LDR 2 .So resistance decreases and voltage across also
decreases
 Voltage across LDR 1 is greater than LDR 2 ,Due to higher resistances it offers in low light
 Since there is voltage different. Inside Dual Comparator it compares the voltage and
from pin 1(Output pin)
 It triggers the gate of BJT 2. Since BJT Works as Switch.
 It switch on the Right Motor to Turns left

Applications of Line Follower Robot


 Line follower Robots are commonly used for automation process in industries, military
applications and consumer applications.
 They are very useful as they can work without any supervision i.e. they work as
automatic guided vehicles.
 With additional features like obstacle avoidance and other security measures, line
follower robots can be used in driver less cars. 

Code Block
Conclusion:
In this project, we have studied and implemented a Line Following Robot using a
Microcontroller for carrying medicine. The programming and interfacing of microcontroller has
been mastered during the implementation

The cost of health care in India greatly depends on the land and location of building the
infrastructure and facilities and skilled staff required to maintain the expensive machinery. In a
country like India. Where the population is huge and the resources are scarce. It becomes
highly difficult to set up such extensive projects in every location. So what this system provides
is an alternative to the existing system with robotic machinery. Which can handle tasks with
better per capita cost and better accuracy.

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